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LECTURE 3:

LEARNING

WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK LEARNING IS?

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Säljö (1979) carried out a simple, but very useful piece of

research. He asked adult students what they understood by
learning.
“Learning as a quantitative increase in knowledge.
1 Learning is acquiring information or ‘knowing a lot’.

Learning as memorizing. Learning is storing information

2 that can be reproduced

Learning as acquiring facts, skills, and methods that can

3 be retained and used as necessary.

Learning as making sense or abstracting meaning.

4 Learning involves relating parts of the subject matter to
each other and to the real world.

Learning as interpreting and understanding reality in a

5 different way. Learning involves comprehending the world
by reinterpreting knowledge.

WHAT IS LEARNING?
• “Learning
is the process by which
we acquire knowledge about the
world.”

• "Learningrefers to a more or less

permanent change in behavior
which occurs as a result of
practice.

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How much practice?

Sometimes a single practice session is sufficient as in avoidance of painful or noxious stimuli.
Sometimes a lot of practice is necessary as in learning to drive a car.

The Learning Cycle:

Four Steps to
Learning

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Prepare
• Preparing to learn is the first
step for learning.
• The same is true when you sit
down to read your textbook, to
study for an exam, or to work
on an out-of-class project.
• Partly you are putting yourself
in the right mind-set to learn.

Absorb
• “Absorbing” refers to the actual taking in of
new ideas, information, or experience. This is
what happens at the moment a student listens
to a class lecture or reads a textbook.
• In high school, this is sometimes the only
learning step taken by some students. They
listened to what the instructor said and
“regurgitated” it back on the test.
• But this won’t work in college because learning
now requires understanding the topic, not just
repeating facts or information.

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Capture
• “Capturing” refers to taking notes. No matter
how good your memory, you need to take good
notes in college simply because there is so much
to learn.
• Just hearing something once is seldom enough.
You have to go back over the material again,
sometimes several times again, thinking about it
and seeing how it all fits together.
• The more effective your note-taking skills, the
better your learning abilities. Take notes also
when reading your textbooks.

Review
• The step of reviewing—your class notes, your
textbook reading and notes, and any other
course materials possibly including
recordings, online media, podcasts, and so
on—is the next step for solidifying your
learning and reaching a real understanding of
the topic.
• Reviewing is also the step in which you
discover whether you really understand the
material.

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What’s Your Learning Style?

• Style refers to a student’s specific learning
preferences and actions.
• One student may learn more effectively from
listening to the instructor.
• Another learns more effectively from reading
the textbook,
• while another student benefits most from
charts, graphs, and images the instructor
presents during a lecture.

” A popular theory of different learning

styles is Howard Gardner’s “multiple
intelligences,” based on eight different
types of intelligence:
• Verbal (prefers words)
• Logical (prefers math and logical problem solving)
• Visual (prefers images and spatial relationships)
• Kinesthetic (prefers body movements and doing)
• Rhythmic (prefers music, rhymes)
• Interpersonal (prefers group work)
• Intrapersonal (prefers introspection and
independence)
• Naturalist (prefers nature, natural categories)

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VARK Learning
Styles
• The acronym “VARK” is used to describe four
modalities of student learning that were described
in a 1992 study by Neil D. Fleming and Coleen E.
Mills.1
• These different learning styles—visual, auditory,
reading/writing and kinesthetic—were identified
after thousands of hours of classroom
observation.
• The authors also created an accompanying
questionnaire for educators to give to students to
help them identify and understand their own
learning preferences

VISUAL LEARNERS
• Students who best internalize and synthesize information when it is presented to them in a graphic depiction of
meaningful symbols are described as visual learners.
• They may respond to arrows, charts, diagrams and other visualizations of information hierarchy, but not necessarily to
photographs or videos.

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Auditory Learners
• Auditory (or aural) learners are most successful when they are given the opportunity to hear
information presented to them vocally.
• Because students with this learning style may sometimes opt not to take notes during class in
order to maintain their unbroken auditory attention, educators can erroneously conclude that
they are less engaged than their classmates.

