PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 1- Module 1 AND 2

Nature of Inquiry and Research

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I need to know

Every day you encountered various problems in any facets of life be it social,
political, environmental and personal. It may link between persons, groups or an
organization. In this case, there must be a solution not only to resolve it but can be a
progress that everybody benefited from it. As a learner how can you find a solution to
these problems that is based on knowledge not on ordinary beliefs, predictions or
theories? You need to have this knowledge through organized and well-planned
procedures that are accurate and useful. Thus you need to do research.
Research is asking what you know and think. It helps us to inquire on the right
information. It is of great importance to man in everyday life. The quality of man‟s life
is improved through research making it easier and valuable from simple to modern.
Research develops you to an attitude to not believe everything easily available and
seek for truth - Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look. It is a
catalyst in solving complex issues in different sectors including health,
communications, business and the environment.

This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life

Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Lesson 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Lesson 4 .The Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry

Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:

1. share research experiences and knowledge

2. explain the importance of research in daily life
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research
5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports,
science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication
technology, and social inquiry)

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 What I know

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_1.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.
_2.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
_3.A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_4.An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer to
the question asked by the researcher.
_5.The researcher has the final say in his findings.

B. Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

biases Instrument theories factual investigation

intuition discovery system subjective Interview
dreams experiences data phenomena guessing
productivity drama validate opinions Literature

C. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of research.

Use the blanks provided.

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This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. &
Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

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 Lesson The Importance of Research in
1 Daily Life

What’s in?

In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that
it is used in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions
to problems especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge
on the importance of research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in
every decision you do.

What’s New?

I. What is Research?

1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an
individual„s speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs,
guesses or theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the
need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and
effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.

II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman,G.,2013)

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.

It is a problem solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering
by applying the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.

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Focus on Research: a Guide to Developing Students ‘Research Skills (1990).Alberta. Canada.

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III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.

It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.

Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in

the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined
by him in detail.

Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of

“research” comes in.

IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word „investigation‟. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for
truth, information, or knowledge.

Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system

or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)

V. Purpose of Research

1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further

investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results
and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues
in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and
environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to
others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

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Activity 1: Question and Answer
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided,
1. What is Research?
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2. What is inquiry and its nature?
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3. What is the difference between inquiry and research?
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4. How important is research in your daily life activities?
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5. Why is there a need to conduct research?

What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1
You just learned the importance of research in daily life. Answer the following
questions briefly on the blanks provided.
1. Was there an instance in your life when you did an inquiry or research? Share
and describe your experiences .What are your challenges and difficulties?

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2. As a learner in senior high school, how important is research in your daily life?

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What’s more?

Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is?

Write your reflection on the right space of the image.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 What I have learned

Let‟s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a question .If
inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes inquiry different
from research which also investigates?

2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life leading
to a solution, in what way does research empowers you with knowledge to
learn new things?
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What I can do

Direction. Answer the following question.

1. What is the importance of research in your education as a 21st Century learner?

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2. As a learner, what do you want to re

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Additional Activities

Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high school.
.Ask them how research played a major role in their chosen track or strand. Make a
report about it and share it to your teacher.
Write your report using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you wrote
down before and after you conducted your interview to flesh out the report. The first is
the brief detail about what the report is, who is the interviewee and the location of the
interview. Then break up the interview into paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally
a conclusion paragraph to end your report.

Assessment

Direction:
A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
_1. An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer
to the question asked by the researcher.
_2. A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is
studying.
_3. The researcher has the final say in his findings.
_4.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid
listening to another researcher.
_5.There should be adequate data before conducting a research.

B Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research.

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 phenomena experiences theories discovery validate
biases interview investigation intuition dreams
guessing system instrument Literature drama
subjective factual opinions data productivity

C. Using the words underlined, formulate your own definition of research.

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1
This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. &
Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

What I know
Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the
following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
2. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
3. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another
should be done.

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 a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the
study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.
a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility

7. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected
by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
8. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the
study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

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 Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and
2 Ethics of Research

Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to

answer questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain
characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical
and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers had obligations to adhere
professional standards in conducting research .Thus to consider a research writing
ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.
.

What’s in?

In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its
importance in your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for
truth, information, or knowledge. The importance of research helps improved life as
well as finding a solution to problems through reliable and validated information.

What’s New?

I. Characteristics of Research1

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends

with a problem.

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1
For more information on this Characteristics of Research, see Calmorin,E.&
Calmorin,A.(2015).Research Methods and Thesis Writing. Retrieved from http:/www.
https://www.rexestore.com/e-books/

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4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to

enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher„s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator„s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research)
and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative
research) (Data Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research)
and statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

1
For more information on this Seven Steps of the Research Process, see Abdullah, S.N.
(2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt

III. Ethics in Research

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Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which
educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of
research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for
collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects „right to privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

 What are these ethics in research1?

