Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

4 Quarter
th

SCIENCE 8
Learning Activity Sheet
CELL DIVISION
Week 2

Name: ____________________________
Section: __________________

Marawi, Camiling, Tarlac

Contact No.: (045) 800-9003
Email Address: [email protected]
 Content standards:
1. How cells divide to produce new cells
2. Meiosis as one of the processes producing genetic variations of the Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance
Performance standard: Report on the importance of variation in plant and animal breeding.
Learning Competencies: 1. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-division cycle
(S8LT-IVd-16);
3. Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number (S8LT-IVe- 17)

Lesson 2: MITOSIS & MEIOSIS: THEIR ROLES IN CELL DIVISION

Heredity is sharing the features where traits is passed from parents to their offspring; either in the
process of asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms can obtain the
genetic information of their parents. Asexual reproduction requires one parent and produces offspring
that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Sexual reproduction requires two parents
and produces offspring that are genetically unique. Every living thing undergoes reproduction. The offspring
will grow and produce another offspring. The cellular level of reproduction, in the form of cell division,
provides for the backdrop for the organism level of reproduction.
Every living thing undergoes reproduction. The nutrients taken by an individual will provide energy
for metabolic processes, for growth and development as well as reproduction. The cellular level of
reproduction, in the form of cell division, provides the backdrop for the organismal level of reproduction.
One of the characteristics of an organism is to reproduce. It is not only limited to produce another
organism; however, it also happens within the smallest unit of its body. For instance, when your skin gets
scraped, after several days, your wound heals. Your cells will regenerate a new and exactly the same skin
cell.
When you grow, the cell size in your body does not change. If a cell is too big, it may affect its
activities like the flow of materials inside it. Instead of growing bigger, the cells divide and multiply.
The cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. It has several organelles like the nucleus and
mitochondria. The nucleus is the control center of all the activities of the cell including the growth and
development of plants and animals.
The nucleus has a nuclear membrane like the cell membrane. This allows the material to pass
through in and out of the nucleus. When you observe a nucleus under a high-powered microscope, you
can see threads called chromatin. During cell division, the chromatin forms a rod-like structure known as a
chromosome. Chromosomes are responsible for growth. They contain the blueprint of life and they pass
the traits of the cell to a new cell. For example, the chromosomes of a skin cell will exactly reproduce the
same skin cell.
The cell cycle is divided into two stages: the interphase and the cell division phase. The interphase
is the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by observable changes under the microscope, and
includes the G1, S and G2 phases. During interphase, the cell grows (G1), replicates its DNA (S) and
prepares for mitosis (G2).

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 Throughout interphase, the cell goes through normal growth processes while also preparing for cell
division. Preferably a cell proceeds from interphase into the mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions
should be met. There three stages of interphase the G1, S, and G2. In G1 phase (First Gap) the cell grows and
collect the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the corresponding proteins as well as sufficient energy
reserves to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus. S Phase (Synthesis of DNA) of
interphase get hold the extensive because of the complication of the genetic material being duplicated. G2
Phase (Second Gap) the cell furnishes its energy stores and incorporate proteins required for chromosome
manipulation.

CELL DIVISION
In eukaryotic cells, there are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
1. MITOSIS - This type of cell division produces two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes.
Mitosis is divided into four stages.

STAGE A: Prophase. The nuclear membrane and nucleoli are still present. The chromosomes are thicker and
shorter or repeated coiling. At this point each chromosome is made up of two identical sister chromatids as a
result of replication of DNA during the S phase. The two chromatids build from one chromosome are still attached
at one point, called the centromere. The centromere divided the chromosome into the shorter arms, also called
the p arms (p’stands for petite in French) and the longer q arms. If the chromosomes are smear using Giemsa,
alternating dark and light regions will emerge. These are the heterochromatin and euchromatin, respectively.
The heterochromatin is more coiled and denser than the euchromatin.

STAGE B: Metaphase. The nuclear membrane has vanished while the highly coiled chromosomes align at the
metaphase, an imaginary plane center between the cells two poles. Spindle fibers are also formed. Each fiber
binds to a protein called the kinetochore at the centromere of each chromatid of the chromosome.

