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Advanced engineering mathematics

DE/AE ZG535

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Assignment EC-1

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Submitted by
MOHAMMAD MASOOM ALI
2023HT30176
H
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Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani
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Mohammad Masoom Ali Student ID: 2023HT30176

Question no. 1

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𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution Given +2 − 3𝑦 = sin 𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 (0) = 0 & 𝑦(0) =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐿𝑦̈ = 𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑦(0) => 𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠)

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𝐿𝑦̇ = 𝑠𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑦(0) => 𝑠𝑦(𝑠)
1
Substituting in original equations we get 𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) + 2𝑠𝑦(𝑠) − 3𝑦(𝑠) = Simplifying further
𝑠 2 +1

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𝑦(𝑠) =

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(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 3)

1
=
(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3)

Now solving by partial fraction method

H 𝑦(𝑠) =
𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵
+
𝐶
+
𝐷
(𝑠 2 + 1) (𝑠 + 3) (𝑠 − 1)
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1 1
𝐷 = lim =
𝑠→1 (𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 + 3) 8

1 1
𝐶 = lim =
𝑠→−3 (𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 1) −40
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Now multiplying both sides by (𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3) we get

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1 2 1

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(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3) − (𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 − 1) + (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 3) = 1
8 40
1 3 1
(𝑠 + 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + 3) − (𝑠 3 − 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 − 1) + (𝐴𝑠 3 + 2𝐴𝑠 2 − 3𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵𝑠 2 + 2𝐵𝑠 − 3𝐵) = 1
8 40

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By comparing coefficient of 𝑠 3 both sides we get

1 1 1
− +𝐴=0 => 𝐴=
8 40 −10
Similarly by comparing coefficient of 𝑠 2 both sides we get

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3 1 1
− + 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 => 𝐵=
8 40 −5
(𝑠+2)
Then 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 = − Substituting in above equation we get
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H 𝑌(𝑠) =
1
−
1
−
(𝑠 + 2)
8(𝑠 − 1) 40(𝑠 + 3) 10(𝑠 2 + 1)
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1 1 1 𝑠 2
𝑌(𝑠) = − − { 2 + 2 }
8(𝑠 − 1) 40(𝑠 + 3) 10 (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1)

𝟏 𝒕 𝟏 −𝟑𝒕 𝟏
𝒀(𝒔) = 𝒆 − 𝒆 − {𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕}
𝟖 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟎
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Question no. 2 Given 𝒙𝟏̇ = 𝟒𝒙𝟐𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒�𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒� & 𝒙𝟐̇ = −𝟐𝒙𝟑𝟏 − 𝟐�𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒� + 𝒖

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Solution 2.1 Verify for u=0 𝑥𝑥1 = 1 & 𝑥𝑥2 = 1 is at equilibrium

Substituting the values in given equations we get

𝑥𝑥1̇ = 4(1)(1) + 4(1 + 2(1) − 4) = 0

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𝑥𝑥2̇ = −2(1) − 2(1 + 2(1) − 4) + 0 = 0

Clearly both 𝒙𝟏̇ & 𝒙𝟐̇ = 𝟎 which means that it is in equilibrium

2.2 Linearize state equation around equilibrium

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𝑥𝑥1̇ = 𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑢 𝑔) = 4𝑥𝑥12 𝑥𝑥2 + 4(𝑥𝑥12 + 2𝑥𝑥22 − 4)

𝑥𝑥2̇ = 𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑢 𝑔) = −2𝑥𝑥13 − 2(𝑥𝑥12 + 2𝑥𝑥22 − 4) + 𝑢

Given 𝑥𝑥1 = 1 𝑥𝑥2 = 1 & 𝑢=0

H 𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑥1
= 8(1)(1) + 8(1) = 16
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𝜕𝑓1
= 4(1) + 16(1) = 20
𝜕𝑥𝑥2

𝜕𝑓2
= −6(1) − 4(1) = −10
𝜕𝑥𝑥1
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𝜕𝑓2
= −8(1) = −8
𝜕𝑥𝑥2

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𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2

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=0 & =1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢

Linearize to get in the form of 𝐴𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝑢 = ∆𝑥𝑥̇ we get

𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1
⎡ ⎤
𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝑥2 ⎥ 16 20

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𝐴=⎢ 1 =� �
⎢ 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 ⎥ −10 −8
⎣𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝜕𝑥𝑥2 ⎦
𝜕𝑓1
0
𝐵 = � 𝜕𝑢 � = � �

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𝜕𝑓2 1
𝜕𝑢
𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟎 𝒙𝟏 𝟎
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒖 = ∆𝒙̇ = � � �𝒙 � + � � [𝒖]
−𝟏𝟎 −𝟖 𝟐 𝟏

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Question no. 3

Solution 3.1 Given 𝒙𝟏 = 𝜽 & 𝒙𝟐 = 𝜽̇ obtain state space model.

