This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020

research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

Crosscutting open source technology applied

to Wave Energy Converters

Aleix Arenas, Francisco García, Nuno Filipe

Abstract—Wave energy technology developers have felt controlling this patent, they were able to monopolize the
compelled to create patents out of concern that the big industry and force car manufacturers to adhere to their
energy companies would copy their technology and then demands, or risk a lawsuit. In 1911, independent
use their massive manufacturing, sales and marketing automaker Henry Ford won a challenge to the Selden
power to overwhelm these technology developers. They patent. The result was that the Selden patent became
could not have been more wrong. The unfortunate reality is virtually worthless and a new association (which would
the opposite: wave energy programs at the major utilities or eventually become the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
independent power producers are small to non-existent,
Association) was formed [1]. The new association
constituting an average of far less than 0.1% of their total
instituted a cross-licensing agreement among all US auto
research and development resources.
manufacturers: although each company would develop
In the software industry, the success of open innovation
technology and file patents, these patents were shared
strategies through open sourcing is widely known and
acknowledged. The open source approach to create software openly and without the exchange of money between all the
innovations has become a vital alternative to in-house manufacturers [1]. By the time the US entered World War
developments for many firms. In fact, in Open-source 2, 92 Ford patents and 515 patents from other companies
software projects, the major innovations come from the were being shared between these manufacturers, without
users, the open source community. any exchange of money (or lawsuits).
A new H2020 project called surging energy absorption Although many examples like the previous one can be
through increasing thrust and efficiency (SEA-TITAN) aims found with any form of tangible products including
to accelerate the advent of wave energy by opening the machine tools, medical equipment or electronics [2] the
innovation process to the open source community by concept of open source became known worldwide because
implementing an open business model, which facilitates the of the open software, the first example of free and open-
technology development, providing free use of patents by source software is believed to be the A-2 system,
other competitors (wave energy technology developers), the developed at the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand in
ones who are in the project consortium or additional 1953 [1] which was released to customers with its source
companies willing to join in the future.
code but the massive and widespread distribution of this
kind of software started in the early 80s with the GNU
Keywords—Marine renewable energy, wave energy
project [3] which mixed with the Linux kernel in 1993
converter, power take off, open hardware model, business
made the first complete free software operating system.
model.
Just like Henry Ford did 108 years ago SEA-TITAN
project is aiming to develop and share a crosscutting free-
I. INTRODUCTION
licensing power take-off among all wave energy

T HE concept of free sharing of technological

information can be applied not only for software
components but also for physical equipment or
technology developers worldwide within the limits of
SEA-TITAN open platform, this is expected to be the
starting point of a huge technology boost for the wave
hardware. In the early years of automobile development, energy.
one enterprise owned the rights to a 2-cycle gasoline
engine patent originally filed by George B. Selden. [1] By

EWTEC 2019. ID 1593. F. Garcia is with Wedge Global, C/Carrero Blanco 7, Nave E 39600,
Acknowledgement: This work was supported and funded by the Maliaño, Cantabria, Spain (e-mail: [email protected]).
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme N. Filipe is with EDP CNET, Av. 24 de Julho 12, 1200-109 Lisboa,
under grant agreement No. 764014 Portugal (e-mail: [email protected]).
A. Arenas is with Wedge Global, C/Carrero Blanco 7, Nave E
39600, Maliaño, Cantabria, Spain (e-mail:
[email protected]).

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 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

II. TECHNOLOGY believes he is in possession of the definitive technology

that will achieve commercial success, promoting the
It’s hard to explain the innovation involved in the
unique patent concept.
proposed business model without explaining some bits
SEA-TITAN is here to break that circle, a group working
about the technology being developed along with it.
together for the sake of the wave energy technology,
This section presents an analysis of the state of the art on
developing a new product through collective intelligence
wave energy that will help to better understand what
[5], and the free use of patents thanks to the SEA-TITAN
specific key point is affected by the technological
platform. External companies will be encouraged to join
development undertaken in the SEATITAN project and
and collaborate with the project consortium members,
the effects this has on the business models currently used
giving or receiving feedback about the technology or just
by the different developers.
requesting access to the patents free of charge.
A. Wave energy technology 1) Wave Energy Converters
In the same way that a wind turbine transforms the Despite the great number of different technologies for
kinetic energy of the wind in mechanical energy of rotation harvesting wave energy all of them can generally be
through the blades and this one in electrical energy categorized on the basis of three criteria (Fig. 1) [6-9]:
through the electrical generator, a wave energy converter
transforms the kinetic energy from the waves in 1.1) Location
mechanical energy through the wave energy converter According to the relative distance between the device
(WEC) and this one in electricity through the power take- and the coast:
off (PTO). Onshore: Located in shallow water, these converters are
In the wind energy sector, there is a predominant usually integrated in a breakwater, dam, fixed to a cliff, or
typology over the rest, the three-bladed horizontal axis rest on the seabed. The distinctive characteristics for these
turbine, not so for wave energy, where there is a wide converters are easy maintenance and installation. The
spectrum of options for both converter and PTO without a drawbacks are that coastline waves have less energy than
clear predominant. Over 1000 wave energy conversion deep-water waves along with a potential coastline
techniques have been patented in Japan, North America reshape.
and Europe [4]. Nearshore: They are installed a few hundred of meters
This generates a great feeling of uncertainty and little from the shore in moderate water depths. Their
reliability when thinking about this type of solutions, deployment and maintenance expenses are limited since
creating a vicious circle where each individual developer

