WO422-FUNDAMENTALS OF COASTAL ENGINEERING

UNIT-1b: BASIC FLUID MECHNICS

Dr. DEBABRATA KARMAKAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES & OCEAN ENGINEERING

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal 1

 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW CONTD….
Velocity Potential Function:
It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative with
respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction. Mathematically, the
potential is defined as ϕ = f(x, z, t) for steady flow such that


u=−
x


v=−
y


w=−
z

where u, v and w are the components of velocity in x, y and z direction. The continuity
equation for an incompressible steady flow is
u v w
+ + =0
x y z

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW CONTD….
Substituting the values of u, v and w we have

 2  2  2
+ 2 + 2 =0
x 2
y z
This equation is a Laplace Equation. If any value of ϕ satisfies Laplace Equation, the it
corresponds to the case of fluid flow.

Properties of Potential Function:

The rotation is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that both of its
axes rotate in the same direction. The rotational component are given by:

1  v u 
z =  − 
2  x y 

1  u w 
y =  − 
2  z x 

1  w v 
x =  − 
2  y z 

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW CONTD….
The rotational components gets reduced to
1   2  2 
z =  − + 
2  xy yx 

1   2  2 
y =  − + 
2  xz zx 

1   2  2 
x =  − + 
2  yz zy 

 2  2  2  2  2  2
If ϕ is a continuous function, then = , = and =
xy yx xz zx yz zy

z = y = x = 0

When rotational components are zero, the flow is called irrotational. Hence, the properties of
the potential function are:
✓ If the velocity potential (ϕ) exists, the flow should be irrotational.
✓ If the velocity potential (ϕ) satisfies Laplace Equation, it represents the possible steady
incompressible irrotational flow.
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 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW CONTD….
Stream Function:

The determination of flow pattern is an important aspect in order to find velocity at different
points and pressure in the flow field.
It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its partial derivative with respect
to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction.
Mathematically, for steady flow it is defined as ψ = f(x, y) such that

 
= v and = −u
x y
u v
The continuity equation for two-dimensional flow is + =0
x y
Substituting the values of u and v we have
 2  2
− + =0
xy yx

Hence existence of ψ means a possible case of fluid flow. The flow may be rotational or
irrotational.

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal 5

 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW CONTD….
The rotational components are given by
1  v u  1   2  2 
z =  −  =  2 + 2 
2  x y  2  x y 

For irrotational flow ωz = 0. Hence the above equation satisfies Laplace equation
 2  2
+ 2 =0
x 2
y

The properties of stream function (ψ) are:

✓ If stream function (ψ) exists, it is a possible case of fluid flow which may be rotational or
irrotational.
✓ If the stream function (ψ) satisfies Laplace Equation, it is a possible case of irrotational
flow.

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 TUTORIAL
Problem: The velocity potential function (ϕ) is given by an expression
xy 3 x3 y
 =− −x +
2
+ y2
3 3
(i) Find the velocity components in x and y direction.
(ii) Show that ϕ represents a possible case of flow.

Solution:

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 TUTORIAL CONTD….

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 TUTORIAL CONTD….
Problem: The velocity potential function (ϕ) is given by an expression

 = 5 ( x2 − y2 )

Calculate the velocity components at (4,5).

Solution:

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 TUTORIAL CONTD….
Problem: A stream function is given by

 = 5x − 6 y

Calculate the velocity components and also magnitude and direction of the resultant
velocity at any point.

Solution:

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 TUTORIAL CONTD….
Problem: If for a two-dimensional potential flow, the velocity component is given by

 = x ( 2 y − 1)

Determine the velocity at the point P(4,5). Determine also the value of stream function ψ
at the point P.

Solution:

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 TUTORIAL CONTD….

Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering, NITK Surathkal 12

 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass is called continuity equation.
Thus for a fluid flowing through the pipe at all the cross-section, the quantity of fluid per
second is constant. Consider two cross section of pipe

Let V1 = Average velocity at cross section 1-1, ρ1 = density of section 1-1, A1 = Area of
pipe at section 1-1, V2 = Average velocity at cross section 2-2, ρ2 = density of section 2-2,
A2 = Area of pipe at section 2-2.
Rate of flow at section 1-1 = ρ1 A1V1 and rate of flow at section 2-2 = ρ2 A2V2

According to law of conservation of mass 1 AV

1 1 =  2 A2V2

This is applicable to the compressible and incompressible fluid and is called Continuity
Equation.

