Precalculus 10 Sequences and Series
Precalculus 10 Sequences and Series
Chapter 10
1
▪ This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
▪ Precalculus
▪ By Richard Wright
▪ https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-RLW/Text/TOC.html
▪ Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.
Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
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3
3
▪ Sequence
▪ List of numbers following a rule
▪ 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 <− finite (ends)
▪ 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, … <− infinite (doesn’t end)
▪ 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … (term #) like x
▪ 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, … (term value) like y
4
▪ Find the 1st 5 terms of 𝑎𝑛 = 5 + 2𝑛 −1 𝑛
𝑎1 = 5 + 2 1 −1 1 = 3
𝑎2 = 5 + 2 2 −1 2 = 9
𝑎3 = 5 + 2 3 −1 3 = −1
𝑎4 = 5 + 2 4 −1 4 = 13
𝑎5 = 5 + 2 5 −1 5 = −5
5
▪ Write the rule for the nth term. ▪ 2, -9, 28, -65, 126, …
1, 5, 9, 13, 17, …
𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 3
𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛 = −1 (𝑛3 + 1)
6
▪ Recursive Rules ▪ Find the first 5 terms.
▪ Use the value of one term to ▪ 𝑎1 = 6
find the next term. ▪ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 1
𝑎1 = 6
𝑎2 = 𝑎1 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
𝑎3 = 𝑎2 + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8
𝑎4 = 𝑎3 + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
𝑎5 = 𝑎4 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10
7
▪ Factorial (!) ▪ Simplify
9!
▪ Product of a whole number
3!7!
with all the whole numbers less
than it through 1.
▪ 6! = 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1
▪ 5! = 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1
▪ 0! = 1
9!
3! 7!
9∙8∙7∙6∙5∙4∙3∙2∙1
3∙2∙1∙7∙6∙5∙4∙3∙2∙1
9∙8
3∙2∙1
72
6
12
8
▪ Simplify
𝑛+1 !
𝑛!
𝑛+1 !
𝑛!
𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 ⋯
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 ⋯
𝑛+1
9
10
10
▪ Series ▪ Summation Notation
▪ Sum of a sequence ▪ (Sigma Notation)
𝑛
▪ Sequence
𝑎𝑖 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
▪ 2, 4, 6, 8
𝑖=1
▪ Series
▪2 + 4 + 6 + 8
11
i = index
1 = lower limit
n = upper limit
11
5
▪ Find each sum
4
2 + 𝑘3
(4𝑖 + 1) 𝑘=2
𝑖=1
12
(4𝑖 + 1) = 4 1 + 1 + 4 2 + 1 + 4 3 + 1 + 4 4 + 1
𝑖=1
= 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 = 44
(2 + 𝑘 3 ) = 2 + 23 + 2 + 33 + 2 + 43 + 2 + 53
𝑘=2
= 10 + 29 + 66 + 27 = 232
12
∞
5
10𝑛
𝑛=1
13
∞
5
10𝑛
𝑛=1
Parital sums
5
= 0.5
101
5 5
1
+ 2 = 0.5 + 0.05 = 0.55
10 10
5 5 5
+ + = 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 = 0.555
101 102 103
5 5 5 5
+ + + = 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.0005 = 0.5555
101 102 103 104
Approaches
5
0.55555555555 … =
9
13
▪ Shortcut formulas
𝑛
1 +1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = 1 = 𝑛
𝑛 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ = 𝑖 =
2
𝑛 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ⋯ = 𝑖 2 =
6
𝑖=1
14
14
𝑛
𝑛2 𝑛 + 1 2
3
1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + ⋯ = 𝑖 =
4
𝑛 𝑖=1
4
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 3𝑛2 + 3𝑛 − 1
1 + 16 + 81 + 256 + ⋯ = 𝑖 =
30
𝑖=1 𝑛
5
𝑛2 𝑛 + 1 2
2𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 1
1 + 32 + 243 + 1024 + ⋯ = 𝑖 =
12
𝑖=1
15
15
▪ Evaluate
5
3𝑖 2 − 5𝑖
𝑖=1
16
5 5
2
3𝑖 − 5𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛+1
=3 −5
6 2
5 5+1 2 5 +1 5 5+1
=3 −5
6 2
= 90
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17
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▪ Arithmetic ▪ Rule for the nth term
▪ Common difference (d) ▪ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑑𝑛 + 𝑐
▪ Where 𝑐 = 𝑎1 − 𝑑
▪ 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, …
▪ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
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▪ Find the rule for the nth term for 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, …
19
d = 7 – 3 = 4; 11 – 7 = 4, 15 – 11 = 4; 19 – 15 = 4
a1 = 3
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 3 + 𝑛 − 1 4
𝑎𝑛 = 3 + 4𝑛 − 4
𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 1
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▪ The 8th term of an arithmetic sequence is 25, and the 12th term is 41.