Fig. 1. Selection of existing WEC according to the classifications introduced in the text. Reprinted from [6] with modifications.

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 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

they don´t need mooring systems as they usually rest on Floating structures: It is based on a floating body or
the seabed. bodies, which are moved by the waves vertically,
Offshore: They are placed in deep waters far from the horizontally, pitching or in any combination of the three.
shore. They are able to harvest energy from the most The relative movement between different parts of the
energetic places but installation and maintenance can be device allows converting it into electricity. These kinds of
much more expensive. devices are rarely named as floating structures but using the
dimensions with respect to the wave: attenuators or
1.2) Dimensions of the prime mover and orientation with
floating-point absorbers. Multiples examples can be found
respect to the wave (Fig. 2):
for these kinds of technology, Pelamis was an attenuator
Attenuators: the length of the device is of the same order floating structure deployed during 2007, the machine
of magnitude (or larger) than the wavelength, these consists of a number of semi-submerged sections linked,
devices are oriented in such a way that they are parallel to these sections moved relatively when the waves pass along
the incident wave. the length of the machine. W1 is a point absorber floating
Terminators: Similar in dimensions to attenuators, but
placed in perpendicular to the incident wave.
Point Absorbers: Axisymmetric devices capable of
harvesting waves from any direction, known as antenna

Fig. 2. Classification according to device dimensions and

orientation. Reprinted from [7].
Fig. 4. Floating structure with multiples bodies, mode of
effect, their dimensions are usually an order of magnitude operation. Reprinted from [11]
lower than the wavelength.
technology deployed during 2014, the machine has two
1.3) Working principle
main bodies linked without restrictions in heave motion
Oscillating water column: For this technology, it is not the
that allows the relative movement between them (Fig. 4).
waves that move the turbines directly, but a mass of
Pressure differential: This kind of technology can be
compressed air pushed by said waves. This is a structure
explained as a combination of two technologies working
generally located in a breakwater, but there are shore-
together: oscillating water column and floating point-
based and floating models the upper part of which forms
absorbers. This is because it uses the working principle for
an air chamber (hence the compressed mass), and the
both: difference of pressure and vertical relative
lower part of which is submerged in water. In this way, the
movement between parts, the sea bed fixed air-filled
turbine takes advantage of the movement caused by the
cylindrical chamber and the moveable upper cylinder.
wave both, when it comes and when it goes. It has been
When a wave crest passes over the device, the water
suggested that one of the advantages of the oscillating
pressure above the device compresses the air within the
water column concept is its simplicity and robustness [10].
cylinder, moving the upper cylinder down creating a
A common example is Oceanlinx device deployed in 2005
relative movement in the same way as in punctual
absorbers, this happens in the opposite way when a trough
passes over. Potential advantages of these devices include:
better survivability, they are not exposed to splash zone
corrosion, nor the various hazards that could take effect
when floating on surface, and reduced/negligible visual
impact. Maintenance of the device is a possible issue
however. These devices are typically located nearshore. A
good example of evolution with pressure differential
technology is Carnegie Clean Energy device: CETO,
deployed in 2015 CETO 5 only served the purpose of
deliver pressured water for reverse osmosis membranes in
the desalination plant, but CETO 6 (still in development)
Fig. 3. Oscillating water column working mode of operation [11]
will include electrical generation onboard as explained in
designed to sit in shallow water with approximately 21 this document.
meters wide and 24 meters long.

