wk¶v I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb

f‚wgKv
gvbem¤ú` cÖwZwU RvwZi Rb¨ Avkxe©v`¯^iƒc| RbmsL¨v hZ¶Y ch©š— gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ bv n‡e ZZ¶Y
ch©š— Zv RvwZi †evSv| RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi weKí †bB| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vB
cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wk¶v Qvov †Kvb †`k, RvwZ DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wbi¶iZv I Awk¶v RvwZi
Rb¨ Awfkvc| evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vi †Zgb weKvk N‡Uwb| ¯^v¶iZvi nvi 65 fvM| cÖK…Z wk¶vi nvi Av‡iv
Kg| Kv‡RB G †`‡ki RbmsL¨v GL‡bv gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q wb‡gœv³
cvVmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

cvV-1 : gvbem¤ú` : ZË¡xq Av‡jvPbv|

cvV-2 : gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡|
cvV-3 : evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v mgm¨v|
Gm Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1 : gvbem¤ú` : ZË¡xq Av‡jvPbv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Ñ
¨ gvbem¤ú` ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¨ gvbe KLb gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ nq Zv we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¨ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸i“Z¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¨ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Dcvq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
gvbem¤ú` ej‡Z Kx eySvq †m m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁMY Zv‡`i wbR wbR `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wfbœ wfbœ gZ cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb| wewkó A_©bxwZwe` cj †R gvqvi ej‡Qb, ‘The greatest natural resource of our country is
its people’ AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MY g‡b K‡ib, Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i g‡Zv gvbylI RvwZi m¤ú`| wewfbœ
A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v I we‡k−lY †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q, †Kv‡bv †`‡ki RvZxq Avq (GNP) †hgbÑ Zvi cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú‡`i m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ wVK †Zgwb †`‡ki gvby‡li ¸YMZ gv‡bi m‡½I m¤úK©hy³| A_©vr mgv‡R
emevmKvix e¨w³‡`i Qvov mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ †Kv‡bv µ‡gB m¤¢e bq| mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡b cÖK…Zc‡¶
A_© I e¯‘m¤ú‡`i g‡Zv e¨eüZ n‡”Q gvbem¤ú`| wewkó mgvRweÁvbx Kvj© gvK©m gvbyl‡K ZvB gvbexq
g~jab (Human capital) wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| GB gvbexq g~jab‡K AvaywbK cwifvlvq gvbem¤ú`
(Human resource) wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvbekw³ ZLbB gvbem¤ú‡` iƒcvš—wiZ nq, hLb Zv‡K
mycwiKwíZfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|

gvbe KLb Ôgvbem¤ú`Õ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e?

gvbem¤ú` (Human resource) m¤ú~Yf © v‡e ¯^vfvweK ev Rb¥MZ bq| mvaviY gvbyl wewfbœ wel‡q Ávb I
`¶Zv AR©b K‡i gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ nq| gvbyl Ges gvbem¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
1. †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K ZLbB m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e hLb †m my¯^v‡¯’¨i AwaKvix n‡e|
gvbem¤ú‡`i GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb n‡jv ¯^v¯’¨ ev ˆ`wnK mvg_©¨|
2. †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K ZLbB mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K Dc‡hvMx ev m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e hLb
†m mvgvwRK †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Drcv`b cÖwµqvq `¶Zvi m‡½ AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3. cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li mvaviY gvbwmK ¶gZvi m‡½ wKQz bv wKQz we‡kl gvbwmK ¶gZv _v‡K| GB
we‡kl gvbwmK ¶gZv Zv‡K †Kv‡bv we‡kl KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GB
we‡kl gvbwmK ¶gZvi AwaKvix e¨w³‡K gvbem¤ú` ejv nq|
4. gvbe‡K m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kivi GKwU me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ Dcv`vb n‡”Q ¯^v¶iZv
(Literacy)| †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e ZLbB hLb †m mvgvwRK wbw`©ó
gvb Abyhvqx ¯^v¶iZv AR©b Ki‡e|

gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb Kx?

gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb n‡jv Rbm¤ú‡`i Ggb GK ¸YMZ cwieZ©b cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g Zviv Drcv`b¶g I
`¶ Rbkw³ wn‡m‡e Drcv`b cÖwµqvq µgewa©òzfv‡e ewjô Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges gvbexq kw³-
wk¶v I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb c„ôv 184
 †cŠibxwZ
mvg‡_©¨i m‡e©vËg weKv‡k m¶g n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’v (ILO) gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z
e¨w³‡K K‡g© wbhy³ Kivi m¤¢vebv e„w×i cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Q| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z gvbem¤ú`
Dbœqb n‡jv, †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi gvby‡li mvgwMÖK weKvk cÖwµqvi GKwU Ask, hvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi mgMÖ
RbmsL¨vi K‡g© wbhyw³i m¤¢vebv evov‡bv hvq Ges Zvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK Amvg¨ `~i Kiv hvq| (Human
Resource development is a complementary approach to other development strategies, particuiarly
employment and reduction of inequalities)| mvgvwRK Amvg¨ welqwU A_©‰bwZK `k©‡bi mv‡_ cÖavbZ
RwoZ n‡jI G‡ÿ‡Î ejvi K_v GB †h, gvbem¤ú` DbœZ n‡j mgv‡R mKj gvby‡li b~¨bZg Kj¨vY
wbwðZ Kiv hvq| †d«WvwiK nvwe©mb I Pvj©m G gvqvm©-Gi g‡Z, Ôgvbem¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z Ggb GK
cÖwµqv‡K eySvq hvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri mKj gvby‡li Ávb, `¶Zv I ¶gZv e„w× cvq|Õ (Human
Resource development is the preocess of increasing the knowledge, the skill and the capacities of
all the people in a society.)

gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸i“Z¡

Dbœq‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q gvbyl| ZvB cj−x Dbœqb, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Dbœqb, K…wl Dbœqb, wkí Dbœqb BZ¨vw`
†¶‡Î Ae`vb ivL‡Z n‡e gvbyl‡KB Ges Dbœqb NUv‡e gvbyl| AZGe †`‡k hZ iK‡gi e¯‘m¤ú` Ges
m¤¢vebv _vKzK bv †Kb hZ¶Y gvbyl G m¤ú` AvniY Ges e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z bv cvi‡e ZZ¶Y
Avgiv G †mev †_‡K ewÂZ _vK‡ev| ZvB †`‡ki RbmsL¨v‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| gvby‡li
mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡b gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb Zvrch©c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|
Õ60-Gi `k‡K mvnvh¨`vZv ms¯’v¸‡jv gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb‡K GKwU mvwe©K DbœwZ Ges AvaywbKvq‡bi ÔBwÄbÕ
wn‡m‡e MY¨ KiZ| eZ©gv‡b †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx †mB †`‡ki me©v‡c¶v ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m¤ú` wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq| mxwgZ f~wg I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i †`k Rvcvb, nsKs, wm½vcyi I †b`vij¨vÊ cÖgvY K‡i‡Q †h,
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I mvgwMÖK Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i RbM‡Yi `¶Zv, cwikªg I D‡`¨v‡Mi Ici|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, Dbœqb cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvby‡li ØvivB msNwUZ nq| Adziš— cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` hw`I ¸i“Z¡c~Y©,
wKš‘ †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq ev h‡_ó bq| m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzjZv `ª“Z Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
Aj•Nbxq evav bq| GKwU †`‡ki Dbœqb A‡bKUv wbf©i K‡i †m †`‡ki gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb Ges
gvbem¤ú‡`i myôz e¨env‡ii Ici|

gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Dcvq

nvwe©mb Ges gvqvm© Zv‡`i M‡elYvq gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi 5wU Dcvq D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| h_vÑ
1. AvbyôvwbK wk¶v : cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯—i †_‡K ïi“ K‡i wewfbœ KvVv‡gvi gva¨wgK wk¶v Ges
K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq I D”P ch©v‡qi weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ wk¶v‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
2. Kg©Kvjxb cÖwk¶Y : avivevwnK ev DcvbyôvwbK c×wZ‡Z cÖwZôvb wfwËK wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y
Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnY Kiv|
3. AvZ¥ Dbœqb : †hgbÑ Ávb, `¶Zv I mvg‡_©¨i Dbœqb hv e¨w³ Zvi wb‡Ri †Póvq AvbyôvwbK
Dcv‡q A_ev `~iwk¶Y c×wZ‡Z AbvbyôvwbK Dcv‡q c‡o ev A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K wk‡L wb‡Ri
AvMÖn I †KŠZ~nj Abyhvqx e¨vcK ¸Ygvb, `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K ˆZwi
K‡i|
4. ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqb : DbœZZi wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v Ges MY¯^v¯’¨ Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g Kg©iZ Rb‡Mvôxi ¯^v¯’¨
Dbœqb|

BDwbU-19 c„ôv 185

Gm Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

5. cywó Dbœqb : cywó gvby‡li Kg©`¶Zv evwo‡q †`q| d‡j gvbyl AwaK mgq a‡i KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡i Ges Zvi Kg©Rxeb `xN© nq|
6. mybxwZ wkÿvi m¤cÖmviY|
7. †hŠw³KZv‡eva RvMÖZKiY Z_v we‡eK-we‡ePbv‡eva m¤úbœ gvbm MVb|
8. †`k‡cÖ‡gi `xÿv cÖ`vb|

mvims‡¶c
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb Qvov RvZxq Dbœqb Am¤¢e| cÖwZwU †`‡kiB RbmsL¨v i‡q‡Q| Z‡e me †`‡ki
RbmsL¨v gvbem¤ú` bq| gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb n‡jv Ggb GK cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri mKj gvby‡li
Ávb, `¶Zv I ¶gZv e„w× cvq| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK I Kg©gyLx wk¶v cÖ‡qvRb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
(K) k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki“b
1| ----- gvby‡li Kg©`¶Zv evwo‡q †`q|
2| nvwe©mb I gvqvm© gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b ----- wU Dcv‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
3| GKwU †`‡ki Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i †m †`‡ki ----- Dbœq‡bi Ici|
4| ----- gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi cÖavb nvwZqvi|
5| gvbem¤ú‡`i ----- e¨env‡ii Ici RvZxq Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i|

(L) msw¶ß cÖkœ

1| gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Dcvq¸‡jv wK wK?
3| gvbe KLb m¤ú‡` cwiYZ nq?
4| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸i“Z¡ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|

(M) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z wK eySvq? gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸i“Z¡ wjLyb?