Write the rule for the nth term.
20
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
Fill in 𝑎8 = 25
25 = 𝑎1 + 8 − 1 𝑑
25 = 𝑎1 + 7𝑑
Fill in 𝑎12 = 41
41 = 𝑎1 + 12 − 1 𝑑
41 = 𝑎1 + 11𝑑
Solve system of eq.
−25 = −𝑎1 − 7𝑑
41 = 𝑎1 + 11𝑑
16 = 4𝑑
4=𝑑
25 = 𝑎1 + 7 4
𝑎1 = −3
𝑎𝑛 = −3 + 𝑛 − 1 4
𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 7
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▪ Recursive Rule for Arithmetic Sequences
▪ 𝑎1 = 𝑎1
▪ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑑
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▪ Arithmetic Series
▪ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
▪1 + 3+ 5+ 7+ 9
▪ 19 + 17 + 15 + 13 + 11
▪ 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 = 5 20 = 100
𝑛
▪ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
2
22
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▪ Find the sum of the integers 1 to 57.
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1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 57
d = 1; a1 = 1; an = 57
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛
2 1
57
𝑆57 = 1 + 57
2
57
𝑆57 = 58 = 1653
2
23
▪ Find the 50th partial sum of the arithmetic sequence -6, -2, 2, 6, …
24
d = 4; a1 = -6
Find nth term to get an
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = −6 + 𝑛 − 1 4
𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 10
𝑎50 = 4 50 − 10 = 190
Find the sum
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2 1
50
𝑆50 = −6 + 190 = 4600
2
24
▪ Evaluate
100
(3𝑖 + 2)
𝑖=1
25
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛
2 1
100
𝑆100 = 3 1 + 2 + 3 100 + 2
2
= 50 5 + 302
= 15350
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▪ Geometric 2
▪ Find the rule for 6, −2, , …
3
▪ Common ratio (r)
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2 1
𝑟=− =−
6 3
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑛−1
1
𝑎𝑛 = 6 −
3
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▪ The 2nd term of a geometric sequence is -18, the 5th term is 2/3. Find the
rule for the nth term.