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STAGE C: Anaphase. The paired centromeres of each chromosome discrete towards the opposite poles
of the cells as they are pulled by the spindle fibers through their kinetochores. This free the sister chromatids.
Each chromatid is now considered as a full-fledge chromosome and is only made up of one sister chromatid.

STAGE D: Telophase. The chromosomes at this stage are now at the opposite poles of the spindle. They
start to uncoil and become dim under the light microscope. A new nuclear membrane set up around them
while the spindle fibers disappear. There is also cytokinesis of the division of the cytoplasm to create two
separate daughter cells right away after mitosis.

Now that we’ve reviewed each of the steps, let’s look at the cycle as a whole:

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2. MEIOSIS

This is a special type of cell division where the cell undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce four
daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number as the original parent cell and with a unique set of
genetic material as a result of the exchange of chromosome segments during the process of crossing over.

The first round of meiotic division, also known as meiosis I, consists of four stages: prophase I,
metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Prophase of meiosis I, unlike its counterpart in mitosis, is more
elaborate and should be understood well in order to grasp the mechanisms of heredity.

1. Prophase I

Meiosis starts with this stage and includes the following sub-stages:

In leptotene, each chromosome is made up of two long threads of sister chromatids as a result of
replication during the S phase of the cell cycle.

In zygotene, the chromosomes begin to pair off. Pairs of

chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes, and this pairing
process is exact.

In pachytene, the chromosomes contract due to repeated coiling.

Crossing overtakes place during this stage where a segment of a sister
chromatid of one chromosome is exchanged with the same segment of
the sister chromatid of the homologous chromosome through the
formation of a cross-linkage of the segments called a chiasma. After
crossing over, the sister chromatids of each chromosome may no longer
be identical with each other based on the genetic material they contain.

In diplotene, the chromosomes begin to uncoil.

In diakinesis, the paired chromosomes disperse in the nucleus.

2. Metaphase I

At this stage, the spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres
of the chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes separate from each
other completely and start their movement toward the poles of the cells
as they are pulled by the spindle fibers. As the centromere of each
chromosome does not divide, the sister chromatids remain together.

2. Anaphase I

At this stage, when the chromosomes reach their respective poles.

Cytokinesis follows and two daughter cells are formed. Each cell now has
only half the chromosome number because only one chromosome from
each pair goes to the daughter cell which is called the haploid condition.

Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is,
therefore, necessary for the cells to undergo another round of division.

The second meiotic division, also known as meiosis II, is mitotic in

nature and consists of the following stages: prophase II, metaphase II,
anaphase II, and telophase II; these stages are identical to the mitotic
stages. The results are four cells, two from each daughter cell from

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meiosis, with one half the diploid chromosome number and with only one sister chromatid for each
chromosome.

Mitosis and meiosis are nuclear processes of cell divisions.

Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while meiosis involves
the division of sex cells. The division of a cell occurs once in
mitosis but twice in meiosis. Two daughter cells are produced after
mitosis and cytoplasmic division, while four daughter cells are
produced after meiosis. Daughter cells resulting from mitosis are
diploid, while those resulting from meiosis are haploid. Daughter
cells that are the product of mitosis are genetically identical.
Daughter cells produced after meiosis are genetically diverse.

In a unicellular organism, the purpose of mitosis is to

proliferate as a species. In a multicellular organism, the purpose
can be to grow during development, or to repair or regenerate
damaged tissue, for example. While meiosis is preceded by a
process of DNA replication that converts each chromosome into
two sister chromatids. To create gametes with only one copy of
the organism’s genetic information, in preparation for sexual
reproduction. Various steps in meiosis create opportunities for
genetic diversity in the daughter cells. This is the raw substrate for
evolution.

SCIENCE LEVEL CHECK #4:

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write it on the blank
provided before each item number. USE CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY!

