GREEN HOUSE EFFECT * The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. * The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphereHOW GHE IS USEFUL??? * Without green house effect we can not survive in the planet earth bacause ,, * The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist.« Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about -18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of TSC * Green house gases * Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).Greenhouse effect Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected back into space. Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating the Earth. Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space. Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life. Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise.Causes of green house effect * Green House gases : Includes CO, ,CH4,03, NO ,NO2 and CFC etc.... Though green house gases are helpful to maintain atmosphere temparature but increased amounts over optimum is not at al usefull... “+ Contribution of clouds to Earth's greenhouse effect The major non-gas contributor to Earth's greenhouse effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases.* Anthropogenic factors: * This includes the man made processes like Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation , paddy cultivation , use of GH gases like CFC and halons in refrigiration and fire suppression systems , and indiscriminate use of fertilizers mostly N fertilizers ,etc...leads to increased GHE.Enhanced green house effect The problem we now face is that human activities — particularly burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), agriculture and land clearing — are increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases. This is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which is contributing to warming of the Earth. Enhanced green house effect lead to GLOBAL WARMING.Consequences of greenhouse-effect The effects due to GHE include: More drought and more flooding Less ice and snow More extreme weather incidents Rising sea level.Ways to Reduce Greenhouse Gases * Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Buying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste. By recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually. * Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning Adding insulation to your walls and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home.© Replace Your Light Bulbs Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact florescent light (CFL) bulbs. * Drive Less and Drive Smart Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are great forms of exercise. * Buy Energy-Efficient Products Home appliances now come in a range of energy- efficient models, and compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.* Use Less Hot Water Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating blanket if it is more than 15 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads to save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. * Use the "Off" Switch Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room, And remember to turn off your television, stereo and computer when you're not using them. turn off the water when you’re not using it. While brushing your teeth, shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until you actually need it for rinsing. * Plant a Tree Trees absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its life* Encourage Others to Conserve * This is last but not least....this is most important .because we can control the green house effect all in the society put their efforts ..its not possible to control by an individual * So share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends, neighbors and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to establish programs and policies that are good for the environment.OZONE DEPLETIONOZONE LAYER The ozone layer is a layer is a layer in the earth’s atmosphere which contains 90% of atmospheric ozone (O,). The ozone layer is found in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 20 to 30 km above earth’s surface. It’s thickness varies seasonly and geographically.What is Ozone Depletion? * ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out (reduction) of the amount of ozone in the stratosphereOZONE HOLE As a result of ozone depletion, over Antarctica the ozone hole is formed. This ozone hole leads to melting of ice of Antarctica, increase in sea level and other harmful effects on it’s environment.Why Ozone Layer is Necessary? It is necessary because An essential property of ozone molecule is its ability to block solar radiations of wavelengths less than 290 nanometers from reaching Earth’s surface. In this process, it also absorbs ultraviolet radiations that are dangerous for most living beings. UV radiation could injure or kill life on Earth. For humans, excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation leads to higher risks of cancer (especially skin cancer) and cataracts. It is calculated that every 1 percent decrease in ozone layer results in a 2-5 percent increase in the occurrence of skin cancer. Other ill-effects of the reduction of protective ozone layer include — increase in the incidence of cataracts, sunburns and suppression of the immune system.The Impacts of Ozone Depletion Harm to human health: More skin cancers, sunburns and premature aging of the skin. More cataracts, blindness and other eye diseases: UV radiation can damage several parts of the eye, including the lens, cornea, retina and conjunctiva. Weakening of the human immune system (immunosuppression). Early findings suggest that too much UV radiation can suppress the human immune system, which may play a role in the development of skin cancer.EFFECT ON HUMANS «Skin cancer: » Basal And Squamous Cell Carcinomas « Malignant Melanoma « Eye damage: » Photokeratitis (snow blindness), Cataracts. + Immune system damage + Accelerated aging of skin Other effects: Ozone chemicals can cause difficulty in breathing, chest pain, throat irritation, and hamper lung functioning.+> Effect on Human Health: Damage genetic materials in the cells. Leads to more people suffering from Cataracts. Causes cancer, allergies and some other infectious disease. 10% depletion in ozone layer results in* Adverse impacts on agriculture, forestry and natural ecosystems: * Most of the crops are senisitive to increased UV, resulting in reduced growth, photosynthesis and flowering. These species include wheat, rice, barley, oats, corn, soybeans, peas, tomatoes, cucumbers, cauliflower, broccoli and carrots. * Only a few commercially important trees have been tested for UV (UV-B) sensitivity, but early results suggest that plant growth, especially in seedlings, is harmed by more intense UV radiation.* Damage to marine life: * In particular, plankton (tiny organisms in the surface layer of oceans) are threatened by increased UV radiation. Plankton are the first vital step in aquatic food chains. * Loss of biodiversity in our oceans, rivers and lakes could reduce fish yields for commercial and sport fisheries.Causes of depletion of ozone layer Natural causes of depletion of ozone layer: Ozone layer has been found to be affected by certain natural phenomena such as Sun-spots and stratospheric winds. This is not more than 1-2% Man-made causes of depletion of ozone layer: The main cause for the depletion is excessive release of chlorine and bromine from man-made compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, CH,CCI, (Methyl chloroform), CCl, (Carbon tetrachloride), HCFCs ,HBFCs and methyl bromide are found to have direct impact on the depletion of the ozone layer. These are categorized as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).Main Ozone Depleting Substances (OCD) Chlorofluorocarbons: Account for more than 80% of ozone depletion. Used in freezers, air cooling component, dry-cleaning agents, hospital sterilants. Methyl Chloroform: Used for vapour degreasing, some aerosols, cold cleaning, adhesives and chemical processing. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons: Substitutes for CFC’s but still play a vital role in ozone depletion. Carbon Tetrachloride: Mainly used in fire extinguisherChlorofluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere due to: Cleaning Agents Coolants in refrigerators Packing material Air conditioning Aerosol spray cans etc* Measures to Protect Ozone Layer Depletion > The use of plastic should be banned in the country. » The production and use of CFCs should be banned. » The use of CFCs in aerosol, spray cans, egg crates etc. should be banned and their substitutes should be used. » New technologies should be adopted to recapture the CFCs released from the air-conditioners and refrigerators, > Limit private vehicle drivingUse eco-friendly household cleaning products Reduce the use of pesticides Developing stringent regulations for rocket launches Banning the use of dangerous nitrous oxide.