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Assignment-1 (230201024)

The document discusses how linear transformations can be represented using matrices. It explains that if V and W are vector spaces with dimensions m and n, the matrix of a linear transformation T from V to W with respect to chosen bases for V and W is an m×n matrix. The matrix allows computations involving linear transformations to be performed using matrix operations.

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10 views

Assignment-1 (230201024)

The document discusses how linear transformations can be represented using matrices. It explains that if V and W are vector spaces with dimensions m and n, the matrix of a linear transformation T from V to W with respect to chosen bases for V and W is an m×n matrix. The matrix allows computations involving linear transformations to be performed using matrix operations.

Uploaded by

fmdatazone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR ALGEBRA

Batch/Section: CS 04 - B

M. Arslan Akbar
(230201024)

Submitted To: Mam Ayesha

Assignment-1
The Matrix of a Linear Transformation

In linear algebra, a linear transformation refers to a


function between two vector spaces that preserves the vector
space operations of addition and scalar multiplication. When
working with linear transformations, it's often useful to
represent them using matrices.

Let's say you have a linear transformation T : V→W where V


and W are vector spaces. If V has dimension m and W has
dimension n, then any vector v in V can be expressed as an m-
dimensional column vector, and any vector w in W can be
expressed as an n-dimensional column vector.

Now let’s choose bases for V and W , denoted by { v1, v2,. . . . ,


vm } and {w1, w2, . . . , wn }, respectively.

The matrix of the linear transformation T with respect to these


bases is denoted by , where B1 is the basis for V and B2 is
the basis for W.

This matrix is defined such that when you multiply it by the


column vector representing a vector v in V, you obtain the
column vector representing the image of v under the linear
transformation T.

Mathematically, if [v]B1 represents the coordinate vector of v


with respect to the basis B1 and [w]B2 represents the coordinate
vector of w with respect to the basis B2 , then we have:

This matrix representation allows us to perform computations


involving linear transformations using matrix operations,
making it a powerful tool in linear algebra.
Linear Models in Business , Science and
Engineering
1. Business: Linear models are frequently used in business for
various purposes such as forecasting, optimization, and
decision-making.
Consider a company that wants to predict its monthly sales
based on advertising expenditures on different platforms. A
linear model can be used to represent this relationship
mathematically. Let y be the monthly sales and x1 , x2 , x3 be the
advertising expenditures . The linear model can be expressed as:
y=β0 + β1 x1 + β2 x2 + β3 x3
Here, β1 , β2 , and β3 are the coefficients of the model that can be
estimated by using linear algebra.

2. Science: Linear models are prevalent in scientific research


for modeling various phenomena and relationships between
variables.
In physics, consider the motion of an object under the
influence of constant acceleration. The relationship between
displacement (s), initial velocity (u), acceleration (a), and time (t)
is given by the equation of motion:
S=ut+(0.5) at2
This linear model can be useful for predicting the position of
the object at different time intervals.

3. Engineering: Linear models are essential in engineering for


analyzing systems, designing control mechanisms, and
optimizing processes.
In electrical engineering, consider the relationship
between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) described by
Ohm's law:
V=IR
Linear algebra techniques can be employed to analyze circuits,
solve for unknown quantities, and design electrical systems
efficiently.
The Leontief input-output model
The Leontief input-output model is a fundamental concept
in economics, particularly in the field of input-output analysis.
Linear algebra plays a crucial role in understanding and solving
problems related to the Leontief input-output model.

In the Leontief input-output model, the economy is divided into


n sectors, each producing specific goods or services. Let's
denote these sectors as S1 , S2 , … ,Sn. The model quantifies the
production and consumption relationships between these sectors
using an input-output matrix.

The Leontief input-output model assumes that the production of


goods and services is entirely determined by the inputs required
from other sectors and the final demand. Mathematically, this
can be represented as:

Y=X.Y+F
Where,
X : is n × n input-output matrix produced by sector Si required
as inputs by sector Sj.
Y: is n × 1 vector representing final demand or output of each
sector.
F: is the n × 1 vector representing exogenous final demand.

This equation can also be rearranged to represent the


equilibrium condition in the economy:

(I-X).Y=F

Where I is an identity matrix of size n × n.

Overall, linear algebra provides the tools necessary for


analyzing and solving problems related to the Leontief input-
output model, allowing economists to understand the structure
and behavior of complex economic systems.
Applications To Computer Graphics
Linear algebra is integral to computer graphics, providing the
mathematical foundation for various transformations and
operations. Here are some applications with examples and
mathematical expressions:

1. Transformation Matrices: In computer graphics, objects


are often represented in a coordinate system. To manipulate
these objects, we use transformation matrices. For example, to
rotate an object, a rotation matrix R is applied:

This matrix rotates an object by an angle ϴ around the z-axis.

2. Scaling and Translation: To change the size or position


of an object, scaling and translation matrices are used. A scaling
matrix S might look like this:

Where (sx), (sy), and (sz) are scaling factors for the x, y, and z
axes, respectively. A translation matrix T to move an object by a
vector ((tx, ty, tz)) is:

3. Projections: To display a 3D scene on a 2D screen,


projection matrices are used. An example of an orthographic
projection matrix, which preserves the object’s dimensions
regardless of depth, is:

Where (l), (r), (b), (t), (n), and (f) represent the left, right,
bottom, top, near, and far clipping planes of the viewing volume.

4. 3D Rendering: Rendering involves converting 3D models


into 2D images. This process uses linear algebra to calculate
how light interacts with surfaces. For instance, the lighting
vector L, normal vector N, and the reflection vector R are used
to determine the color of a pixel:

Here, (I) is the intensity of the light, (k_d) and (k_s) are the
diffuse and specular reflection coefficients, (V) is the view
vector, and (n) is the shininess exponent.

5. Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformations:


In computer graphics, homogeneous coordinates are used to
represent points in a projective space. A point (x, y, z) in 3D
space can be represented in homogeneous coordinates as (x, y, z,
1). To perform a translation using a matrix, we can use:
6. Reflections and Shearing: Reflections across a plane in
3D space can be achieved by a reflection matrix. For example,
reflecting across the plane x = 0:

Shearing is another transformation that can skew the shape of an


object. A shear matrix that skews in the x-direction in 3D space
is:

7. View Transformation: The view transformation matrix is


used to transform the world coordinates of objects into the view
coordinates of the camera. This involves translation and rotation
to align the camera’s viewpoint with the origin:

Where rij are the components of the rotation matrix and (px , py ,
pz) are the camera position coordinates.

These examples demonstrate the versatility of linear algebra in


performing a wide range of operations in computer graphics,
enabling the creation of complex visual effects and
transformations.

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