⑭

·
MODERN THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE
EARLY THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE

BIG BANG THEORY : proposed by Georges Lemaitre in 1927and later evidenced by George Gamow
BINARY THEORY : Companion to sun has
always been coexsisting
.
> all matter existed in I place as a
singular atom
.

15 billion years it exploded as it exploded energy was converted to matter

.
GEOCENTRIC THEORY proposed by Ptolemy in 140 AD > earth is the centre universe ago ,
:
the .
of
- -
,

300K years later the temp coold to 4500K and gave

rise to atomic matter
. .

↳ in
planets move an elliptical path around the Sun ,
which is at the foci > evidences to support
:
Hubble's law
Red shift theory
of the ellipse Johannes Kepler around 16th century.
.

>
-

Background Radiation and

·
discovery of Cosmic Microwave
Probe
Wilkinson Microwave Anistopy
father of mod astronomy
light elements like He and He found in observable universe
.
HELLOCENTRIC THEORY : proposed by Copernicus in 1543 AD
. >

it states that sun is the centre Hadron Collides & CERN tried to
HIGGS BOSONTHEORY <Large
the universe
of . imitate Big Bang.
Proton beams having the speed of light
Herschel in 1805 ,
studied universe with collided to form Higgs Boson aka God particle
help of telescope and stated solar This
gives mass to other fundamental
quarks
particles such as electron and
system is a small part of galaxy
.

.
black holes emit radiation.
Hawking in 1974 ,
RED SHIFT THEORY :

is of colours called
led to te light formed by a band
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS : >
-
Immanuel Kant in 1755 > -

gravitational pull blw magges

Spectrum
.
nebula
↓ angular velocity of which tes violet has shortest wavelength and red has the
-

in ,

failed to explain source

longest .

centrifugal force which results information

gravity
,

of large scale The movement of star/galaxy affects its

of planets .

. When
force light as viewed by the observer
appraching the observer it is blue and when
out like material
replaced (1796) > formed of a cloud

byLaplace
>
-

it moves
away .
it turns red
made up of extremely hot gages
.
This shrinks the nebula
This is known as the Doppler shift and
speed of rotation of Sun should gas cools down and .
state of rapid and
and it shows universe is in a
be =
50 x present speed As the nebula cools ,
it rotates rapidly
the theory to be true accelerated expansion.
for .
gets flat at poles
.

This rotation causes rings of gas to be formed

and it condenses into planets and fatellites
while the rest of STEADY STATE THEORY : <
proposed by Fred Hoyle
the
ga formed the Sun
universe is constant and new galaxies are created out of empty space which
be
> Carl Weizcar and Otto Schmidt revised the Theory in . It
1943 came to
fill up empty space
.

known as Interstellar Dust Cloud Hypothesis > discredited by Edwin Hubble-

> space blw galaxies is Ting
Inadequacy of gravitation
a
#
Sun surrounded solar nebula CH + He)
. This cloud
gas in the universe
by This led to process
expansion of galaxy
.
cover took the shape of a sauce
. Sunder
propounded by Dr Allen
PULSATING THEORY : < .

of formation of planets by accretion -

universe is supposed to be expanding and

contracting alternatively and at present
it is expanding
-
IDAL HYPOTHESIS wandering
:
Chamberlain and Moulton in 1900 star approached the A
> sun
gaseous
.

>
-
-

tide was sun due to

↓ formed on the surface of
gravitational pull of star
.

supported by Jean and

Jeffrey
aza) As the star moved away the , cigar shaped filamenta
broke into 10 pieces and continued to revolve
around the sun and slowly condensed to planets-

-
occurred blw/2-14 billion years ago
> Big Bang universe) critical density gravity wins and universe collapses
density of
=

> On basis of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation ,

the
age of universe = 13 2
7 billion years ↳ aka Big Crunch -

This
energy is known as dark energy
.
age of universe ?
> how estimate Observations made clusters which dense collection of roughly million
->
stars.
on
globular are a

Hubble's constant (Ho)

>
measuring rate of expansion of universe also known ,
as

4 5 billion years old

.
>
age of solar system = .

On
association structure present in the observable universe
>
They are
naturally occuring physical entity or .

nuclear reaction inside star convert He into He by

cycLE OF STARS
:
LIFE >
GALAXY :
gravitationally bound system of stars stellar remains , interstellar
-

>
-

,
STARS :I has its own heat and
light energy
. fusion
.
dust and dark matter
.
stars
begin by clouds of dust and called nebula
. gas ,

sun is the nearest star to Earth (8 3 minute for light to reach) gas emit smaller amt of radio radiations
GALAXY
.

coude NORMAL
huge of gas collapse under gravitational > :

nearest star beyond our solar sys (43LA)

Proxima centauri =
forces to form Protostars bright 4 dim towards
in centre edges
.

crus closest after Centauri (8 6LA) brightest visible condense they heat up and reaches ↳
↓ Elliptical generally Theylackstarmaking
& Dogstar they one older low
:
as > mass
.
: -
, ,

He (28 % ) ; (2 N , Ne (1 5 %) and Fe (0 5% ) critical mass. and nuclear fusion begins .

composed of H2 (70 %) ; ,
magsa
. .

> ,

↳ Stable phage .

spiral >
-

surround
BINARY STARS : stars
consisting in pairs . There are also single stars fuelwill beginto run out and
they Cmilky
. way)
stars a multiple stars (Alpha Centauri-3 Stars) expand to form red giant >
-

Irregular >
-
do not have enough structure to
not trong
>VARIABLESTAR :Starsthatshow varying degreeCephid
of luminosityhe ↳ pressure of nuclear reaction s characterize
.

and it > RADIO

↓
enough to equalize gravity GALAXY : emit x Mill more radio radiation
it is called variables
is
if fluciates ,
as
collapses-
Chordura (powerful
starts fusing He into 22
> fate of star depends on how much matter is present -

white
its density is high and it becomes
high mass star shine brighter
.
dwarf they cool do con
,

celestial pole When dark ball

.

-
brightest star nearest to either
>
POLAR STAR : ,

of matter called black dwarf are

(Polaris : proximate to North Pole) -
formed
basis of colour
COLOUR OF STARS <
:
temperature is the ↳ giant stars go through a different process
after consuming their full they explode as ,

stars expand asthey grow .

old
Supernova
. and end up as nutron stars
as core runs out of H, 4 He ,
young
. or black holes
.
core contracts and outle layers
expand , cool and become less CONSTELLATION : > group of stars that look like a
particular shape
-

bright ↳ IAU 88 recognized constellation

:

↳ red
giant will collapse and ASTERISMS : >
-

alignment of stars forming any pattern

explode and then become
↳ 27 in 1
either a black dwarf , caged) -

nutron star or black hole .