CHAPTER 7 PROBLEMS 7.1. Find a rectangle of maximum perimeter that can be inscribed in a circle of unit radius given by gay =a? +9 Check the eigenvalues for suficient conditions Consider point ¢ with coordinates (2, y) as shown in Figure 62. GURE 62 CConstrsint function of Problem 7. The problem is to find the minimum value of the function Say) = +y) subject to the equality constraint a(z,y) = 2? +y?-1=0 147148 conTENTS Forming the Lagrangian function, we obtain £=A(ety) + Matty? -1) ‘The resulting necessary conditions for constrained local maxima of £ are aL 4+2d2=0 aL uv 44204 ayy ye ae tts From the first two conditions, we obtain x = y. Substituting for y in the third ‘condition results in sou 72828 “or WoT) and the perimeter is p= (x+y) = 4(0.707 +0.707) = 5.656 ‘To see ifthe perimeter is a maximum, we evaluate the second derivatives and form the Hessian matrix 2 0 ]_[ 5.656 0 o a} > 5.656 “The second partial derivatives are negative, thus p is @ maximum, 72. Find the minimum of the function Se,y) = 2? +29? subject to the equality constraint ae) =2 + 2y+4=0 Check for the sufficient conditions.Forming the Lagrangian function, we obtain Lae 42+ Net2y+4) ‘The resulting necessary conditions for constrained local minima of £ are aL ay ac a From the first two conditions, we obtain 2 = y. Substituting for y in the third condition results in 30. 8 3 and the minimum distance is a pay aye +at=(F) +2) “To se if this distance is minimum, we evaluat the second derivatives and form S(z,y) = 333 20 [04] “The second paral deivatves are positive, hus te minimum distance to origin is atpoint (2,0) = ($$) 7.3. Use the Lagrangian multiplier method for solving constrained parameter op- timization problems to determine an isosceles triangle of maximum area that may be inscribed in a circle of radius 1 Consider point ¢ with coordinates (2,1 + y) as shown in Figure 63. The problem is to maximize the area of the triangle given by150. contents \ YL’ FIGURE 6 CConscant function of Problem 7.3, subject to the equality constraint P+y-1=0 g(a.9) = Forming the Lagrangian function, we obtain Caa(l+y)+Me?+¥-1) ‘The resulting necessary conditions for constrained local maxima of £ are byt Dae r+ Day ae riety From the first two conditions, we obtain y+) Substituting for 2? in the third condition results in By ty- which results in y = 0.5, and y = —1. For y However, for y = 0.5, we obtain x = 0.866, and = 0 1, 2 = 0, and area is zero. (0.866, and the area is 19 (1+) = (0.866)(1.5) = 1.299contents 181 74, For a second-order bandpass filter with transfer function H(s)=——“"_, = ayant determine the values of the damping ratio and natural frequency, ¢ and w,, cor- responding to a Bode plot whose peak occurs at 7071.07 radians/sec and whose hhalf-power bandwidth is 12,720.2 radians/sec. The frequency response transfer function is HGw) = H(jw) Torley aul=) (ey nx( The magnitude of the frequency response transfer function is HGw)| = The amplitude is maximum when the denominator is minimum, Thus the problem is to minimize the function fle) = (: (2)) +4ce(2) (H(jw)| is maximum when 22) = 0, This condition results in the peak resonant frequency given by Wr = wm yf — 2¢? (P71) eye Solving for (#)* results in 20P 41 P72)182 contents From (P7.1), we have (1-20) = (“)" 73) (2)-( From the above expression, we obtain wh uh (ob —2 ra) Substituting for w, — 7,071.07 rad/s, and wy — 12,720.2 radi results in wy, = 10,000 rad/s, and from (P7.3), we