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𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
Fill in 𝑎2 = −18
−18 = 𝑎1 𝑟 2−1
−18 = 𝑎1 𝑟
18
𝑎1 = −
𝑟
2
Fill in 𝑎5 = 3
2
= 𝑎1 𝑟 5−1
3
2
= 𝑎1 𝑟 4
3
Substitute
2 18
= − 𝑟4
3 𝑟
2
= −18𝑟 3
3
1
− = 𝑟3
27
28
1
− =𝑟
3
Substitute
18
− = 𝑎1
1
−3
𝑎1 = 54
𝑛−1
1
𝑎𝑛 = 54 −
3
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▪ Geometric Series ▪ Evaluate
7
1−𝑟 𝑛
▪ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 2𝑛−1
1−𝑟
𝑛=1
𝑎1
▪ 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
▪ Where 𝑟 < 1
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29
∞ 𝑛
▪ Evaluate 1
5 + 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + ⋯ 5
2
𝑛=0
30
1
𝑎1 = 5 and 𝑟 = 10
𝑎1
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
1
1 − 10
5 10 50
= =5 =
9 9 9
10
30
∞ 𝑛−1
5 1
5+
2 2
𝑛=1
5 1
𝑎1 = 2 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎1
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
5+ 2
1
1−2
5
5+ 2
1
2
5 + 5 = 10
30
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▪ Proofs for sum formulas
▪ Show it works when n = 1
▪ Show it works for n + 1
▪ Steps
1. Show it works for n = 1
2. Assume formula works for 𝑛 = 𝑘
3. Show it works for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
▪ If proving sum formula use 𝑆𝑘+1 = 𝑆𝑘 + 𝑎𝑘+1
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32
▪ Prove 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + ⋯ + 3 + 2𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 4
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33
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛+1
▪ Prove 1 1 − 1 + 2 2 − 1 + 3 3 − 1 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 =
3
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34
▪ Prove 𝑛 + 1 ! > 2𝑛 where 𝑛 ≥ 2
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1. 𝑛 = 2: 2 + 1 ! > 22
• 3! > 4
• 6>4
2. Assume 𝑘 + 1 ! > 2𝑘
3. Show 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1: 𝑘 + 1 + 1 ! > 2𝑘+1
• 𝑘 + 2 ! > 2𝑘+1
• 𝑘 + 2 𝑘 + 1 ! > 2𝑘 ∙ 2
• 𝑘 + 2 > 2 always and 𝑘 + 1 ! > 2𝑘 was true from step 2, so whole
thing true.
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▪ Prove 4 is a factor of 5𝑛 − 1
36
1. 𝑛 = 1: 51 − 1 = 4; 4 is a factor of 4
2. Assume 4 is a factor of 5𝑘 − 1
3. 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
• 5𝑘+1 − 1
• 5𝑘+1 − 5𝑘 + 5𝑘 − 1
• 5𝑘 ∙ 5 − 5𝑘 + 5𝑘 − 1
• 5𝑘 5 − 1 + 5𝑘 − 1
• 4 ∙ 5𝑘 + 5𝑘 − 1
• 4 is factor of both 4 ∙ 5𝑘 and (5𝑘 − 1)
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(x + y)0 1
(x + y)1 1x 1y
(x + y)2 1x2 2xy 1y2
(x + y)3 1x3 3x2y 3xy2 1y3
(x + y)4 1x4 4x3y 6x2y2 4xy3 1y4
Properties
1. n + 1 terms 3. Sum of exponents of each term = n
2. Powers of x count down, y’s count up 4. Coefficients are symmetrical
𝑛𝐶𝑟
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38
▪ Binomial theorem
𝑛
𝑛 11
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟 ▪
4
𝑟=0
𝑛!
▪ Where 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 8
𝑛−𝑟 !𝑟! ▪
8
▪ Evaluate
4
▪ 9𝐶2 ▪
2
39
8
= 8𝐶8 = 1
8
4
= 4𝐶2 = 6
2
39
▪ Expand 𝑥 + 2 4
40
a = x; b = 2; n = 4
𝑛
𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟=0
4 0
4𝐶0 𝑥 2 + 4𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 4𝐶2 𝑥 2 22 + 4𝐶3 𝑥1 23 + 4𝐶4 𝑥 0 24
3 1
1 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 1 + 4 ∙ 𝑥 3 ∙ 2 + 6 ∙ 𝑥 2 ∙ 4 + 4 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 8 + 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 16
4
𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 16
40
▪ Expand 3 − 𝑥 2 5
41
a = 3; b = −𝑥 2 ; n = 5
𝑛
𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟=0
5 2 0 4 2 1
5𝐶0 3 −𝑥 + 5𝐶1 3 −𝑥 + 5𝐶2 33 −𝑥 2 2 + 5𝐶3 32 −𝑥 2 3 + 5𝐶4 31 −𝑥 2 4
+ 5𝐶5 30 −𝑥 2 5
1 ∙ 243 ∙ 1 + 5 ∙ 81 ∙ −𝑥 2 + 10 ∙ 27 ∙ 𝑥 4 + 10 ∙ 9 ∙ −𝑥 6 + 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 𝑥 8 + 1 ∙ 1
∙ −𝑥10
243 − 405𝑥 2 + 270𝑥 4 − 90𝑥 6 + 15𝑥 8 − 𝑥10
41
▪ Find the coefficient of the term 𝑎 4 𝑏 7 in 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 11
42
a = 2a; b = -3b; n = 11
𝑛
𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟=0
Compare this to 𝑎4 𝑏 7 to see that r = 7
11−7
11𝐶7 2𝑎 −3𝑏 7
330 16𝑎4 −2187𝑏 7
−11,547,360𝑎4 𝑏 7
-11,547,360
42
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▪ Fundamental Counting Principle
▪ If events E1 and E2 occur in m1 and m2 ways, the number of ways both
events can occur is m1∙m2.
