READING ► previewing a text

VOCABULARY ► Latin and Greek roots

WRITING ► writing with unity
GRAMMAR ► quantifiers
Media Studies

UNIT QUESTION
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Hovv vvell does a

picture illustrate
the truth?

A Discuss these questions with your classmates.

1. How can a photograph change what we see?

2. How can advertisements alter your view of a product

or service?
3. Look at the photo. Which parts of the photo are real?
What visual tricks are being used? Why?

t) B Listen to The Q Classroom online. Then answer these

questions.

1. How did the students answer the question?

2. Do you agree or disagree with their ideas? Why?

iQr,j:ifiWi C Go to the Online Discussion Board to discuss the Unit

Question with your classmates.

64 UNIT 3
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 D Work with a partner. This chart lists several different types of images and
graphics. In what kinds of texts can you find these images and graphics? Why
would this type of image or graphic be used in this type of text? Complete the
chart with your answers.

• I '"' t I • t What kind of text? Why?

Photograph newspaper to show people and

events in the article

Map

Graph

Cartoon

Diagram

Drawing

E Number the types of images and graphics from 1 (most objective,

or realistic) to 6 (most subjective, or influenced by personal feelings).
Explain your decisions to your partner.

F Have you ever seen images or graphs that were deceptive? Where?

66 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?

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· 1:+�c.dr READING

READING 1 I lnfographics Lie: Here's How

You are going to read an article about infographics (graphs, figures, maps,
and other ways of displaying data) by Randy Olson from the business
magazine Fast Company. Use the article to gather information and ideas for
your Unit Assignment.

Reading Skill Previewing a text

Before you read a text, it is helpful to make guesses about its content. Preview a
text by following these steps:
• Look at the text without reading it: What type of text is it? Who wrote it?
Who is it written for?
• Read the title and subtitles or headings: What is the topic of each section?
• Look at the pictures, illustrations, and graphs, and read the captions: What
do you expect to read about in the text?

Previewing a text helps you:

• predict the content of the reading using your existing knowledge
about the topic.
• read faster because you have already thought about the ideas.
• make connections between the text and the graphics.
• recognize main ideas and details or examples.

A. Preview Reading 1 on pages 69-71. Circle the answer that best completes
each statement.

1. This reading is probably from __

a. an online magazine
b. an academic book
c. a student essay

2. According to the title and first sentence, the article is probably about __
a. the benefits of using infographics
b. ways that infographics can trick readers
c. techniques for creating infographics on computers

g��� I Reading and Writing 67

 3. The three headings within the text are probably recommendations for _.
a. readers of infographics
b. designers of infographics
c. critics of infographics

4. Color and structural cues are __.

a. features of data presentation
b. parts of the data source
c. types of data alterations

5. Excluding data, transforming data, and the use of statistics are --·
a. features of data presentation
b. aspects of the data source
c. types of data alterations

Critical Thinking �• 8. Look at the infographics (the graphs and maps) in Reading 1. Discuss
Activity B asks you to your predictions with a partner.
interpret information
from visual sources such 1. Which states in the map in Figure 1 stand out to you the most? Why?
as graphs and maps
and apply it to textual
information in the
reading. This helps you
understand the reading 2. Could the two graphs in Figure 2 represent the same data? Why or why not?
better and gives you a
deeper understanding
of the topic.

3. What do you think Figure 3 means?

iQr,jM@iil C. Go online for more practice previewing a text.

PREVIEW THE READING

A. 1@;J:iQ1i'11
Based on the preview you have just done, predict three main
ideas you will read in the article.

1.

2.

3.

8. ttli)t◄ (\@;hi=iHow do you think graphs and other graphical representations

of data might be unreliable? Write for 5-10 minutes in response. Remember
to use this section for your Unit Assignment.

68 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?