have (1-2) = Ft), 6=05 7.5. Find the minimum value of the function fay) = subject to the equality constraint g(2,y) = 2? -62-y° +17 =0 Forming the Lagrangian function, we obtain Laat tyt Me? —62-y +17) ‘The resulting necessary conditions for constrained local maxima of £ are aL & ~ 204 A2x-6) Fe a 2+ Ae 6) =0 aL Gyn yn v8 ala at 62-y be t= R bry? +17 =0From the second condition A = 1. Substituting inthe first condition 2+ (I)(2e-6)—0 or 215 Substituting for z in the third condition results in y = 3.20156. Thus the minimum value of the function is f( (1.5)? + (8.20156)? = 12.5 76. Find the minimum value ofthe function fawaety subject to one equality constraint o(2y) =2? 82 -y?+20=0 and one inequality constraint ulz,y) = 2 by 6 ‘The unconstrained cost function from (7.16) is La ty + Mat —S2—y? +20) + wz by 6) ‘The resulting necessary conditions for constrained local minima of L are Eo ort Nox -8)+24=0 aL 2 — oy —2ry+ n= 0 By DY DH ac 2 ast Sr 42050 ac en ety-8 Eliminating y from the frst two equations result in 22(A+1) +4y(A-1)154 contENTS From the fourth condition, we have Substituting for y in the above equation, yields _ 2-19 10-6 Now substituting for 7 in the previous equation, we get 12420 O- 6X Substituting for 2 and y in the third condition (equality constraint) results in an equation in terms of 4 24-19)? (24-19) 12+ 2A)? (ae) 8 Goma) ~ (RA) 479-0 from which we have the following equation 507A? — 1690 + 1232 Roots ofthe above equation are A = $$ and A = #4. Substituting for these values of} in the expression fr 2 and y, the corresponding extrema are (9) = (0,4) # “T ‘The minimum distance from the cost function is 17, located at point (1, 4), and the ‘maximum distance is 50.22 located at point (5.333, ~4.666) 171. The fuel-costfunetions in Sh for two 800 MW thermal plants ae given by Cy = 400-4 6.07; + 0.00472 C,=5004 Pr + 9P where P and P; are in MW, (a) The incremental cost of power A is $8/MWh when the total power demand is 550 MW, Neglecting losses, determine the optimal generation of each plant.CONTENTS 155 (b) The incremental cost of power A is $10/MWh when the total power demand is 1300 MW. Neglecting losses, determine the optimal generation of each plant (©) From the results of (a) and (b) find the fuel-cost coefficients and y of the second plant. ac Fry = 8 + 0.008P; = ac 5 SH P+ RP=d (@) For A= 8, and Pp Py = Pp ~ Py = 500 — 250 = 300 MW (b) For = 10, and Pp = 1300 MW, we have w-6 : P= Sygy ~ 500 MW Py = Pp — P, = 1300 — 500 = 800 MW ‘The incremental cost of power for plant 2 are given by 4 +25(800) = 8 4 +25(800) = 10 Solving the above equations, we find = 6.8, and -y = 0,002 17.8. The fuel-cost functions in S/h for three thermal plants are given by Cy = 350 + 7.20P; + 0.004002 Cy = 800 + 7.80P; + 0.00252? Cs = 600 + 6.74Ps + 0.00303 where Pi, Py, and Ps are in MW. The governors are set such that generators share the load equally. Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the total cost in $b when the total load is @ Pp = 450 MW i) Pp Mw Gi) Pp = 1335 MW156 conTENTS (i) For Py = 450 MW, Py = Pp = Py = $2 = 160 MW. The total fuel costis ©, = 350 + 7.20(150) + 0.004(150)? + 500 + 7.3(150) + 0.0025(150)? + ‘600 + 6.74(150) + 0.003(150)? = 4,849.75 $/h MW. The total fuel cost is Gi) For Pp = 745 MW, Py = Ps = 18) von -a7a( ) +500 4 i3(@) + 0.0025 ') = 7,310.46 s/h = 300 +-7.20( Gil) For Pp = 1335 MW, Py = Py = P, = 445 MW. The total fuel cost is Cr = 350 + 7.20(445) + 