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/ 18
) What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
identify the distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon about the other taxa. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course, But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using,
Directior
After going through this module, you are expected to:
describe processes in the life cycle of animals and explain the process of buman
development (STEM_BIO11/12-1Va-h-1)
Specific Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. describe the different stages of animal development;
differentiate the developmental process in monozygotic and dizygotic twins
describe human reproductive organ systems;
illustrate the human female menstrual eyele;
explain processes in human development; and
differentiate various forms of contraception in humans
to compare different types of plant life cycles and explain processes in flowering plant
reproduction and development (STEM_BIO11/12-1Va-h-1)
Specific Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1, enumerate the different types of reproductive cycles
2. illustrate the life cycles of moss, fern, and flowering plant
3. deseribe double fertilization in flowering plants; and
4, explain processes in plant development.
What I Know
Read each question and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1
Involves the formation of sex cells, zygote formation, subsequent stages in one's life
span, Development is terminated by death,
A. Development ——-B, Gastrulation . Fertilization —D. Growth 2. Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote.
A. Development —_B, Gastrulation C, Fertilization —D, Growth
3. Ahuman blastula made up of a solid ball of cells
A. Embryo B, Blastocyst C. Morula D. Zygote
4. Process where the blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium; this signals the start
of pregnancy.
A. Fertilization B, Development C. Gestation Implantation
5. Part of the menstrual eyele of the uterus; corresponds to the latter part of the follicular
phase of the ovaries (days 8-14) when the endometrium heals and begins to thicken
because of estrogen secretion,
A. Follicular Phase C, Menstrual phase
B. Luteal phase D. Proliferative phase
6. Process that blocks any one of the following stages of reproduction in humans: (1)
release and transport of gametes; (2) fertilization; (3) implantation; (4) actual
completion of development of the embryo/ fetus
A. Contraception —_B. Gestation ©. Ovulation, Implantation
7. Which of following is the first stage in reproduction,
A. Fertilization C. Release and transport of gametes
B. Implantation D. Development of embryo
8. Type of contraception that prevents fertilization
‘A. Barrier method —B, Oral contraceptive. Abstinence D. all ofthe above
9. Which of the following is not a stage of uterine cycle ?
A. Menstrual cycle B. Proliferative cycle C. Secretory cycle D. Luteal phase
10,What are the 2 stages of ovarian cycle.
A, Follicular and luteal phase C. Luteal and secretory phase
B, Menstrual and follicular phase D. Proliferative and secretory phase
LLLIt is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones
(offspring) like itself,
A. Breeding B, Fertilization C. Reproduction _D. Vegetative
12.1n plant, the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) from different individuals of
‘the same species is called
‘A. Asexual reproduction C. Self-fertlization
B. Cross-pollination D. Sexual reproduction
13.The male reproductive part of the flower is
A. Petal B. Pistil ©. Sepal D. Stamen 14,The female reproductive part of the flower is
A. Petal B, Pistil ©. Sepal D. Stamen
15.The following are parts of the pistil except _
A. Anther B. Ovary, ©. Stigma D. Style
16,Seeds are matured
A. Ovary B, Ovules ©. Stigma D. Style
17.Seeds are capable of germinating if given the following,
A. Water and soll C. Temperature and pH
B, Water and heat D. Temperature and soil
18, Pollen grains are produced in the
A. Anther B, Filament ©, Ovary D. Stigma
19,Stage of the life cycle of a plant that is haploid; stage that produces gametes via
mitosis,
‘A. Angiosperms —_B. Gametophyte ©.Germination _D, Sporephyte
20.Also known a8 flowering plants; group of plants that produce reproductive structures
called flowers in their sporophyte stages,
A. Angiosperms _B. Gametophyte C.Germination —_D, Sporophyte
Human Reproductive System
‘The reproductive System Of an Organisin, also known as the genital eystem, le the
biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction,
Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also
important accessories to the reproductive ayster,
wee What’s In
ex)
Sa
Activity 1.1: What am 1?