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Vocabulary B. VOCABULARY Here are some words from Reading 1. Choose one to
Skill Review complete each sentence. You may need to change the form of the word
In Unit 1, you or phrase to make the sentence grammatically correct.
learned how to use
a thesaurus to check
the meaning of campaign (n.) manipulate (v.) scale (n.) transformation (n.)
synonyms. Look up
distort, manipulate, distort (v.) misleading (adj.) skyrocket (v.) unprecedented (adj.)
and misleading in error-prone (adj.) prominent (adj.) take ... with a grain of salt (phr.) visualize (v.)
your dictionary or
thesaurus to find
other similar words. 1. A graph must not _ _ ______ _ _ important data by
making differences look greater than they actually are.

2. The photograph was in a(n) ________ _ __ position on

the home page of the website.

3. The _______ ____ of the map made the distance look

short, but it took all day to drive between the two cities.

4. Our last advertising _ _ ________ _

was successful; a
week's worth of ads increased sales by 20 percent.

5. A good graph helps readers to ______ ____ the data

described ,in the text.

6. The number of complaints ______ _ _ _ _ _ last year as

readers became more aware of data misrepresentation.

7. ______ _ _
that email promising large cash rewards

8. The picture has been to hide cracks.

9. Analyzing data can often be a complex and

process.

10. The chart is because it does not state the

number of people interviewed.

11. After so many , it was impossible to

retrieve the raw data.

12. The newspaper took the decision to

publish an article explaining its policy for creating infographics.
72 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?
iQ C•W!@II C. Go online for more practice with the vocabulary.

D. Put the main ideas of the article in the correct order. Write the number(s)
of the paragraph(s) where you found them. Two of the sentences are NOT
main ideas. Write X next to them.

_ 1. Graphical choices in data representations can be deliberately deceptive.

Paragraph(s): _______
__ 2. More Latinos than Caucasians enj oy watching baseball.
Paragraph(s): _______

_ 3. Infographics help us visualize large amounts of information.

Paragraph(s): _ _____

_ _ 4. Some sources of data should not be trusted to present data accurately.

Paragraph(s): _______
__ 5. It is important to know how the information in an infographic has been
changed from the raw numbers. Paragraph(s): ___ ____

_ 6. Pharmaceutical companies may produce infographics that exaggerate

the benefits of drugs they make. Paragraph(s): _______

__ 7. It is easy to be manipulated by infographics because most people believe

what they see more than what they read. Paragraph(s): __ ______

E. Look again at the infographics in the article. Complete the table using
information from the text.

. . . . . . . . .. .. . .
..

� I Reading and Writing 73

�
 F. Which pieces of advice are recommended in the article? Check the
correct answers and write the paragraph number containing the advice.

D 1. Make sure the scientists who collected the data are experienced
professionals. Paragraph:_

□ 2. Do not trust infographics that use color to show differences. Paragraph: _

D 3. Read the scale on the vertical axis (or y-axis) carefully. Paragraph:_
D 4. You should be highly suspicious of infographics that do not indicate the
source of the data. Paragraph: __

D 5. It is important to check the actual numbers when reading a graph that

displays percentages. Paragraph: _

D 6. You should look carefully for the date when the information was collected,
as infographics sometimes present old information. Paragraph: __

G. Why should readers be careful if they see the following infographics?

Support your answer with ideas from the article.

Visitors to Middleton Art Museum

City Crime Rates
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74 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?

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READING 2 I Phototruth or Photofiction?
UNIT Ii..� '11111111 You are going to read an excerpt from the college textbook Phototruth or
OBJECTIVE � Photofiction? Ethics and Media Imagery in the Digital Age by Thomas Wheeler.
It asks how far journalists can go when manipulating photographs. Use the
excerpt to gather information and ideas for your Unit Assignment.

PREVIEW THE READING

A. 1Q;j@@1Y Think about the title and look at the picture on page 77. What do
you predict the writer will say about manipulating photographs in journalism?