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 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN 3-DIMENSION
Consider a fluid elements of lengths dx, dy and dz in the direction x, y and z. Let u, v and w
be the inlet velocity components in x, y and z directions respectively.

The mass of the fluid entering the face ABCD per second
is given by =   Velocity in x-direction  Area of ABCD
=   u  ( dy  dz )

Then mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH per second


=  udydz + (  udydz ) dx
x
Gain in mass in x-direction = Mass through ABCD – mass through EFGH per second
  
=  udydz −   udydz + (  udydz ) dx 
 x 

= − (  udydz ) dx
x

= − (  u ) dxdydz
x
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 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN 3-DIMENSION CONTD….

lly, net gain in mass in y-direction = − (  v ) dxdydz
y

lly, net gain in mass in z-direction = − (  w) dxdydz
z
  
net gain in mass is given by = − ( u ) dxdydz − (  v ) dxdydz − (  w) dxdydz
x y z

Since the mass is neither created nor destroyed in the fluid element, the net increase of mass
per unit time in the fluid element must be equal to the rate of increase of mass of fluid in the
element. But mass of fluid in the element is ρ, dx, dy, dz and its rate of increase with time is

(  dxdydz )
=
t
Equating the net gain in mass and rate of increase of mass with time is given by
   
− ( )
 u dxdydz − ( )
 v dxdydz − ( )
 w dxdydz = (  dxdydz )
x y z t
    
 (  u ) + (  v ) + (  w )  dxdydz + (  dxdydz ) = 0
 x y z  t

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 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN 3-DIMENSION CONTD….

=0
t
  
(  u ) + (  v ) + (  w) = 0
x y z

Case II: Incompressible flow  = constant

u v w
+ + =0
x y z
Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Polar Co-ordinates
The continuity equation in cylindrical polar co-ordinates
(r, θ, z) for two-dimensional flow is given by
  u u   u 1 
+   r + r +    .  = 0
t r r    r 
Case I: Steady flow
 
rur  + u  = 0
r 
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 EQUATION OF MOTION
Equation of Motion:
According the Newton’s second law of motion, the net force Fx acting on the fluid element
in the direction of x is equal to the mass m of the fluid element multiplied by the
acceleration ax in the x-direction.
Fx = max

In the fluid flow, the following forces are present:

✓ Gravity Force (Fg)
✓ Pressure Force (Fp)
✓ Force due to viscosity (Fv)
✓ Force due to Turbulence (FT)
✓ Force due to compressibility (Fc)

The net force is given by Fx = ( Fg ) + ( Fp ) + ( Fv )x + ( FT )x + ( Fc )x

x x

(i) If the force due to compressibility (Fc) is negligible, the resulting net force equation of
motion is called Reynold’s equation of motion.

Fx = ( Fg ) + ( Fp ) + ( Fv )x + ( FT ) x
x x

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 EQUATION OF MOTION CONTD….
(ii) If the force due to turbulence (FT) is negligible, the resulting net force equation of
motion is called Navier-Stokes equation of motion.

Fx = ( Fg ) + ( Fp ) + ( Fv )x + ( Fc )x
x x

(ii) If the flow is assumed to be ideal, and the force due to viscosity (Fv) is negligible, the
resulting net force equation of motion is called Euler’s equation of motion.

Fx = ( Fg ) + ( Fp )
x x

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 EQUATION OF MOTION CONTD….
Static fluid: F = 0
x-direction:
Force that accelerates the fluid element in x > 0
 x   p x 
p x − , y, z  yz   p −  yz
 2   x 2 
Force that accelerates the fluid element in x < 0
 x   p x 
p x + , y, z  yz   p +  yz
 2   x 2 

 p x   p x   p
F x =  p − − p +
x 2  
  yz  0
x 2  

x
=0


 p y   p y   p
 y  y 2   y 2   xz  0
F = p − − p + 
y
=0
   

 p z   p z   p
 z  z 2   z 2  xy  0
F = p − − p + 
z
= − g
 

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 EQUATION OF MOTION CONTD….