1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the

participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing
them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time
they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.

2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do
not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,

peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects
of research.

4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine

your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

1
For more information on this Ethics of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1:
Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

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6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade

secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.

9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,

not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues‟ opinion, treat them fairly and do
not outsmart others.

12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the

basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.

14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence
in science as a whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.

IV. Rights of Research Participants

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1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards
of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They
constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity,
inherent to all human beings.

2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and
a commercial value.

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material

without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the
rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set
period of time, are breached by a third party

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others‟ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research

process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be
informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.

5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people‟s identity through not disclosing their name
or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant‟s name is not given nor known.

6. Privacy. It is someone‟s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret.
It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn‟t

include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers
and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same
institution to receive grants.

Plagiarism

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 Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person‟s ideas, works, processes,
and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized
use of original works, a violation of intellectual property rights.
Three different acts are considered plagiarism:
1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Why is research practical and realistic?
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2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem.
What is the importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
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3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
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4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
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5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
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What is it? Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.
1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can
you identify the processes involved in conducting research and its
characteristics? Enumerate those processes

2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant

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What’s more?

Read and Analyse

Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow
.Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained

attention of two interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the
world of the participant. A critical view of some of the ethical challenges in
the participants‟ andresearchers‟ world reveals that how we examine both
these worlds‟ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the
need for researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the
inception of their research life through multiple modes. The modes may
include dialogue in the spoken and written and visual to affect their aims to
adhere to the principles of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and
justice in a way that is mutually beneficial to the participant and the
researcher.1
Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious
research ethics are embedded in the unfolding research ethics process
involving the participants and the researchers, and both the participant and
researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical process and
add value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research.1
The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly
enhanced by safe, effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures
of correlates of immune protection, and improved scientific knowledge of
the disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines would
be particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently
being developed . Well designed human challenge studies provide one of
the most efficient and scientifically powerful means for testing vaccines,
especially because animal models are not adequately generalizable to
humans.

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Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants‟ and Researchers‟
World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1.

Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public

health benefit in so far as they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b)

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 increase the likelihood that the most effective (candidate) vaccines will
ultimately become available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d)
improve knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.2

Questions:
1. Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
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2. Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.study on humans rather than animal
models unethical?
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3. If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will
you do to correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
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What I have learned

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher in
conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are
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2
World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID-19 .human
challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1

2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of making

known the unknown. This definition of research leads to common

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 characteristics of research. Can you elaborate further on this?

3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?

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4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research?

What I can do

Answer the following question and write your answers on a space provided.
1. How do you characterize good research writing?

2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting a

research?

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Additional Activities

Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of

specialization (internet).Evaluate the research if it follows the ethical practices
in conducting research.

Assessment

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the

following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected
by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the
study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another
should be done.
a. Objectivity

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 b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the
study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
e. Integrity
f. Legality
g. Social Responsibility
h. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following
actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

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 What I know

Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative

Research or Quantitative Research.

1.Objective
2.Subjective
3.Naturalistic
4.To validate the already constructed theory
5.Open-Ended Questions
6.Highly-structured Research
7.Hypothesis
8.Multiple Methods
9.Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions
and Stories are used in data analysis
10.No criteria

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This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah, S.N.(2018)
Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from http:/www.academia.edu.co/preposttest

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 Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative
3 Research

Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative

research. Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that
you can combine in your research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching
and profound. To get the best results from these methods in your research, it‟s
important that you understand the differences between them which you will study in
this lesson.

What’s in?

In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be systematic,

objective, feasible, empirical and clear. These characteristics guide you in realizing
the real nature of research following the processes as well as the factors in selecting
your general problem or topic. As a researcher you need to consider the ethics and
unethical practices in conducting research.

What’s New?

I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.

Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey
results.

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Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.1

DESIGN

TYPES
Ethnography Experimental Research

Grounded Theory Pre-Experimental

True-Experimental
Case Study
Quasi-Experimental
Discourse Analysis

Phenomenology
Non-Experimental
Historical Research Research

(Survey Research)
Narrative Report
1. Descriptive Research
Biography 2.Comparative Research
3.Correlational Research
1. Scholarly Chronicle
2. Intellectual
Biography Action Research
3. Life History Writing
4. Memoir Biography
5. Narrative Biography

II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research2

Qualitative Quantitative
It aims to create new theory The purpose is to test a
based on the gathered data. hypothesis or theory.
Objective
A fact-finding research used to Measures problem using rating
gain understanding of individual scale and other research
differences in terms of feelings parameters of group
and experiences. similarities.

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 -natural setting -measurement setting
Data Description -making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a
phenomenon. certain phenomenon.