D It is always acceptable. □ It is never acceptable.

D It is sometimes acceptable.

B. M•n◄ :C%hH Why might someone want to change a photograph? Write for
5-1 O minutes in response. Remember to use this section for your Unit Assignment.

C. VOCABULARY Read aloud these words from Reading 2. Check(✓) the

ones you know. Use a dictionary to define any new or unknown words.
Then discuss with a partner how the words relate to the unit.

alteration (n.) document (v.) ,f legitimate (adj.)

bias (n.) ethical (adj.) provoke (v.)
concoct (v.) inherent (adj.) scrutinize (v.)
credible (adj.) left in the dark (phr.) tempting (adj.)

,f Oxford 3000'" words

iQ1,mfiim•1 D. Go online to listen and practice your pronunciation.

WORK WITH THE READING

t) A. Read the article and gather information on how well a picture illustrates
the truth.

- -�, Phototruth <>r Photofiction? printer, editor, or viewer. Photography is not

absolute "reality." It is not unqualified "truth."
Any discussion of "manipulated" photography It is not purely "objective." It was never any of
must begin with the recognition that photography those things, and it has always been subject
itself is an inherent manipulation-a to distortion. Indeed, many of its earliest
manipulation of light, a process with many practitioners were more concerned with
steps and stages, all subject to the biases concocting fantasy than documenting reality.
and interpretations of the photographer, They were artists, not journalists.

76 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?

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 10. _ _____
_ ____
_ (adj.) existing as a basic or permanent
part of somebody or something

11. ____________ ( v.) to prove or support something

with evidence
12. _ __________ (adj.) attractive, making people want to
have it or do it

iQr,mftW◄I C. Go online for more practice with the vocabulary.

D. Answer these questions. Write the number of the paragraph where you
found each answer. Then compare your answers with a partner.

1. Why are photographs always manipulated in some way? Paragraph_

2. Why do most people trust the photographs they see in the news media?
Paragraph_

3. How is digital fakery different from earlier forms of photographic

manipulation? Paragraph __

4. What does the example of the pyramid in National Geographic say about
the credibility of photojournalism? Paragraph_

5. Why are the examples in this reading important even though many of
them are relatively minor changes? Paragraph __

80 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?

E. Match each sentence with the correct person or publication.

_ 1. Photographs have such great value for many people that we are
almost afraid of losing our memories if our photo albums are lost.

_ 2. It is old-fashioned to believe that photographs are inherently objective.

_ 3. Most magazine readers do not realize how much photographs have

been manipulated.

_ 4. When people stop believing in your honesty, it is very hard to

convince them otherwise.

_ 5. Many nature photographs in magazines have been faked (for

example, showing a polar bear in Antarctica).

a. Bill Allen of National Geographic

b. Atlantic Monthly article by Kenneth Brower

c. American Photo magazine

d. Professor Marianne Hirsch of Dartmouth College

e. Michael Morse of the National Press Photographers Association

F. What is your opinion? Rank the examples of manipulated photographs

in the article in order from 1 (least serious) to 6 (most serious). Compare
your answers with a partner or group and justify your rankings with
specific evidence from the reading.

_ a. National Geographic's pyramids

_ b. National Geographic Online's polar bears

_ c. The New York Daily News's report on a spelling bee

_ d. The Orange County Register's photograph of Los Angeles

_ e. The social media photo of a tornado

_ f. Dimitri di Angelis's fake photographs

G. Find and write the phrase from the text that the pronouns in bold refer to.

1. It is not purely "objective:' (Paragraph 1) --------F-P= ""o""'g"-'ra"'-'p,,..,,h,.,y____

ho"-'t

2. They were artists, not journalists. (Paragraph l)_ _ _

_______ _
_

I Reading and Writing 81

 3. However, digital manipulation may challenge this trust more than
a century and a half of other methods of fakery. (Paragraph 4)

4. This raises thorny ethical challenges for professionals, educators, and

students alike. (Paragraph 5) ____ _______ _ _ _ _
_

5. It was relatively insignificant. (Paragraph 7) ______ _ _ __ _

6. If you lose it, it's almost impossible to ever get it back. (Paragraph 8)

WRITE WHAT YOU THINK

A. Discuss these questions in a group. Look back at your Quick Write on
page 76 as you think about what you have learned.