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𝑥𝑥1̇ = 𝜃̇ = 𝑥𝑥2 => 𝑥𝑥1̇ = 𝑥𝑥2

Also 𝑥𝑥2 = 𝜃̇ => 𝑥𝑥2̇ = 𝜃̈

Now substituting values in equations we get

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𝑚𝐿2 𝜃̈ + 𝑐𝜃̇ + 𝑚𝑔𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑢(𝑡) => 𝑚𝐿2 𝑥𝑥2̇ + 𝑐𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑚𝑔𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑢(𝑡)

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Rearranging terms in above equation we get

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𝒄 𝒈 𝒖(𝒕)
𝒙𝟐̇ = − − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙𝟏 +
𝒎𝑳𝟐 𝑳 𝒎𝑳𝟐

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3.2 Since 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑥1 term is present in the equation, state space model is non-linear and none of its constants are dependent
on time we can say it is time invariant.

3.3 Given Determine 𝒖𝟎 = (𝒕) if 𝜽𝟎 (𝒕) = 𝜴𝒕

𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑚𝐿2 𝜃̈ + 𝑐𝜃̇ + 𝑚𝑔𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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If 𝜃0 (𝑡) = 𝛺𝑡 then 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑐𝛺 + 𝑚𝑔𝐿𝛺𝑡 Therefore

𝒖(𝒕) = 𝒄𝜴 + 𝒎𝒈𝑳𝜴𝒕

3.4 Linearize the state space model around the nominal solution found in 3.3 above
H We know
∆𝑥𝑥̇ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓1

� 1 � = � 𝜕𝑓1
∆𝑥𝑥̇ 2
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥2 ∆𝑥𝑥1
��
𝜕𝑓2 ∆𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑢
� + �𝜕𝑓 �
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2 2 2
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑢

𝑓1 (𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑢 𝑔) = 𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥̇ 2 => 𝑓1 = 𝑥𝑥2

𝑐 𝑔 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑓2 (𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑢 𝑔) = 𝑥𝑥2̇ = − − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑥1 + Therefore,
𝑚𝐿2 𝑚𝐿2
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𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1

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= 0; = 1; = 0.
𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝜕𝑥𝑥2 𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑓2 −𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑥1 𝜕𝑓2 𝑐 𝜕𝑓2 1

= ; =− 2; = 2.
𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝑙 𝜕𝑥𝑥2 𝑚𝐿 𝜕𝑢 𝑚𝑙

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At equilibrium condition we get

𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
∆𝒙̇ 𝟏 −𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜴𝒕 𝒄 � �∆𝒙𝟏 � + � 𝟏 � [∆𝒖]
� �=�
∆𝒙̇ 𝟐 − ∆𝒙𝟐
𝒍 𝒎𝑳𝟐 𝒎𝒍𝟐

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𝜕𝑓2 −𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛺𝑡
3.5 Since = is function of t i.e. time we can say that it is time variant
𝜕𝑥1 𝑙

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Question no. 4 Obtain the response of the system 𝒙̇ = 𝑨𝒙, where 𝒙 = �𝒙𝟏� and 𝑨 = � 𝟎 𝟏 � given that 𝑥𝑥1(0) = 1, 𝑥𝑥2(0) = −1.

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𝒙𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟐
Solution

If 𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝐴𝑥𝑥 then 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐴𝑡 𝑥𝑥0

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1
Given 𝑥𝑥1 (0) = 1 𝑥𝑥2 (0) = −1 => 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐴𝑡 � �………………………… eq. 1
−1
Now by performing Laplace transformation on 𝑒 𝐴𝑡 we get:
0 1 1 0
𝑒 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿−1 [(𝑆𝐼 − 𝐴)−1 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = � � &𝐼 =� �

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−3 −2 0 1
𝑠 0 0 1 −1 𝑠 −1 −1
𝑒 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐿−1 ��� �−� �� � => 𝐿−1 ��� �� �
0 𝑠 −3 −2 3 𝑠+2
Now solution to inverse of above matrix as follows

H 𝑠(𝑠 + 2) − 3(−1) => 𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 3 (Determinant of matrix) substituting this value we get

�
𝑠+2 1
� 2
1
−3 𝑠 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 3
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𝑠+2 1
𝑠 2 +2𝑠+3 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+3
Therefore 𝐿−1 � −3 𝑠 � Now factorising 𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 3 as => (𝑠 + 1)2 + (√2)2
𝑠 2 +2𝑠+3 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+3
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𝑠+2 1

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(𝑠+1)2 +(√2)2 (𝑠+1)2 +(√2)2
Now substituting above values we get 𝐿−1 � −3 𝑠 �
(𝑠+1)2 +(√2)2 (𝑠+1)2 +(√2)2

Property of Frequency shift & Laplace Transform is applied:-

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⎡ (𝑠 + 1) + (√2) √2
( ) ⎤
⎢ √2 √2 ⎥
⎢ 2 2 (𝑠 + 1) + (√2) ⎥
2 2
𝐿−1 ⎢(𝑠 + 1) + (√2) ⎥
⎢ −3√2 𝑠 ⎥
⎢ √2 ⎥

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⎣(𝑠 + 1)2 + (√2)2 2 2
(𝑠 + 1) + (√2) ⎦

