THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Learning Outcomes:
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
 Define Endocrine, Hormones, Hypothalamus, and the
Pituitary glands.
 Differentiate the difference Endocrine glands.
 Discuss the function and nature of hormones.
 Describe Anatomy of the Adrenal, Pancreas and Thyroid
gland,
 Discuss endocrine gland stimuli.
 Explain the Anatomical and functional relationship
between the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.

Reporter Materials:
Laptop
Smartphone
Messenger
Email Address
Power point presentation
Google zoom

References
http://cources.lumending.com
http://hormone.org.com
http://webmd.com
http://verywellmind.com
http://hopkinsmsdicine.org
Lesson Proper:

The Endocrine System

Endocrine System is a chemical messenger system
comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal
glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating
distant target organ.
It is collection of glands that produce hormones that regulates
metabolism, growth and development, function, sexual function,
production, sleep, and mood, among the others.
Hormones are chemical signals that affect the behavior of
other glands or tissues. It influences the metabolism of cells, the
growth and development of the body parts and homeostasis.
Endocrine gland is ductless, they secrete this hormone into tissue
fluid, from there, they diffuse into the bloodstream for distribution
throughout the body.
THE MAIN HORMONES PRODUCING GLANDS ARE:

 HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for body temperature,

hunger, moods and the release of hormones from other
glands.

 PITUITARY is considered the master control of other gland.

The pituitary gland control other gland and makes the
hormones that trigger growth.

 PARATHYROID This gland controls the amount of calcium in

the body.

 PANCREASE This gland produces the insulin that helps to

control blood sugar level.

 THYROID is produces hormones associated with calorie

burning and heat rate.

 ADRENAL Produces the hormones that control sex drive and

cortisol, the stress hormones.

 PINEAL This gland produces melatonin which affects sleep.

 OVARIES Only in women, the ovaries secrete estrogen,

testosterone and progesterone, the female sex hormones.

 TESTES Only in men, the testes produce the male sex

hormone, testosterone, and produce sperm.
Hormones and homeostasis
The effect of hormones is usually controlled in two ways: (1)
Negative feedback opposes their release, and (2) antagonistic
hormones oppose each other’s action.
Notice that several hormones directly affect the blood glucose,
calcium, and sodium levels. Other hormones involved in the function
of various organs, including the reproductive organs.

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

The Hypothalamus regulates the internal environment. For
example, through the Autonomic system, it helps control heartbeat,
body temperature and water balance (by creating thirst)

The Hypothalamus also controls the glandular secretion of the

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis). The Pituitary is a small gland about 1
cm in diameter.
The pituitary has two (2) portions, the Posterior Pituitary
(Neurohypophysis) and the Anterior Pituitary (Adrenohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary
Neurons in the hypothalamus called neurosecretory cells
produce the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin.
Oxytocin is the other hormone made in the hypothalamus,
causes uterine construction during childbirth and milk letdown when
the baby is nursing.

Anterior Pituitary
A portal system consisting of two capillary systems
connected by a vein lies between the hypothalamus and the Anterior
pituitary.
The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by producing
Hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic inhibiting
hormones.

Hormones that affect other glands

 Three of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary have
an effect on other glands: thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH)
stimulates the thyroids to produce the thyroid hormones,
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to
produce hormones and gonadotropic hormones stimulate the
Gonads. The testes for the male and ovaries for the female to
produce gametes and sex hormones.

Effects of other Hormones

Other hormones produced by the anterior pituitary do not affect
other endocrine glands, proclatin (PRL) is produce in quantity after
childbirth. It causes the mammary gland in the breast to develop and
produce milk. It also plays role in carbohydrates and fat metabolism.
Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin hormone stimulates protein
synthesis within cartilage, bone, and muscle.

Effect of Growth Hormone (GH)

The amount of GH produced by the anterior pituitary affects the
height of individual. The quantity of GH produced is greatest during
childhood and adolescence. When most body growth is occurring.

If too little GH is produced during childhood, the Individual has

Pituitary dwarfism, characterized by perfect proportion but small
stature. If too much GH the person become Giant.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
 Thyroid Gland is a large gland located in the neck. Where it is
attached to the trachea just below the larynx.
 The parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior surface of
the thyroid gland.
 Thyroid Gland is composed of a large numbers of follicles each a
small spherical structure made of thyroid cells filled with
triiodothyronine (T3) which contain three iodine atoms and
thyroxine (T4) which composed of 4 iodine atom.
Effects of Thyroid Hormones
To produce triiodothyronine and thyroxine the thyroid gland actively
acquires iodine. The concentration of iodine in the thyroid gland can
increase to as much as 25 times that of the blood. If iodine is lacking
in the diet, the thyroid gland is unable to produce the thyroid
hormones. The thyroid enlarges, resulting to in a simple goiter.

Calcitonin
Calcium plays a significant role in both nervous conduction and
muscle contraction. It also necessary for coagulation (clothing) of
blood. The blood calcium level is regulated in part by Calcitonin.
The Primary effect of calcitonin is to bring about the calcium to the
bones.

Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), The hormone produced by the
Parathyroid Glands, causes the blood phosphate (HPO4) level to
decrease the blood calcium level increase.
The antagonistic action of calcitonin, from the thyroid gland and
parathyroid hormone maintain the blood calcium level within normal
limits.

Adrenal Glands
The Adrenal gland sit atop of kidney. It is consisting of an inner
portion called Adrenal Medulla and outer portion called the adrenal
cortex. These portion is like anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
have no physiological connection with one another.
The Adrenal Medulla is under the nervous control, and the
adrenal cortex is under the control of ACTH.

Adrenal medulla
 The hypothalamus initiates the nerve impulses that travel by
way of the brain stem, spinal cord and sympathetic nerve fibers to the
Adrenal medulla, which then secretes hormones.
Epineprine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
produced by the adrenal medulla rapidly bring about all the body
changes that occur when an individual reacts to emergency situation.
The effect of these hormones provide a short term response to stress.

Adrenal cortex
In contrast, hormone produced by the adrenal cortex provide a long
term response to stress.
The mineralocorticoids regulate salt and water balance,
leading to increases in blood volume and blood pressure.
The glucocorticoids regulate carbohydrates, protein, and fat
metabolism, leading to an increase in blood glucose level / conisone.
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol is a biological significant glucocorticoid produced by the
adrenal cortex. Cortisol rises the blood glucose level in atleasts two
ways.
1. It promotes the breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids,
which are taken up by the liver from the bloodstream.
2. Cortisol promotes the metabolism of fatty adds rather than
carbohydrates and this spares glucose from the brain.

Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone is the most important of the mineralocorticoids
primarily targets the kidney where it promotes renal absorption of
sodium and renal excretion of potassium.
the secretion of mineralocorticoids is not controlled by the anterior
pituitary. When the bood sodium level therefore the blood pressure is
low.

Malfunction of Adrenal Cortex

 Malfunction of adrenal cortex can lead to syndrome. A set of
symptoms that occur together. The syndrome commonly associated
with the adrenal cortex are addition disease and Cushing syndrome.

Addition disease and Cushing syndrome

When the level of adrenal cortex hormones is low due to tiny
Posecretion. A person develops Addison disease. The presence of
excessive but ineffective ACTH causes a bronzing of the skin
because ACTH can lead a buildup of melanin.
The Cushing syndrome develop when the adrenal cortex hormones is
high due to hypersecretion.

PANCREAS
The Pancreas is a long organ that lies transversely in the
abdomen between the kidney and near the duodenum of the small
intestine. It is composed of two types of tissue. Exocrine tissue
produces and secretes digestive juices that go way of ducts to the
small intestine. Endocrine tissue, called the Pancreatic Islets (Islets of
Langerhans) produces and secretes the hormones Insulin and
Glucagon directly into the blood.This two are both produced by the
pancreas help maintain the normal level of Glucose in the blood.

Other Endocrine Glands.

The body has a number of endocrine glands, including the
Gonads (served as makes and the ovaries in female) other lesser
known Glands, such as Thymus glands and the Pineal Gland also
produce Hormones.

Testes and Ovaries

The testes are located in the scrotum and the Ovaries are
located in Pelvic Cavity.
The Testes produce Androgens (e.g. testosterone) which are the
male sex hormones, and Ovaries produce estrogens and
progesterone the female sex hormones.
 The hypothalamus and Pituitary glands control the hormonal
secretion of these organs.
Androgens

Puberty is the time of life when sexual maturation occurs. Greatly

increased testosterone secretion during puberty stimulates the growth
of penis and testes. Testosterone also brings about and maintain the
male secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty.
Including:
1. the growth of a bear, axillary (Underarm),
2. hair and pubic hair.
3. It prompts the larynx and the vocal chords to enlarge. Causing
the voice to change.
Estrogens and Progesterone.
The female sex hormones estrogens and Progesterone have
many effects on the body. In Particular estrogens secreted during
puberty stimulates the growth of the uterus and the vagina. Estrogens
is necessary for egg maturation and responsible for the secondary
characteristics in females including female body hair and fat
distribution, in general, females have more rounded appearance than
males because of the great accumulation of fat beneath the sin. Her
pelvic girdle is wider in females than males. Estrogen required for
breast development and for the regulation of uterine cycle, which
include menstruation.

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is fairly common hormonal disease in which
liver and indeed all body cells are unable to take up or in metabolize
glucose, therefore, the blood glucose level is elevated called
Hyperglycemia.
And the person become
extremely hungry called
Polyphagia. The loss of water
 in this way causes the diabetic to
be extremely thirsty called
Polydipsia.

SIDE EFFECT OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS

Anabolic Steroids are synthetic forms of the male sex
hormones testosterone. Taking doses 10 to 100 times the amount
prescribes by doctors.
Trainers may have been the first to acquired anabolic steroids
for weight lifters, body builders and other athletes such as
professional football players being steroid user can have serious
detrimental effects.
Some researchers predict that two or three months of high dosage
use of anabolic steroids as a teen can cause death by age 30 to 40.
Steroids have been linked to heart disease.