acceleration a =
du
dt
du u u u u
ax = = +u +v + w
dt t x y z

ay =
dv v v
= +u +v + w
v v Newton´s 2nd law:  F = ma
dt t x y z
dw w w w w
az = = +u +v +w du  u u u u 
dt t x y z  Fx = m = m +u +v + w 
dt  t x y z 
(A) (B) dv  v v v v 
 Fy = m dt = m  t + u x + v y + w z 
 
(A) Local acceleration dw  w w w w 
 Fz = m = m +u +v +w 
(B) Convective acceleration dt  t x y z 

Euler’s equations of motion

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 EQUATION OF MOTION CONTD….
Fluid in motion:  F = m.a x-direction:

Pressure that accelerates the fluid element in x > 0

 x   p x 
p x − , y, z  yz   p −  yz
 2   x 2 
Pressure that accelerates the fluid element in x < 0
 x   p x 
p x + , y, z  yz   p +  yz
 2   x 2 

Euler’s equations (Newton’s laws for inviscid fluid)

 p x   p x   du du 1 p
 x  x 2   x 2 
F  p − − p + y z = x y z
dt
 =−
  dt  x
 p y   p y   dv
 y  y 2   y 2  
F  p − − p + x z = x y z
dt 
dv
=−
1 p
    dt  y
 p z   p z  dw
 z  z 2   z 2 
F  p − − p + x y = xy z
dt 
dw
=−
1 p
−g
  dt  z
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 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION CONTD….
Applying the irrotationality conditions in the Euler’s equations, one obtains:

u  ( u / 2 )  ( v / 2 )  ( w / 2 )
2 2 2
1 p
+ + + =−
t x x x  x
v  ( u / 2 )  ( v / 2 )  ( w / 2 )
Euler’s equations 2 2 2
1 p
+ + + =−
t y y y  y
w  ( u / 2 )  ( v / 2 )  ( w / 2 )
2 2 2
1 p
+ + + =− −g
t z z z  z
or equivalently:
u   1 2 p
+  ( u + v 2 + w2 ) +  = 0
t x  2 
v   1 2 p for ρ = const
+  ( u + v 2 + w2 ) +  = 0 through the fluid
t y  2 
w   1 2 p
+  ( u + v 2 + w2 ) +  = − g
t z  2 

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 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION CONTD….
Substituting the velocity components expressed in terms of the velocity potential:
   1 2 p
 − +
x  t 2
( u + v 2
+ w 2
) + 

=0

   1 2 p
Euler’s equations  − +
y  t 2
( u + v 2
+ w 2
) + 

=0

   1 2 p
− +
z  t 2
( u + v 2
+ w 2
) +
 
= −g

Integrating the equations above in the x, y and z-directions:

−
 1 2 p
+ ( u + v 2 + w2 ) + = C1 ( y, z , t )
 C1 ( y, z, t ) = C1 ( x, z, t ) = − gz + C3 ( x, y, t )
t 2 
 1 2 p
−
 1 2 p
+ ( u + v + w ) + = C2 ( x , z , t )
2 2 −
t 2
(
+ u + v 2 + w2 + gz + = C ( t ) ) 
t 2 
Bernoulli´s equation for nonstationary flow
 1 2 p
− + ( u + v + w ) + = − gz + C3 ( x, y, t ) Bernoulli’s equation relates the static and
2 2

t 2 
the kinematic pressures inside of the fluid.

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 GOVERNING EQUATION: LAPLACE EQUATION

Velocity u = uiˆ + vjˆ + wkˆ = 0

 w v  ˆ  u w  ˆ  v u  ˆ
Rotation   u =  − i +  −  j + − k = 0
 y z   z x   z y 
Potential fluid  u = 0

The velocity of a potential fluid can be represented using the gradient of a potential
 ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
u = − = − i− j− k
x y z
Incompressible fluid: continuity equation div ( u ) = .u = 0

 div ( u ) = . ( − ) = −2 = 0

 2  2  2
  = 2 + 2 + 2 =0
2
Laplace’s equation
x y z

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 TUTORIALS

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 TUTORIALS

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 Thank you
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