▪ A lock will open with the right choice of 3 numbers. How many different
sets of 3 numbers can you choose if each number is from 1 to 30
inclusive? (a) with repetition (b) without repetition
44
a. 30∙30∙30 = 27000
b. 30∙29∙28 = 24360
44
▪ How many license plates can be made if each is 2 letters follow by 4-
digits? (a) with repetition (b) without repetition
45
a. 26∙26∙10∙10∙10∙10 = 6,760,000
b. 26∙25∙10∙9∙8∙7 = 3,276,000
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▪ Permutation
▪ Number of ways to order n objects taken r at a time
𝑛!
▪ 𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
𝑛−𝑟 !
46
n = 8; r = 8
8!
8𝑃8 = = 8! = 40,320
8−8 !
46
▪ A club has 24 members, how many ways can 5 officers be selected?
47
47
▪ Distinguishable Permutations
▪ What is some objects are exactly the same?
▪ ABB
▪ BAB and BAB are the same eventhough the B’s were switched
▪ We want the orders that look different (choosing all the objects)
𝑛!
𝑞1 ! ∙ 𝑞2 ! ∙ 𝑞3 ! ⋯
▪ Where n = number of objects; q = how many times each is repeated
48
48
▪ How many distinguishable ways to order the letters in BANANA?
49
49
▪ Combinations
▪ Grouping of objects without order
▪ ABC is the same as BAC
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
50
31𝐶4 = 31,465
50
▪ You are forming a 10-person committee from 9 women and 12 men. How
many different committees if 5 women and 5 men?
51
51
52
52
▪ Probability
▪ Number from 0 to 1 indicating how likely something is to happen.
▪ 0 = never happens
▪ 1 = always happens
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃 𝐴 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
53
53
▪ A box contains 3 red marbles, 5 black marbles, and 2 yellow marbles. If a
marble is selected at random, what is the probability of choosing yellow?
54
𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 2 1
𝑃 𝑌 = = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 10 5
54
▪ 2 dice are rolled, what is the probability that the sum is 8?
11 21 31 41 51 61
12 22 32 42 52 62
13 23 33 43 53 63
14 24 34 44 54 64
15 25 35 45 55 65
16 26 36 46 56 66
55
8′ 𝑠 5
𝑃 8 = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 36
55
▪ Compound Events
▪ 1 event with 2 accepted outcomes
▪𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
56
56
▪ You draw one card from a standard 52-card deck. What is the probability
of drawing a heart or red?
57
57
▪ Multiple Events
▪ Two events with 2 outcomes
▪ Independent – Event A does not affect event B
▪ 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ∙ 𝑃 𝐵
58
▪ You draw 2 cards from a standard 52-card deck. What is the probability
you draw a heart and a red? (a) with replacement (b) without
replacement
59
13 56 1
a. 𝑃 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 ∙ 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 52 ∙ 52 = 8 = 0.125
13 25
b. 𝑃 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 ∙ 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 52 ∙ 52 = 0.123
59
▪ Complement
▪ Opposite
▪𝑃 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑃 𝐴
60
60