-Uses pictures, words, - Uses numbers, scales,

sentences, paragraphs, hypotheses, calculations,
compositions, narrations and computations and statistics
short stories tools.

Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) Large sample representatives

sampling of population
Data Gathering Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured
(flexible processes)
Uses census, survey
Uses interviews, participant questionnaire, checklist, paper-
observation, group discussions. pencil test and
Ex: Case Study, field research experimentation.

Uses open ended questions. Uses closed ended questions.

It is a freeform survey questions This questions can only be
allow a participant to answer in answered by selecting from a
open-text format, responses are limited number of options,
unlimited to a set of options. usually “multiple-choice”, “yes
or no”, or a rating scale

Example: Example:
Guide questions for the Strongly agree to strongly
interviews disagree
In quantitative research closed
1. What was your experiences ended questions are the basis
during quarantine period on the of all statistical analysis
COVID-19 pandemic? How did techniques applied on
you handle the situation caused questionnaires and surveys.
by the pandemic?
2. Was the support of the Sample Question:
National and Local Government Do you agree on online
enough for your basic needs? modality class in transitioning
Did they conduct evaluation for the new normal of education?
those who were affected? a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree

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 Inductive Deductive
The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or
Activities observations, an open mind already created theory
without biases, gathering all emphasizing the previously
exact details of the topic and researched phenomenon from
generalization or new theory is different views (tested against
given towards the end of the observations).
research process.
Uses both inductive and deductive
They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.

Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts

Data discussions discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the
and Presentation overall mean.

Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean

going to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
Opinions are based on Opinions are based on laws,
experience or observation. rules, or other recognized
There are no criteria used in principles.
data discussions.
Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical
thematic.

Subjective Objective
Data Analysis
Data analysis is influenced by The researcher employs
the personal experiences and
standard criteria in analyzing
views.
data.

Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development.

high validity. Has high output replicability.
Outcome
There are no conclusions Conclusion is formulated
formulated. towards the end of the research
process.

1
For more information on these Designs of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1:
Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt
2
For more information on “Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Research”, see Abdullah, S.N.
(2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu./ppt

26
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research

1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.

2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving
solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. How do you define the two designs of research: qualitative and quantitative?
_
_ _
_
_
_
_

2. What are the differences and similarities between these methods?

_
_
_
_
_

What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1
You just learned to differentiate quantitative from qualitative research.
1. In one sentence, differentiate a quantitative research from qualitative research?

27
 2. Tell whether the following statement is a quantitative research or qualitative
research. Explain your answer.
a. Prefer for statistical summary of results.

b. Prefer for narrative summary of results.

What’s more?

Direction: Using a Venn Diagram below, illustrate the differences and similarities
between a quantitative and qualitative method of research by filling in completely the
Venn diagram presented in the next page.

One example is done for you to follow.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Similarities
Natural Dependent on
Setting Both are rigorous & statistical tool
uses textual form in
data analysis

28
 What I have learned

Complete the box by filling out the missing description of qualitative or quantitative
research.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
1. Dependent on statistical tools

Uses open-ended questions 2.

Inductive in data gathering activities. 3.

4. Results oriented and highly structured

Uses more flexible processes. 5.

6. Has high output replicability.

No conclusions formulated. 8.

9. Uses large sample size.

Data analysis is subjective. 10.

29
 What I can do

What do the figures below mean? Explain and write your answer below.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Additional Activities

Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or

quantitative. Explain why and what is your basis. Write your answers on the
spaces provided.

 Culinary Arts: Then and Now

_
_ _

 How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand?

30
 What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS?
Tracks?

 The Why and How of Social Networking Use

 The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth

_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _

Assessment
Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates
Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research.

1.Naturalistic
2.To validate the already constructed theory
3.Hypothesis
4.Multiple Methods
5.No criteria
6.Pure words, phrases, sentences,
compositions and stories are used in data
analysis
7.Open-Ended Questions
8.Highly-structured Research
9. Objective
10.Subjective

31
 What I know

Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by
choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on
the space provided below each number.

A. Science Research
B. Fisheries research
C. Information & Communication Technology Research
D. Arts Based Research
E. Business Research
F. Humanities Research
G. Agriculture Research
H. Sports Research
I. Mathematics Research
J. Social Science Research

_1 Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals

_2.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_3. Students‟ Misconceptions in Calculus
_4. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_5.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics
_6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
___8. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring
_9. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_10.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents

32
 Lesson
The Kinds of Research Across
4 Fields

Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look into
something that affects your personality or your life in some important way. If you are
interested on a topic you are researching, you will enjoy reading and learning about it.
To define clearly the types of research in areas of interest you want to embark, focus
your scientific skills, your passion and ideas. It supports you to connect to your
career path. The examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to choose
specific topic of your research study which you will be exploring to create new
knowledge.