Reading/Writing
Learners
• Students who work best in the
reading/writing modality demonstrate a
strong learning preference for the written
word.
• This includes both written information
presented in class in the form of handouts
and PowerPoint slide presentations as well
as the opportunity to synthesize course
content in the completion of written
assignments.

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Kinesthetic Learners
• Kinesthetic learners are hands-on, participatory learners who need to take a physically active role in the
learning process in order to achieve their best educational outcomes.
• They are sometimes referred to as “tactile learners,” but this can be a bit of a misnomer; rather than simply
utilizing touch, kinesthetic learners tend to engage all of their senses equally in the process of learning.

VARK
https://vark-learn.com/the-vark-questionnaire/
QUESTIONNAIRE

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Can One Student

Have Several
Different Learning
Styles?
• Few things in life fall into easily delineated
schema, and learning preferences are no
exception. In fact, studies estimate that
somewhere between 50 and 70 percent of the
population have affinities to several different
styles of learning.
• These people are called “multimodal learners” and
tend to succeed in classroom settings that engage
them with multiple learning styles alternately or in
concert with one another.

LEARNING PYRAMID

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THE THREE (3)

“GOGY’s”
1. Pedagogy
2. Andragogy
3. Heutagogy

These ideas refer to ‘ways of learning’

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PEDAGOGY
• Whereas pedagogy is teacher-led learning.
• In pedagogical environments, teachers
determine what students will learn and how
they will learn it.
• Students rely on their teacher and learn topics
in the order in which they are presented.
• is the art and science of teaching or leading
(agogy) the child (pedi).
• So obviously the concept intends to deliver
knowledge about youth.
• From the Greek word pedagogy means to lead
the child but it is simply used to mean the art
and/or science of teaching and learning.

Andragogy
• Andragogy is self-directed learning.
• In andragogical environments use the teacher as a
mentor or guide, but aim to find their own solutions
to the tasks the teacher sets.
• The concept of Andragogy is derived from the Greek
word andras that means man and agogy again. In the
broadest sense andragogy is the study of teaching
and learning with adults.
• Malcolm Knowles is often referenced as the person
who first popularized the term andragogy
emphasizing upon student centred and not teacher
cantered strategies.

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Heutagogy
• Heutagogical approach encourages students to
find their own problems and questions to answer.
Instead of simply completing the tasks teachers
assign, these students seek out areas of
uncertainty and complexity in the subjects they
study.
• Teachers help by providing context to students'
learning and creating opportunities for them to
explore subjects fully.
• Eutagogy a concept coined by Stewart Hase of
Southern Cross University and Chris Kenyon in
Australia is the study of self determined learning.
• Word heutagogy merges from the Greek word
Heauto that means self and agogy again.

OUR
TEACHING
STYLES...
“WHAT IS MY
TEACHING STYLE ?”

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HOW TO LEARN MORE

EFFECTIVELY
1. Make Use of Memory Improvement Basics
2. Keep Learning (and Practicing) New Things
3. Learn in Multiple Ways
4. Teach What You've Learned to Another Person
5. Use Previous Learning to Promote New Learning
6. Gain Practical Experience
7. Look Up Answers Rather Than Struggle to
Remember
8. Understand How You Learn Best
9. Use Testing to Boost Learning
10. Stop Multitasking

Six Brain Hacks To

Learn Anything Faster
1. TEACH SOMEONE ELSE (OR JUST PRETEND TO)
2. LEARN IN SHORT BURSTS OF TIME
3. TAKE NOTES BY HAND
4. USE THE POWER OF MENTAL SPACING
5. TAKE A STUDY NAP
6. CHANGE IT UP

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ACTIVITY http://www.educationplanner.org/students/s
What's Your Learning Style? elf-assessments/learning-styles.shtml

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