Chemical Signal are molecules that affect the behavior of those cells
that have receptor proteins to receive them. Example the hormone
that bind to a receptor protein affects the metabolism of the cell.
Hormones fall into two basic chemical classes, first is the Peptide
hormone and steroid hormones.

Effects of Aging
Thyroid disorders and diabetes are the most significant
endocrine problems affecting health and function as we age. Both
Hypothyroidism and hyperthairoidism are seen in the elderly. Graves’
disease is an autoimmune disease that targets the thyroid, resulting
in symptoms of cardiovascular disease increased body temperature
and fatigue.

Homeostasis
The Endocrine system and the nervous system work together
to regulate the organs of the body and thereby maintain homeostasis.
The endocrine system helps to regulate digestion. The digestive
system adds nutrients to the blood.
The endocrine system helps regulate fuel metabolism. We
often associate the level of glucose in the insulin and glucagon. They
also promote the metabolism of fatty acids to conserve glucose, a
process called Glucose sparing.
The endocrine system helps regulate blood pressure and
volume, ADH produced.

Evaluation

Multiple Choice
Direction: From the given choices below, choose the letter of the
correct answer and write A, B, C and D in the space provided.
____1. Which chemical messenger system comprising feedback
loops of the hormones released by internal gland?
A. Endocrine System
B. Glands
C. Hormones
D. Nervous system
____ 2. What chemical signals that affect the behavior of others
glands or tissue?
A. Antagonistic Hormones
B. Genes
C. Hormones
D. Metabolism
____ 3. Which region of the brain that regulates the internal
environment and it helps to control heartbeat, body temperature, and
water balance?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Hippocampus
C. Thalamus
D. Pituitary
____ 4. It is the neuron in the hypothalamus that produce hormones
antidiuretic hormones;
A. Glands
B. Neurosecretory
C. Oxytocin
D. Pituitary
____ 5. One of the effects of hormones that is responsible for the
breast to develop and produce milk.
A. Dwarfism
B. Growth hormones
C. Somatropin
D. Prolactin
____ 6. Hormones that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
hormones and gonadotropic hormones.
A. Adrenocorticotropic hormones
B. Gonadotropic hormones
C. Hormones
D. Thyroid simulating hormones
____ 7. Which system that consists of two capillary system connected
a vein lies between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
A. Capillary system
B. Nervous system
C. Portal system
D. Thyroid glands
____ 8. One effect of hormones that the individual produce too little
growth hormones during childhood and characterized by perfect
proportion bit small stature.
 A. Chronic disease
B. Dwarfism
C. Hormonal changes
D. Mannerism
____ 9. What type of glands that is composed of a large number of
follicles each small spherical structure?
A. Calcitonin
B. Larynx
C. Parathyroid glands
D. Thyroid Glands
____ 10. This type of portion is like interior pituitary and posterior
pituitary that have no physiological connection with one another.
A. Adrenal medulla
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Epinephrine
D. Norepinephrine
____ 11. This is the most important mineralocorticoids wherein the
kidney promotes renal adsorption of sodium and renal execration of
potassium.
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Cortex
D. Carnosine
____ 12. This type of organs lies transversely in the abdomen
between kidney and near the duodenum of the small intestine.
A. Exocrine
B. Gonads
C. Glands
D. Pancreas
____ 13. It is a stage or time of life when sexual maturation occurs.
A. Adulthood
B. Maturity
C. Older
D. Puberty
____ 14. This is a hormonal disease in which liver and all body cells
are unable to take up or in metabolism glucose.
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
____ 15. What types of glands are embedded in the posterior surface
of thyroid gland?
A. Parathyroid gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Thalamus gland
D. Thyroid gland
____16. Which sex hormones identity is Testosterone?
A. Bisexual hormones
B. Female sex hormones
C. Male sex hormones
D. Neutral hormones
___ 17. Which sex hormones identity is Estrogen and progesterone?
A. Bisexual hormones
B. Female sex hormones
C. Male sex hormones
D. None of the above
___ 18. Aside from endocrine system what system helps to regulate
the organs of the body and thereby maintain homeostasis?
A. Capillary system
B. Digestive system
C. Nervous system
D. Portal system
___ 19. What process promotes the metabolism of fatty acids to
conserve glucose?
A. Chemical signal
B. Glucose sparing
C. Homeostasis
D. Steroids
___ 20. A diabetic person suffering from extreme thirst called;
A. Hyperglycemia
B. Polydipsia
C. Polyphagia
D. All of the above

Assignment
Instruction: Answer the following question 3-5 sentences. Write your
answer in a sheet of paper. In your own words. 5pt each.

1. What is endocrine system?

2. How do hormones affect the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroids and adrenal glands?
3. What are the connection between hypothalamus and
pituitary glands?
4. What happens when anterior pituitary has some
abnormalities?
5. What happen when a person has hormonal imbalance? Cite
at least 3 example and explain?