(K) DËigvjv
1| cywó, 2| 5, 3| gvbem¤ú‡`i, 4| wk¶v, 5| myôz

wk¶v I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb c„ôv 186

 †cŠibxwZ

cvV-2 : gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Ñ
¨ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¨ wKfv‡e wk¶v e¨w³‡K m¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b gyL¨ Dcv`vb n‡jv wk¶v| †Kvb †`‡ki RbmsL¨v A‡bK †ewk n‡jI Zv‡K gvbem¤ú`
ejv hv‡e bv †h ch©š— bv Gi wekvj Rb‡Mvôx wkw¶Z, `¶ I my¯v^ ‡¯’¨i AwaKvix nq| wk¶v gvby‡li ¸YMZ
cwieZ©b mvab K‡i Zv‡K `¶ Rbkw³‡K iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i| wk¶v gvby‡li myß cÖwZfv‡K RvMÖZ K‡i
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i g‡Zv gvbyl‡KI m¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i| evsjv‡`k wewfbœ cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨I
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| wb‡gœ gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. AvZ¥wbf©iZv AR©b : wk¶v e¨w³i myß cÖwZfv‡K RvMÖZ K‡i| wk¶vi gva¨‡gB e¨w³ Ávb Avni‡Yi
c_ Lyu‡R cvq| AvZ¥wbf©iZv m„wó nq| wbi¶i e¨w³i Ávb Avni‡Yi c_ AZ¨š— Kg| cv‡V A¶g
e‡j wbi¶i e¨w³ †Kej A‡b¨i K_v, Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv ï‡b wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| wbi¶i e¨w³ A‡b¨i
Dci wbf©ikxj e‡j ¯^v_©v‡š^lx gnj mn‡RB wbi¶i‡`i weåvš— I cÖZvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ wkw¶Z
e¨w³ AvZ¥wbf©i| †m wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Av‡M wewfbœ welq wPš—v-fvebv K‡i| wb‡Ri Ici Av¯’v iv‡L|
Zvi cÖZvwiZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg|
2. cwieZ©‡bi AvKv•¶v m„wó : wk¶v gvby‡li g‡a¨ cwieZ©‡bi AvKv•¶v RvMÖZ K‡i| wkw¶Z e¨w³ mviv
we‡k¦i Av_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©b I Z_¨cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv iv‡L| Gme welq Zvi g‡a¨I
cwieZ©‡bi AvKv•¶v m„wó K‡i|
3. cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b mnvqZv : gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m ¯^v¶iZv AR©‡bi Av‡M I c‡i mgv‡Ri g‡a¨
¸YMZ cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq, GKRb ¯^v¶i e¨w³ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b AwaKZi
¶gZvi AwaKvix, m‡PZbZvq Zx¶èax Ges cwi‡e‡ki Ici AwaK wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvix| wk¶v gvbyl‡K
Av‡eM I ms¯‹vigy³ gb wb‡q ¯^”Q wPš—v Ki‡Z †kLvq| Gi d‡j Zviv e¨w³MZ Ges Av_©-mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vi we‡kølY K‡i mwVK Kg©cš’v D™¢veb Ges mywPwš—Z cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b m¶g nq| d‡j Zviv
e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
4. mvwe©K m‡PZbZv m„wó : wk¶v gvby‡li `„wófw½ D`vi I MYZvwš¿K Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wk¶v
gvby‡li †PZbvi D‡b¥vl NUvq| cÎcwÎKv cvV, Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ges Ávbx e¨w³‡`i m‡½
gZwewbg‡qi d‡j e¨w³ Rxe‡bi Ici mgv‡Ri cÖfve Ges mgv‡Ri cÖwZ e¨w³i `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K©
AwaK m‡PZb nq| Zviv eyS‡Z †k‡L e¨w³i ¯^v_© mgwói ¯^v‡_©i g‡a¨ wbwnZ, ZLb Zviv mgv‡Ri
wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© fve‡Z †k‡L Ges mgvR Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡m|
gvbyl Dcjwä K‡i Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi †¶‡Î GKK cÖ‡Póvi †P‡q †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM
AwaKZi djcÖm~| GB Dcjwä †_‡KB Zviv msNe× n‡Z wk‡L Ges CwáZ j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
mgvR‡mex msMVb, mwgwZ I Ab¨vb¨ mgevq msMVb Mo‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq|
5. bvMwiK AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai weKvk NUvq : wk¶vi gva¨‡g RbMY bvMwiK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
m¤ú‡K© Rv‡b Ges `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxe‡b
Zviv wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM I cÖwZôvq m‡Pó nq| mywkw¶Z e¨w³ MÇvwjKv cÖev‡n †f‡m bv wM‡q
¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvgvwRK I ivóªxq e¨vcv‡i wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbU-19 c„ôv 187
Gm Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