1 𝑡 1
⎡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 ⎤
𝑒 𝐴𝑡 =⎢ √2 √2 ⎥
H ⎢
⎣
−3 −𝑡
√2
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 −

1
1
√2
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡⎥
⎦
1
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𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 1
√2 √2
Now substituting this value in eq. no. 1 we get 𝑥𝑥 = � −3 −𝑡 1 �� �
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠√2𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡 −1
√2 √2

𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔√𝟐𝒕
Solving we get: 𝒙=� �
−√𝟐𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏√𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔√𝟐𝒕
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Question no. 5

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Solution 5.1 MATLAB code for single trial is attached here

Computed probability is 0

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5.2 Given increase the no. of trial to 100000 and rerun the program

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Computed probability = 0.1187

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5.3 Increase the number of people to 20 we get

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Computed probability = 0.4114

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5.4 Derive the exact solution and compare the results:

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Exact solution
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Chances of 2 people sharing same birthday would be =
365

01
Out of 10 people in a group 2 the selected so the combination would be 102𝐶 = 45
𝟏
Probability = ( )𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟓

𝟏 𝟐𝟎
Similarly for group of 20 people probability = ( ) 𝟐𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟑
𝟑𝟔𝟓

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Clearly the result computed in MATLAB and exact solutions are in similar & in close range.

Also it can be deduced that probability of sharing a birthday significantly increases with increase in no.

of people in given group.

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Question no. 6

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Solution: For 6.1 MATLAB code is as follows:

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6.2

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0.5

Estimated PDF of X
0.45 Gaussian PDF of X

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0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
PDF

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0.2

0.15

0.1

H 0.05

0
-6 -4 -2 0
X
2 4 6
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6.3 Increasing the no. trials,

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X -0.2

0.4 Y 0.391043

Value 0.396633

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Bin edges [0.03 0.06]

0.35

0.3

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0.25
PDF

0.2

0.15

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0.05

-4 -2 0 2 4 6
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Question no. 7

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Solution: For 7.1

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Clearly given X1 & X2 random values are plotted within a fixed band i.e. a parallelogram and are dependent on
each other. Such a random number would always lie in a certain interval.
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Solution: For 7.2

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𝑦1 1 0
Express the given relationship in vector form as: � � = 𝑋1 � � + 𝑋2 � � i.e.; as a linear combination of two constant
𝑦2 1 1
vectors. Note that 0<𝑋1 & 𝑋2 <1. Clearly if 𝑋1 𝑉𝑠 𝑋2 is plotted and it result in uniform distribution of points then it can be
said that both 𝑋1 & 𝑋2 are independent.

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But if the plot is in fixed interval then 𝑋1 & 𝑋2 are both dependent variables.

Solution: For 7.3

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Question No. 8

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Solution Given 95% is at least good product and other 5% is defective parts

8.1 Total no. of parts = 1000

Good parts = 940 Defective parts = 60

01
Applying binomial probability law total no. of possibilities of accepting goods we get:
100
95𝐶∗ 0.9495 ∗ 0.065 + 100 96 4 100 97 3 100 98 2 100 99
96𝐶 ∗ 0.94 ∗ 0.06 + 97𝐶 ∗ 0.94 ∗ 0.06 + 98𝐶 ∗ 0.94 ∗ 0.06 + 99𝐶 ∗ 0.94 ∗
0.061 + 100
100𝐶 ∗ 0.94
100
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟕

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Probability of rejecting goods = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟑

This result is verified with MATLAB attached further.

8.2 Total no. of parts = 1000

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Good parts = 950 Defective parts = 50

Applying binomial probability law total no. of possibilities of accepting goods we get:
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100
95𝐶∗ 0.9595 ∗ 0.055 + 100 96 4 100 97 3 100 98 2 100 99
96𝐶 ∗ 0.95 ∗ 0.05 + 97𝐶 ∗ 0.95 ∗ 0.05 + 98𝐶 ∗ 0.95 ∗ 0.05 + 99𝐶 ∗ 0.95 ∗
0.051 + 100
100𝐶 ∗ 0.95
100
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟎

Probability of rejecting goods = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟒

This result is verified with MATLAB attached further.

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8.3 At least 98% is good product and 2% defective

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Total no. of parts = 1000

Good parts = 950 Defective parts = 50

Applying binomial probability law total no. of possibilities of accepting goods we get:

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100
98𝐶 ∗ 0.9598 ∗ 0.052 + 100 99 1 100
99𝐶 ∗ 0.95 ∗ 0.05 + 100𝐶 ∗ 0.95
100
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟑

Probability of rejecting goods = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟕

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MATLAB code for question 8.1

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MATLAB code for question 8.2

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MATLAB code for question 8.3

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Question No. 9

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Solution

Given coin tossed 10 times chances of getting exactly 5 heads are as follow:

Probability of head = 0.5

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Probability of tail = 0.5

𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐𝟓𝟐
P (head = 5) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝑪 ∗ � � ∗ � � = = 0.2460
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒

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The above result is verified using MATLAB as follows:

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