What’s in?
(
Review
In the previous lessons, you learned about research methods to be used in your
particular field of study. Whatever methods are used, there are many resources to
support research, and any number of variations to the basic methods. Choosing a
method of research that is adaptable in your study as a learner guides you to start
making a decision on what topic you want to pursue.

What’s New?

I. Kinds of Research across Fields

Areas of Description Example of Studies

Interest

Arts-Based Personal expression in various 1. The Role of Arts in Student

Research art forms is use as a primary Achievement in Reading
mode of inquiry
2. How Classroom Artistic
Structure Motivates Learning

33
 Deals with human culture such
Research in as philosophy, religion, 1 Values Education in the Public
Humanities literature, linguistics and history Schools: Practices and
Challenges
It includes ancient and modern
languages, human geography, 2. Children In-Conflict with the
laws, politics and other social Law: A Resolution and
sciences. Intervention

Sports Research Intended for athletes to endure 1. Student Involvement in

their health and wellness goals Athletics and their Academic
through proven high quality Performance
products.
2. Sports and Fitness Support on
It helps the coaches and Students in Public Schools
athletes to access information
and apply it to develop
programs and techniques in
sports.

Science Discover laws, postulates 1. Utilization of Garbage and

Research theories that can explain other Waste Resources as
natural or social phenomena. Cleaning Materials

Applies systematic and 2. Making of COVID -19 Cure out

constructed scientific method to of Heat Transfer
obtain, analyze and interpret
data.

A strong and testable

hypothesis is the fundamental
part of the scientific research.

Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General

topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and
Mathematics confidence and interest to solve Interventions
Research more mathematical problems.

34
 It may also assist to find new
methods to simplify 2.A Systemic Approach to
calculations. Changing Classroom Practices
for Enhancing Mathematics
Outcomes

Agriculture Improves productivity and 1. Green Space in School: Social

Research quality of crops irrigation, and Environment Perspective
storage methods, effective farm
management and marketing of 2. Is Urban Gardening as a
agricultural resources. Source of Well-Being?

Agriculture is the backbone of

the economic system providing
food, raw material and
employment opportunities.

Fisheries Increase the productivity and 1. Finding a Future: Sustaining

research management of fishery Inland Fishery
resources to provide food:
protect and maintain different
bodies of water for sustainable 2. Fishing for Change: Fishery
supply of aquatic resources. Policy in the Philippines

Information and Aim to adapt current technology 1. The Role of ICT in the New
Communication advancement which enhances Normal Education
Technology (ICT) development of resources.
Research 2. Exploring the Interactive
Computer Simulation in Public
Schools

Business Acquire information in business 1. Developing a Framework for

Research to maximize the sales and Small Scale Business
profit. It aids business
companies regulates which 2. Business Practices and
product or service is most Strategies of Small Enterprises
profitable or in demand. at Limketkai Mall

35
 Social Science Finds solutions for human 1. The Impact of COVID-19
Research behavior gathering information Pandemic on Employment
about people and societies. Opportunities

2. Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low
Risk Area of Misamis.Oriental.

(Source: Abdullah, S.N. (2018), Practical Research 1-Qualitative.ppt)

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.

1. What are those kinds of research across fields?

_ _
_
_
_

2. How do samples of research in different areas of interest help you in writing the
research proposal?

_
_
_

36
 What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the kinds and samples of research in areas of interest. Answer
the following questions on the space provided.

1. What are your views in using the samples of the research papers presented
previously in areas of your interest?

2. Can you write your qualitative research proposal through the use of such pattern
from the sample research paper?

What’s more?

Enrichment Activity

Direction: Compare and Contrast. Write in a separate sheet of paper.

Choose two researches from the different areas of interest like those in the field of
arts, humanities, sports, science, mathematics, business, agriculture, fisheries, ICT
and social science. Be able to differentiate your chosen topics. Highlight their
similarities and differences.

37
 What I have learned

Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing the letter of
each type in the correct column. Likewise, below the letter representing your answer,
write the importance of such research in your daily life.

Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business

A. Digital Age
B. Child in Conflict with the Law
C. Classroom Environment
D. Herbal Medicines
E. Financial Management

38
 What I can do

In the space provided, make a graphical presentation of the type of research

which interest you the most.

Additional Activities

Think of your own topic for research which you would like to work on. Keep in
mind what you have learned from this lesson to justify the specific research type for
each chosen topic. Write your “top two” most interesting topics below.
1)

39
 Assessment

Modified Identification

Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by
choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on
the space provided below each number.

K. Science Research
L. Fisheries research
M. Information & Communication Technology Research
N. Arts Based Research
O. Business Research
P. Humanities Research
Q. Agriculture Research
R. Sports Research
S. Mathematics Research
T. Social Science Research

_1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring

_2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_3.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
_4.Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals
_5.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_8. Students‟ Misconceptions in Calculus
_9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_10.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficienc

40
41