6. Kg©`¶Zv e„w× : GKRb ¯^v¶iKgx© wbi¶iKgx©i †P‡q AwaKZi ÔKg©`¶Õ| KviY mv¶i e¨w³i wPš—v
I wePvi-we‡kølY, AvZ¥g~j¨vqb I ms‡kvab Ges Kg©Rxe‡bi Kg©m¤úv`b I Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv
wbi¶i e¨w³i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| ZvQvov wbR †ckv msµvš— cy¯—K-cyw¯—Kv cvV Ges D”PZi
cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡gI ¯^v¶i e¨w³ Zvi Kg©`¶Zv evov‡Z m¶g nq| `¶Zv e„w×i m‡½ Avq e„w×i
m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Ges Avq e„w×i m‡½ Kv‡Ri Avb›` we`¨gvb| GB Kv‡Ri Avb›`B Kgx©i Kg©‰bcyY¨
Av‡iv evwo‡q †`q| ZvQvov wk¶v gvby‡li AvKv•¶v e„w× K‡i Ges bZzb AvKv•¶vi Rb¥ †`q|
7. mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv : me©Rbxb wk¶v mylg mgvR MV‡bi †¶‡Î LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| A‡c¶vK…Z Kg Av‡qi gvbyliv me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wk¶v †c‡j ïay †h Zv‡`i Avq evov‡bvi
my‡hvM cvq ZvB bq, wkï g„Zz¨i nvi Kgv‡bv, ¯^v¯’¨ myweav MÖnY I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM
MÖn‡Yi myweav †c‡q _v‡K| Gi d‡j Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi gvb Zviv wKQzUv evov‡Z m¶g nq|
8. ¯^v¯’¨wewa I cwievi cwiKíbv : wbi¶i‡`i †P‡q ¯^v¶i e¨w³ ¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© AwaK m‡PZb| ¯^v¶i
e¨w³ ¯^v¯’¨nvwbi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© AwaKZi m‡PZb e‡j †ivM-cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v †g‡b Pjvi †Póv
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K wbi¶i e¨w³iv ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb †_‡K cÖwZ‡iva‡hvM¨ †iv‡Mi
Ke‡j c‡o ¯^v¯’¨ I Kg©`¶Zv `yB-B nvivq| wkw¶Z e¨w³iv cwiKwíZ cwiev‡ii mydj m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZb I cwievi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i e‡jB Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v mxwgZ _v‡K| G e¨vcv‡i
AwaKvsk wbi¶i D`vmxb _v‡K e‡j Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v cwiKwíZfv‡e evo‡Z _v‡K|
d‡j Zv‡`i cvwievwiK Rxeb msK‡U cwZZ nq|
9. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb : wk¶v gvbyl‡K AvZ¥m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j Ges ¯^v¯’¨Ki I my›`i Rxebhvc‡bi
†cÖiYv †hvMvq| ÁvbvR©‡bi gva¨‡g gvbyl A‡b¨i cwi‡ek‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Zviv wb‡R‡K A‡b¨i
m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡Ri RxebhvÎvi gvb g~j¨vqb K‡i Zvi mvwe©K gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨
D‡`¨vMx nq| GB D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Zviv cwiev‡ii AvK…wZ †QvU †i‡L †cvl¨‡`i Rb¨ ch©vß Lv`¨,
e¯¿, wk¶v BZ¨vw`i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq Ab¨w`‡K wbi¶i gvbyl †ivM, †kvK, `vwi`ª¨ BZ¨vw`‡K
fv‡M¨i dj wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges mgv‡R gvb‡eZi Rxebhvc‡b Af¨¯— nq|
10. mybxwZ wkÿv I †`k‡cÖ‡g `xÿv : mybxwZ I †`k‡cÖ‡gi `xÿvi Rb¨ mywkÿvi we¯Ívi NUv‡Z n‡e|
gvby‡li g‡a¨ ˆbwZKZv‡eva †Rviv‡jv n‡j Ges †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ _vK‡j †m `yb©xwZ †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡e|
G ai‡bi e¨w³ A_©vr mywkÿvq wkwÿZ e¨w³ cÖK…Z gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡e|