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 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

2) Power take-off systems

Currently there is a wide variety of power take-offs that
can be applied to different wave energy converters,
generally each power conversion chain is associated with
a specific type of wave energy converter.
As shown in Fig. 8 there are three main alternatives to
obtain electricity in the wave power conversion chain
(PCC), to convert wave energy into relative linear motion,
relative rotary motion or fluid capture. The greatest
Fig. 5. Pressure differential, mode of operation [12] variety can be found associated with the rotary electrical
Overtopping devices: These devices collet the water from generator path but these technologies imply a lot of
the incident waves into a reservoir in order to move one or intermediate steps: pistons, accumulators, air chambers or
more reduced jump hydraulic turbines (usually Kaplan mechanical gear systems.
turbines), taking advantage of the potential energy of the The number of intermediate steps in the PCC affect two
waves to convert it, through synchronous generators, into main factors:
electrical energy. Within this type of device, we can Efficiency: The greater the number of intermediate steps,
distinguish between converters with a fixed structure the greater are the mechanical and transformation losses
located on the coast (onshore), and those with a floating that we obtain as a result of the PCC, this causes a
structure far away from it (nearshore-offshore). A common reduction in the annual energy production (AEP), which
example of these kind of devices is the Wave Dragon [14], affects the levelized cost of the electricity (LCOE),
which is characterized by having a reflector that directs the increasing it.
incident waves towards a ramp to the reservoir above sea Reliability: The offshore equipment undergoes an
level. accelerated degradation in comparison with the same

Fig. 6. Overtopping, mode of operation [11]

Oscillating wave surge: These devices typically have one
end attached to a fixed structure or the bottom of the sea
while the other end is free to move, a hinged deflector, this
part is positioned perpendicular to the wave direction Fig. 8. Wave energy to electricity conversion paths [14]. This
(terminator). The axis of the deflector (or paddle) oscillates graphical classification is reprinted with cosmetic changes by a
like a pendulum mounted on a pivoting joint in response several number of references [6,14-16]
to the impact of the horizontal movement of the wave equipment implemented within a ground installation due
particle. They often come in the form of floats, fins, or to the high salinity of the maritime environment where it
membranes. This working principle is similar to the is implemented. This fact makes it desirable to minimize
Japanese 'Pendulor' system [9]; however, these devices the amount of equipment to monitor and maintain while
uses resonance of the water column rather than harbour the equipment is in operation.
resonance as its operating principle. An example for this Direct drive electrical systems avoid all of the
kind of technology is the Aquamarine Power Oyster, a intermediate steps, which make the preferable technology
nearshore device, where the top of the deflector is above for wave energy converters, over any other PTO solution.
the water surface and is hinged from the sea bed.
B. SEA-TITAN technology
The project builds upon Wedge Global W200 power
take-off [17] aiming to develop a new generation of direct
drive linear generator, with two main characteristics:
Improved efficiency: A new PTO machine is proposed to
overcome the previous W200 limitations based on two
concepts: Multi-translator topology and azimuthal
Fig. 7. Oscillating wave surge, mode of operation [11]
magnetic configuration to optimize adaptation to the WEC
geometry. The resulting machine is named Azimuthal

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 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