____________1. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular

reproduction. Which of the following describe an event that results from mitosis but
not meiosis?
A. Two stages of cell division
B. Replication of cellular genetic materials
C. Daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell
D. Four daughter cells that are produced from each parent each parent cell

____________2. The diagram on the below shows a cellular process that occurs in organisms.
A. Meiosis B. Mitosis C. Meiosis I D. Cytokinesis

____________3. What happen to sister chromatid in Meiosis II?

A. duplicate B. separate C. remain together D. do not take part

____________4. Which of the following accurately states the end result of meiosis?
A. Four diploid cells C. Four haploid cells

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 B. One diploid cell D. One haploid cell

____________5. During which division does the halving of chromosome occur?

A. Meiosis I B. Meiosis II C. Both Meiosis I and II D. Mitosis II

____________6. How many daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

____________7. How many chromosomes are in the human egg cell or human sperm cell?
A. 46 in the egg; 46 in the sperm C. 24 in each
B. 46 in the egg; 23 in the sperm D. 23 in the sperm; 23 in the egg
C.
____________8. After mitosis takes place, the daughter cells have what number of chromosomes as
compared to the parent cell?
A. 46 B. same C. half D. double

____________9. Egg and sperms are types of sex called .

A. embryo B. somatic cells C. body cells D. gametes

____________10. Why is it important for the daughter cells to divide a second time in meiosis?
A. The second division switch parts of matching chromatids to increase genetic variation.
B. The second division forms four identical cells to ensure that all offspring have same traits.
C. The second division sorts chromosomes into cells that are the same as the parent cells.
D. The second division forms haploid cells that can combine with other haploid cells during
fertilization

____________11. Which of the following best compares the process of mitosis and meiosis?
A. Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in diploid daughter cells, while meiosis consists
of the two division cycles and results in haploid gametes.
B. Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in haploid gametes, while meiosis consists of
two division cycles and results in diploid daughter cells.
C. Mitosis involves two division cycle and results in diploid gametes, while meiosis
consists of one division cycles and results in haploid gametes.
D. Mitosis involves two division cycle and results in haploid gametes, while meiosis
consists of one division cycles and results in diploid daughter cells.

____________12. Which of the following occurs during mitosis?

A. The nuclear membrane pinches one cell into two.
B. The chromosomes of the parent cell are copied.
C. The parent cell takes in nutrients ad doubles in size.
D. The nucleus of the parent cell divides into two nuclei.

____________13. During which of cellular reproduction does crossing over occur?

A. Only during mitosis. C. During meiosis.
B. During mitosis and meiosis. D. During mitosis and eukaryotic cell.

____________14. What is the correct order of steps in the cell cycle?

A. Mitosis, interphase, meiosis C. Interphase, meiosis, mitosis
B. Interphase, mitosis, meiosis D. Meiosis, interphase, mitosis

____________15. In the production of gametes, which of the following is correct?

I. In sperm cells, four haploid gametes are produced.
II. In egg cells, meiosis results in a single haploid gamete.

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 III. In sperm cells, one haploid gamete is produced.
IV. In egg cells, meiosis results in four haploid gametes.

A. I and II B. III and IV C. I and III D. II and I

____________16. What happen during Telophase?

A. The chromosome is at the opposite poles of the spindle.
B. The chromosome is at the center of the poles.
C. The spindle fiber did not disappear.
D. The spindle fiber is formed.

____________17. What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?

1 – Metaphase 2 – Telophase 3 – Anaphase 4 – Prophase

A. 4, 1, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 1, 4 C. 1, 2, 3, 4 D. 4, 1, 3, 2

____________18. In both mitosis and meiosis, sister chromatids separate during anaphase, but there
are ________haploid daughter nuclei produced by meiosis compared to diploid nuclei by
mitosis.
A. 6 and 3 B. 4 and 2 C. 2 and 4 D. 3 and 6

____________19. What will be going to happen if something goes wrong during meiosis?
A. Defective gametes C. Chromosome did not duplicate
B. Undergo another phase D. Gametes did not acquired chromosomes

____________20. Human gametes normally have chromosomes.

A. 23 B. 26 C. 47 D. A diploid number