mvims‡¶c
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi †Kvb weKí †bB| wk¶v e¨w³i ¸YMZ cwieZ©b mvab K‡i Zv‡K `¶
Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| wk¶v e¨w³i myß cÖwZfvi weKvk NUvq| e¨w³i g‡a¨ cwieZ©‡bi AvKv•¶v m„wó
K‡i| wk¶vi gva¨‡gB e¨w³ ¯^v¯’¨wewa I bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| e¨w³ Z_¨ cÖhyw³MZ
Ávb jvf K‡i wk¶vi gva¨‡gB|

wk¶v I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb c„ôv 188

 †cŠibxwZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
(K) ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡iÑ
(K) MYgva¨g (L) ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv
(M) wk¶v (N) A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ
2| wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbÑ
(K) AvZ¥wbf©iZv m„wói Rb¨ (L) `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨
(M) m‡PZbZv m„wói Ki‡Z (N) Dc‡ii meKwU
3| †K †ewk ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZb?
(K) Awkw¶Z e¨w³ (N) abx e¨w³
(M) wkw¶Z e¨w³ (N) †gvUv e¨w³

(L) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶vi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
2| wKfv‡e wk¶v e¨w³‡K m¤ú‡` cwiYZ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
(K) DËigvjv
1| (M), 2| (N), 3| (M)

BDwbU-19 c„ôv 189

Gm Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3 : evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v mgm¨v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Ñ
¨ evsjv‡`k wk¶v‡¶‡Î we`¨gvb mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¨ wk¶v mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
wk¶v RvwZi †gi“`Ê| wk¶v Qvov †Kvb RvwZ Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ejv n‡q _v‡K, wk¶v ÔcuywR
wewb‡qv‡Mi me©‡kªô †¶Î|Õ A_©vr e¨w³i weKv‡k wk¶v‡¶‡Î e¨q Ki‡j me©vwaK jvf cvIqv hvq| cÖL¨vZ
wk¶vwe` C. P. Snow e‡j‡Qb, Avgv‡`i wkw¶Z n‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq aŸsm Awbevh©| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv
Dbœqbkxj iv‡óª mKj Dbœq‡bi wfwË wk¶v| Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI wk¶v‡¶‡Î
e¨vcK mgm¨v we`¨gvb| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v‡¶‡Î we`¨gvb †gŠwjK mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jvÑ

evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v mgm¨v

cvV¨-cy¯—‡Ki msKU : eB-cy¯—‡Ki msKU eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v‡¶‡Î Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK mgm¨v| cÖwZ
eQi †`Lv hvq, cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wk¶ve‡l©i cÖ_g `yÕgvm AwZevwnZ n‡jI QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i nv‡Z
mKj eB †cuŠ‡Q bv| †`‡ki gywó‡gq ivNe-†evqvj wbR¯^ ¯^v‡_© cy¯—K cÖKvkbv‡K GK‡PwUqv wbqš¿‡Yi d‡j
QvÎ-QvÎxiv h_vmg‡q Zv‡`i cvVvcy¯ÍK cvq bv|
†mkb RU
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wk¶v½b¸‡jv‡Z †mkb RU cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| AwZ mvgvb¨ Kvi‡Y
cÖwZwnsmvcivqY QvÎ msMVb¸‡jv wek„•Ljv I AivRKZv m„wó Ki‡Z wØav Ki‡Q bv| hvi d‡j niZvj,
ag©NU, Ae‡iva wbZ¨‰bwZwgwËK e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Z_vKw_Z QvÎ bvgavix‡`i cix¶v
†cQv‡bvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j 4 eQ‡ii †Kvm© mgvß Ki‡Z Kgc‡¶ 7 eQi mgq jvM‡Q| †mkb R‡Ui
Kvi‡Y AwZwi³ 3/4 eQi mgq e¨q Kivi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Q msL¨vMwiô QvÎ-QvÎx, AwffveK Ges
miKvi|
wk¶v½‡b ivRbxwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki D”P wkÿv½‡Y QvÎivRbxwZi AZxZ BwZnvm AZ¨š— †MŠi‡ev¾¡j| 1952-i fvlv Av‡›`vjb,
1969-Gi MYAfy¨Ìvb Ges 1971-Gi gyw³hy‡× QvÎ †bZ…e„›` HwZnvwmK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i wPi¯§iYxq
n‡q Av‡Qb| wKš‘ cieZx©Kv‡j Av`k©-weewR©Z mvgwiK-†emvgwiK ivRbxwZKiv wb‡R‡`i ivR‰bwZK
¶gZvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i QvÎivRbxwZ‡K KjywlZ K‡i‡Q| d‡j wk¶v½Y cwiYZ n‡q‡Q
iYv½‡Y| ARmª QvÎ cÖvY nvwi‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvh KjywlZ QvÎ ivRbxwZ wk¶v½‡Yi mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek webó
K‡i‡Q|
mš¿vm I Puv`vevwR
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k mš¿vm I Puv`vevwR wbZ¨‰bwgwËK e¨vcvi| QvÎ bvgavix KwZcq eLv‡U hyeK wk¶v½‡Y
mš¿vm I Puv`vevwR‡Z wjß| Zviv KwZcq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji QÎQvqv †_‡K wk¶v½‡Y †UÊvievwR, `icÎ