Multi-translator Switched Reluctance Machine the study of its own wave energy converter and associated
(AMSRM). In addition, a long-term solution based on power take-off, conducting the necessary studies to
superconducting technology will be analyzed, although is demonstrate that it is better than the technology of its
not the core activity of the project. The solution proposed rivals, patenting it and converting it into an active value
in SEA-TITAN requires no failure-prone gearing or for the company.
expensive material such as rare earth magnets. It is based SEA-TITAN will break this unproductive trend for a
on the very well-known concept of magnetic reluctance, sector as weak, dispersed and lacking of standards as the
which is especially appropriate for the application of a wave energy sector. A disruptive breakthrough is going to
linear electric machine with a long translator, as it is the be generated in business models based on open hardware
case of interest for wave energy generation. where methods and work environments from open source
Crosscutting technology: As explained above, the software (OSS) [22] are translated into hardware
technical objective of SEA-TITAN is the development of a environments by opening the innovation process to the
new power take-off technology. PTO technology usually open source community, SEA-TITAN can profit on the
associates its power conversion chain path (rotary, linear technology side through comments, ideas, and further
or fluid collection) to a specific type of wave energy developments. Through this, firms can improve quality
converter, this is partly true, an example would be the and applicability of their technology [18]. Moreover, the
oscillating water column or the overtopping technology open source concept allows the developers to base their
developments and contributions on an already existent
Point Absorber basis of technology, as Isaac Newton himself
acknowledged, "If I have seen far, it is by standing on the
Attenuator
7 3
shoulders of giants”, [19] explains how to divide joint profit
1 Oscillating among innovators when one innovator's technology
7
wave surge builds on another's.
40
Oscillating
Complementary products and services such as
19 water column
Bulge wave monitoring, training, maintenance, consultancy, and
certifications will play a major role to achieve competitive
Rotating mass advantage [20].
23
Other D. Open platform
Two key concepts have already been introduced in this
Fig. 7. Fig. 9. R&D effort for wave energy technologies. Nuno Filipe
internal analysis.
paper which are an indivisible part of the technology core
of the SEA-TITAN platform: quality and standardization.
that implies the required power conversion chain to be
Wedge Global in conjunction with certifying entities
fluid capture (compressed air or water respectively), but
will provide a seal of quality for every power take-off
other wave power conversion chain paths can be applied
manufactured through the use of the open access patents
in a wider spectrum of devices, in particular the technical
offered on the SEA-TITAN platform, this will ensure the
object of SEA-TITAN, the direct drive linear generators can
optimum performance of the PTO for the final users,
be applied to different types of devices: floating structures,
granting a degree of reliability and standardization that
pressure differential and wave surge. Currently, the
does not exist in the sector in these days.
project focuses on floating devices, specifically point
SEA-TITAN will generate a nexus platform between the
absorbers, which are the most commonly investigated and
different key parts of the wave energy sector: WEC
deployed kind of devices as shown in figure 9.
technology developers, industrial manufacturers and
This technology focus in SEA-TITAN is well align with
energy utilities.
the wave energy converter (WEC) developers that are
WEC technology developers will have free and
partners in the project: Corpower, Hydrocap and
guaranteed access to all information contained in the open
Centipod. All of the companies offer point absorber or
platform, including improvements and variations that
multi-point absorber solutions for collecting wave energy.
have been developed as a result of different interactions
Although Wedge Global can be seen as a WEC developer
with the development community or requirements
its role for SEA-TITAN is power take-off developer and
perceived by the end users of the devices, along with this
coordinator for the open platform.
information there will also be a pool of companies certified
in the manufacturing processes of the machines under a
III. BUSINESS MODEL
new standard of quality criteria supervised by Wedge
C. Open Hardware Global.
Since this platform provides a free and unlimited access
The technology developers involved in SEA-TITAN,
to patents, there may be cases of development by third
listed before, are competitors in a more traditional
parties with new solutions based on SEA-TITAN but that
business model approach, where each company focus on
have not followed all the protocols and standards

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 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

Fig. 10. SEA-TITAN Open Platform concept. Key stakeholders interaction to accelerate wave energy deployment. Block source: Board of Innovation.

developed on the platform, these new iterations would Open business model for PTO equipment can be
lack of two main characteristics that the sector needs to implemented in a practical way solving at the same time
evolve in the following years, reliability in the form of the main problems identified in the wave energy sector,
standardization and a quality seal. adding value in two ways: 1) reducing costs and increasing
The supervision by Wedge Global does not stop at the reliability through the use of standardized, certified and
certification in the construction processes ensuring the mass-produced equipment at industrial level and 2)
quality chain, but goes beyond, all PTO's that have been increasing energy production through lifetime monitoring
built under the seal of SEA-TITAN will have a direct to optimize performance.
supervision in operation that gives a higher degree of
reliability to the process, always ensuring optimal IV. SUMMARY
operation of the machine for any location or device where
The implementation of this business model in the
it has been installed. In spite of offering the use of patents
current sector is a disruptive change of the classic model
free of charge, offering the quality seal and the operation
where each developer makes use of his own idea without
monitoring as a service generates an economic flow
becoming concerned about minimum standards of
allowing the sustainability of the platform.
standardization or quality
E. Innovation Creating an open hardware platform which enables the
free use of patents will allow technology developers to
According to D. Burkus [21] innovation is the
manufacture and implement a reliable and optimized PTO
application of ideas that are both novel and useful, wave
system in their WEC that will be subsequently monitored
energy sector is still unmatured but it is rapidly evolving,
to ensure optimal performance, this implies a large
almost every day we can find a novel idea about new ways
increase in the global reliability of the system, a reduction
to harnessing the wave energy, conversion chains, hybrid
in costs because of the serial production and an increase in
systems or controllability functions that could drastically
efficiency due to the performance monitoring by the
change the reality of the sector, but not all of them can be
specialized team of the platform.
considered as innovation because of that useful term of the
This business model and the new platform will make
equation. Being useful or relevant implies that said novelty
possible to advance the state of the art in the wave energy
can be applied efficiently to the product, solving a problem
sector addressing once and for all the three main barriers
present in an earlier stage of development. Applying this
the sector faces on a daily basis: high costs, low reliability
innovation concept to SEA-TITAN we can consider the
and low production.
concept of open hardware for wave energy as a novelty
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https://proceedings.ewtec.org/product/ewtec2019-naples-italy/
 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 764014

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