1. Are photographs important to you? Why or why not?

2. Do you think of photography more as an art form or a type of journalism?

Please explain.

3. Do you care if a photograph in a magazine or newspaper has been

manipulated? Why or why not?

B. Before you watch the video, discuss these questions in a group.

1. What can images of space tell us about our universe?

2. Do you know the names of any patterns of stars? Why do you think many
cultures have looked for familiar shapes in the stars?

3. How reliable do you think pictures created by telescopes are?

82 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?

iQ1,WfiW◄ C. Go online to watch the video
constellation (n.) a group of stars that forms
about the world's largest
a shape in the sky and has a name
telescope. Then check your
cosmos (n.) the universe
comprehension.
faint (adj.) cannot be clearly seen
inhospitable (adj.) difficult to stay or live in,
especially because there is no shelter from
the weather
orbit (v.) to move in a curved path around a
much larger object, especially a planet or star
•
D. Think about the video, Reading 1, and Reading 2 as you discuss these
questions. Then choose one question and write a paragraph in response.

1. Both readings suggest that images are persuasive but often untruthful.
Should this affect the way we view images from the Very Large Telescope,
or do different rules apply to astronomical pictures?

2. How could marketers use the manipulation techniques described in the

readings to advertise products and services?

Identifying Greek and Latin roots ( or stems) will help you recognize and
understand new words. Words with these roots are especially common in formal
written English, so using these words will aid in reading comprehension and add
sophistication to your writing.

Common roots

Root Meaning Examples

· mot-/mov-/mob- move promote, immobile

r . .
just-/jur- right, legal justify, jury
her-/hes- stick coherent, cohesive
vid-/vis- see, notice evidence, visible

You should also watch for other roots when you recognize groups of words with
similar meanings.

A. Read each sentence. Using your knowledge of roots, circle the word or
phrase that best matches the meaning of each bold word.

1. The patient reported reduced mobility.

a. ability to speak b. ability to read c. ability to move

I Reading and Writing 83

 2. You need to choose an adhesive that works on wood.
a. paint b. pencil c. glue
3. I don't envisage any problem with this plan.
a. remember b. create c. expect

4. She was angry at the injustice of the professor's decision.

a. humor b. unfairness c. danger

5. The student was motivated to study hard by her teacher.

a. moved b. told c. warned

6. There is an inherent problem with this type of car.

a. unusual b. unavoidable c. annoying

7. She was unable to provide a justification for her behavior.

a. plan b. wish c. good explanation

8. Successful companies are often led by great visionaries.

a. people with a lot of money
b. people with a lot of power
c. people with a lot of imagination

• for Success 8. Look at the sets of words below the box. The common root is bold.
Choose the answer in the box that best defines each bold root. Then
Learning Latin
and Greek roots explain your choices to a partner.
can improve your
English spelling. For
example, if you know break follow life thousand
millimeter comes circle/round law other/different write
from mi/Ii-, you will
remember to write
it with a double /.
1. hemisphere, spherical, atmosphere sphere =

2. alternative, alteration, alter alter- =

3. sequence, second, sequel sequ-/sec- =

4. survive, vivid, revive viv- =

5. description, postscript, scribble scrip-/scrib- =

6. legitimate, legal, legislation leg- =

7. millennium, millimeter, millipede milli- =

8. fragile, fragment, fraction frag-/fract- =

iQr,Wfi@◄j C. Go online for more practice with Latin and Greek roots.

84 UNIT 3 I How well does a picture illustrate the truth?