wk¶v I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb c„ôv 190

 †cŠibxwZ
Rgv`v‡b evav cÖ`vb, mš¿vm I Puv`v Av`v‡q wjß †_‡K mvaviY QvÎ-QvÎxi wk¶v AR©b cÖwµqv‡K e¨vnZ
Ki‡Q|
†KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii †`ŠivZ¥¨
evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’v gvbm¤§Z bq| A‡bK wKÊviMv‡W©b, †KvwPs †m›Uvi, †bvU eB I cÖvB‡fU wUDkwb
wk¶v e¨e¯’v‡K evwY‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| wk¶v cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni A‡bK wk¶K cÖvB‡fU wUDkwb I †KvwPs
†m›Uv‡ii mv‡_ RwoZ| d‡j msL¨vMwiô ga¨weË I wbgœga¨weË QvÎ-QvÎx ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Q|

mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡ii mycvwik : evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v †¶‡Î mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœi welq¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡iÑ
(1) webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨-cy¯—K weZiY : evsjv‡`‡ki AwaK RbmsL¨v I e¨vcK `vwi‡`ª¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L
cÖv_wgK wk¶v wbwðZKi‡Yi me©vwaK ¸i“‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨cy¯—K weZi‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡Z
n‡e| hw`I miKvi cÖv_wgK wk¶v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov ïay wk¶v‡¶‡Î A_© eivÏ h‡_ó
bq, gvbm¤§Z wk¶K, wk¶K‡`i cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb I †eZbvw` m¤ú‡K©I ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB
cÖv_wgK wk¶v wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Ges wk¶K‡`i I QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i cÖwZ Avš—wiKZv evo‡e|
(2) cvV¨m~wPi Avg~j cwieZ©b : evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶‡¶‡Î wk¶vm~wPi Avg~j cwieZ©b
cÖ‡qvRb| hv Ávb, `¶Zv I †gŠwjK DrKl©‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e| GQvov gva¨wgK wk¶vi gvb Dbœq‡b
eivÏK…Z ev‡R‡U QvÎe„wË, ¯‹zj Dbœqb cwiKíbvi welqmg~‡ni mshyw³ Avek¨K| ZvQvov †KvwPs
†m›Uv‡ii †`ŠivZ¥¨ †gvKv‡ejvq Dchy³ c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
(3) Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv `vb : G‡`‡ki AwffveKiv `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK mš—vb‡K ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡bvi
cwie‡Z© A_© Av‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kv‡R †h‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| Gme Qv·K ¯‹z‡ji cÖwZ AvK…ó K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
¯‹z‡j a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi e¨e¯’v Kiv DwPZ|
(4) QvÎ-ivRbxwZ cybM©Vb : evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v‡¶‡Î Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mgm¨v n‡jv KjywlZ QvÎ-
ivRbxwZ| g~jZ wk¶v½‡Y Aw¯’iZv †iv‡a I gvbm¤§Z wk¶ve¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ †jRyoe„wËK QvÎ
I wk¶K ivRbxwZ eÜ Kiv Ges GRb¨ ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni HK¨ I mw`”Qvi ev¯—evqb GKvš—