Directions: Define the following terms using the dictionary.
1, Development
2.Fertilization
S.Organogenesis
4.Development 5.Growth
4 What's New
Activity 1.2: Who am 1?
Directions: Define stages of development. Explain your answer in the space provided
A. Stages of Animal Development
1. Gametogenesis,
HL Fertilization
HL. Cleavage
IV. Gastrulation
V. Organogenesis
Qs) What is It
Reproduction is the creation of new individuals, which is exactly from the same
kind. Different organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on the
complexity of their form and structure, Development starts with formation of sex cells and
cends only by death. Until the old age of a person, for example, some cells still develop or
divide
STRUCTURE OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM What’s More
Human Development
To initiate the developmental process,
these two gametes fuse together in via
fertilization. In animal zygote (fertilized ee)
formation occurs once a sperm cell
successfully fused to an ovum, which in
tum allows embryo development to take
‘A soul fein ate place. Occur in the fallopian tube, results in
sinezimaluancemyaetbumen: | ar aygot,
The development process occurs
in a highly organized and regulated
manner called embryogenesis in which
embryo forms and develops and
eventually give rise to a mature
organism, However, the process refers
primarily to pre-natal development in
mammals preceding fetal development
Fertilization initiates. embryonic
development allowing cleavage
to take place. Cleavage is the Site fran an he sry emilee ix muna
rapid series of mitotic cell ‘eNGCT-RUNE RE ZL
divisions of the developing
embryo leading to
multicellular ball mass. In
mammals, this continuously
happens as the embryo traverses the oviduct toward the uterus,
Once more than 100 cells are present, the embryo is now a blastocyst,
characterized by having a distinct inner mass cell, which eventually forms the fetus,
After this, the cells formed are now ready to migrate in an organized manner called
gastrulation 10 which they localize to establish basic body plan-the germ layers. In
mammals and other higher vertebrates, three germ layers namely, the ectoderm,
8 ‘mesederm, and the endoderm commonly referred to aa triploblaatic. In diploblastic
animals, only ectoderm and the endoderm forms in which organs and different parts of
the body originates.
MENSTRUAL CYLE
‘The average length of the menstrual cycle is 28-29 days, but this can vary between
‘women and from one cycle to the next. The length of your menstrual cycle is calculated
{irom the first day of your period to the day before your next petiod starts,
Girls get their first poriod (menarche), on average, betwoen the ages of 11 and 14
years. By this stage, other sexual characteristics have developed, sch as pubic hair and
budding breasts.
PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE,
1, Menstrual phase (day 1-5)
Menistrual phase begine on the first day of
menstruation and lasts till the Sth day of the
menstrual eycle. The following events occur
during this phase:
(© ‘The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue
land blood vessels which exits the body from
the vagina in the form of menstrual ud,
(© Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 mil is considered , Janta
aia loa seueohases
@ You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the
contraction of the uterine nd the abdominal
‘muscles to expel the menstrual ud.
2, Follicular phase (day 1-13)
This phase also begins on the first day of menstruation,
6 but it ass i the 19th day ofthe menstrual yee. The following events oecur rng
this phase
@ arcphniiny gland pert namo toc troy nn the opin
—
© Oe of these ea cells begins to mature in a saccke-stricture called fll, It
‘takes 13 days forthe eg cell to reach maturity:
© writ"2"SBPE matures, its flicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the
tera devel a Ksing ec yous ond alten cali endomatsum,
3. Ovulation phase (day 14) ng)
On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the
ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg eel is swept into the fallopian
tube by the cilia ofthe imbrie. Fimbriae are finger like projections lacated at the end
of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries and cia are slender hair like projections on
each Fimbria
4. teal phase (day 15-28) sabes
mnie aes
ranceage This phase
begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end ofthe
cycle, The following events occur during this phase:
@ The egg cell released during the ovulation
Ba phase stays inthe fallopian tube for 24 hours
wei" @ Ifa sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell
within that time, the egg cll disintegrates
© ‘Te hormone that causes the uterus to retain
am ‘ts endometrium gets used up by the end of the
‘ped Jmensnmeia comics ‘menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual
phase of the next eye to begin.
CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: mL.
Ovulation-suppressing methods
Oral contraceptives - Oral contraceptives (birth
control pills) are hormone-containing medications
that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy.
‘They prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and
by preventing sperm from penetrating through the
cervix,
Barrier methods- contraceptives prevent sperm cells entering the female reproductive
twact during sexual intercourse, e.g., Physical (Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap)
A. -Condomconsists of thin latex or natural membrane sheath
placed over the erect penis to prevent semen from entering the
vagina upon ejaculation
B, Diaphragm The diaphragn is an attractive birth
control alternative for women who are looking to
avoid the hormonal impact of injections or oral
contraceptives. When properly fitted and used
appropriately, they are approximately 90%
effective in preventing pregnancy. However, they
do nat provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They do not
require a prescription but must be customized for each
woman and checked by a healthcare provider every year,
©. Cervical cap-similar but smaller than the diaphragm. It
adheres to the cervix by suction. The cervical cap is a
birth control (contraceptive) is a small plastic dome that
fits tightly over the cervix and stays in place by suction, that prevents sperm from
entering the uterus. The cervical cap is a reusable, deep silicone cup that is
Inserted into the vagina and fits tightly. The cervical cap is held in place by suction
and has a strap to help with removal
Chemical barriers. contraceptives include creams, foam, and jellies with
spermicidal properties. These chemicals create an
unfavorable environment in the vagina for sperm vegectorny
cells.
Surgical methods sterilize the male or female. A. Vasectomy-A vasectomy is a simple procedure that makes a man unable to
father children. It is nearly 100% effective (99.85% to be exact). It takes about
15 minutes to perform in a urologist’s office, and it
is usually covered by health insurance. Vascowmy ste
B. Tubal Ligation. 1s somisscismy
a surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy. It has
commonly been called "getting your tubes tied.” It
is also called a female sterilization, Tubal refers
to the fallopian tubes, Fach month, an egg is
released from an ovary and travels through
the fallopian tube to the uterus.
‘ba gation
fhm no niin
eee eee ae
V. Implantation-A contraceptive thptant is placed under the
skin of the upper arm.The émplant releases a low, steady
dose of a pregestational hormone to thicken cervical mucus
‘and thin the Lining of the uterus (endometrium).
VI. Others
A. Abstinence-refers to voluntary prevention of oneself from indulging in bodily
activities that provide pleasure,
a
oe) What I Can Do
Activity 1.3:
Directions: Compare and contrast the different types of contraception.
Birth Methods | Advantages | Disadvantages | Percentage | Procedures | Example/s
of
conception
1. Ovulation
2. Barrier
methods
3, Chemical
4. Surgical
‘Methods 5. Implantation
©. Abstinence
What I Have Learned
Activity 1.4:
Directions: Check your recall:
1. Describe two methods of contraception that use mechanical barrier.
2. How does IUD prevent pregnancy?
3, What are the major events in reproductive cycle?
@
NS
(By >) Additional Activities
SS
Direction: Trace the events of the female reproductive system,
Reproduction and Development in
Plants Like all other living en
existence of another generation, Like animals, they can reproduce both sexually and
plants also must reproduce for the continuity of the
asexually, thus maximizing their potential to flourish on the surface ofthe earth
() What’s In
Activity 2.1: Plantifier!!!
Directions: Identify the name of each plant and write if it is sexual or asexual
reproduction, a
~) What’s Ne
& at’s New
Activity 2.
Directions: Encircle the words given below. It can be horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
Word Search
Angiosperm Anther Embryo Sac Endosperm
Bpicotyl Filament Flower Gametophyte
Monacot Monoccious Ovule Pollination
Phumule Stamen Sporophyte Zygote
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