Ri“wi|
(5) Z_¨-cÖhyw³ wbf©i wk¶v e¨e¯’v : bvix-cyi“‡li g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ `~i Kivi Rb¨ AwaK nv‡i bvix wk¶K
wb‡qv‡Mi eZ©gvb miKvwi c`‡¶‡ci Av‡iv GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Z_¨-cÖhyw³i Pjgvb wec−‡ei
m‡½ Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’v‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Avg~j ms¯‹vi cÖ‡qvRb| G‡¶‡Î miKvi
I e¨w³ Lv‡Z cÖhyw³wbf©i wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e|
(6) †mkb RU I bKj `~ixKiY : evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎivRbxwZi †bwZevPK cÖfv‡e wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b m„ó
†mkb R‡Ui Kvi‡Y 3 eQ‡ii †Kvm© †kl Ki‡Z 7 eQi †j‡M hvq| G‡¶‡Î miKvwifv‡e c`‡¶c
wb‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z D”P cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z Giƒc †mkb RU bv _v‡K| Avevi miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KI GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z bKjgy³ Ae¯’vq QvÎ-QvÎxiv cix¶v w`‡q cÖwZ eQi
wbw`©ó mg‡q Zv‡`i wk¶vel© mgvß Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(7) ev‡R‡U wk¶v e¨q e„w× : wk¶v e¨e¯’vi mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq ev‡R‡U wk¶v e¨q e„w× Ki‡Z
n‡e| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci Rvcvb wk¶v‡¶‡Î 25 fvM eivÏ †i‡LwQj| Avgv‡`i †mB `„óvš— g‡b
†i‡L wk¶v †¶‡Î e¨q e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j wk¶v DcKiY I wk¶K mgm¨v `~i n‡e|

BDwbU-19 c„ôv 191

Gm Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

(8) myôz cwiKíbv : wk¶vi mgm¨v `~ixKiY I gvbm¤úbœ wk¶v `v‡bi Rb¨ myôz cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z
n‡e| GRb¨ RvZxq HKgZ¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e hv‡Z miKvi cwiewZ©Z n‡jI cwiKíbvi cwieZ©b n‡e
bv|

mvims‡¶c
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b wk¶v me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’vq A‡bK mgm¨v we`¨gvb|
cvV¨-cy¯—K cÖYqb, wk¶v½‡Y mš¿vm, †mkb RU, wk¶K mgm¨vmn wewfbœ mgm¨vq Avµvš— †`‡ki
wk¶ve¨e¯’v| wk¶v mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ PvB mykvmb I myôz cwiKíbv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e mg¯— Dbœq‡bi
wfwË wk¶v| Kv‡RB wk¶v‡K Ae‡njv K‡i †Kvb Dbœqb m¤¢e bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
(K) k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki“b
1| mg¯— Dbœq‡bi wfwË n‡jv ⎯|
2| wk¶v mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z ⎯ cwiKíbv `iKvi|
3| cvV¨-cy¯—K m¼U wk¶vi Ab¨Zg ⎯ mgm¨v|
4| Avgv‡`i wkw¶Z n‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq ⎯ Awbevh©|
5| QvÎivRbxwZi AZxZ BwZnvm AZ¨š— ⎯|

(L) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v½‡Y we`¨gvb mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
2| wk¶v mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b|

(K) DËigvjv
1| wkÿv, 2| myôz, 3| cÖavb, 4| aŸsm, 5| D¾¡j

wk¶v I gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb c„ôv 192