0.004(445)? + 500 + 7.3(445) + 0.0025(445)* + {600 + 6.74(445) + 0.008(445)? = 12,783.04 $/ 79 Neglecting line losses and generator limits, determine the optimal scheduling of generation for each loading condition in Problem 7.8 (a) by analytical technique, using (7.3) and (7.31), (b) using Iterative method. Start with an initial estimate of A = 7.5 S/MWh. (©) find the savings in Sh for each case compared tothe costs in Problem 7.8 when the generators shared load equally Use the dispatch program to check your results, (a) @ For Pp = 4 MW, from (7.33), Ais found to be Substituting for A in the coordination equation, given by (7.31), the optimal dis- patch is 80-72 P= Toooay 7 100 », 80-73 P= sro.g005) ~ M° _ 80-674 ** 370.003)conteNTs 187 (2) ii) For Pp = 745 MW, from (7.33), Ais found to be: 745 + 3483.333, | asap = 86 S/MWh Substituting for A in the coordination equation, given by (7.31), the optimal dis- patch is 86-72) Pi~ damn 17 86-73 = zona) ~ 76° py = 88 = 874 _ yg 2(0.003) (@) (ii) For Pp = 1335 MW, from (7.33), dis found to be 1335 + 3483.33, =98 s/MWh 491.666 98 §/ Substituting for A in the coordination equation, given by (7.31), the optimal dis- patch is ~ 370.0025) _ 986.74 5 = Qieo03y (©) For the numerical solution using the gradient method, assume the initial value of AC = 7.5, From coordination equations, given by (7.31), Pi, Ps, and Py are 4a) 15-129 2 = Tg = aT 000 4) _ 75-73 _ 2” = groroas) ~ 10-0008 6.6666 i) Pp = 450 MW, the error AP from (7.39) is AP) = 450 — (37.5 + 40 ~ 126.6666) = 245.8333158 conTENTS From (7.37) aye) — 285.8333 _ 5 ~ WL6o66 ‘Therefore, the new value of Ais A= 75405 =8.0 Continuing the process, for the second iteration, we have (a) _ 80-72 P= gona a) _ 80-73 2 = Jomo) pe 80-674 2(0.003) AP") = 450 — (100 + 140 + 210) = 0.0 Since AP) = 0, the equality constraint is met in tw. rations, Gi) Pp = 745 MW, the error AP from (7.39) is, APO) = 745 ~ (87.5 + 40 + 126.6666) = 540.8333 From (7.37) ‘ano — 520.8883 © 491.6666 i ‘Therefore, the new value of Ais A) =75411=86 Continuing the process, for the second iteration, we have 12 PY = 30008) a) 86-73 PE = 50.0025) po 88-674 20.003)and. AP!) — 745 ~ (175 + 260 + 130) = 0.0 Since AP) = 0, the equality constraint is met in two iterations ii) Pp = 1335 MW, the error AP from (7.39) is APO = 1335 ~ (87.5 + 40 ~ 126.6666) = 1130.83: From (7.37) 1130.33, a) = AN 491.6666 ‘Therefore, the new value of Ais AM =75423=98 Continuing the process, for the second iteration, we have 2) _ 98-72 _ Pe = ey = 5 2) _ 98-73 _ 2 ~ 3(0,0025) 2) _ 98-6.74 Bs 20005) ~ °° and AP) — 1335 — (325 + 500 +510) = 0.0 Since AP®) = 0, the equality constraint is met in two iterations (oxi) For Py = 100 MW, P; = 140 MW, and Ps = 210 MW, the total fuel cost is C 350 + 7.20(100) + 0.004(100)? + 500 + 7.3(140) + 0.0025(140)? + {600 + 6.74(210) + 0.003(210)? = 4,828.70 $/h Compared to Problem 7.8 (i), when the generators shared load equally, the saving is 4,849.75 - 4,828,70 = 21.05 Sih.160 contENTS (ei) For Py = 175 MW, P; = 260 MW, and Ps = 310 MW, the total fuel cost (Cy = 350 | 7.20(175) 4 0.004(175)? + 500 + 7.3(260) + 0.0025(260)? {600 + 6.74(810) + 0.003(310)? = 7,277.20 S/h Compared to Problem 7.8 (ii), when the generators shared load equally, the saving is 7,310.46 - 7,277.20 = 33.26 Shh (Gli) For P, = 325 MW, P; = 500 MW, and P; = 510 MW, the total fuel costis Cy = 350 } 7.20(325) 1 0.004(325)* + 500 } 7.3(500) {600 + 6.74(510) + 0.008(610)? = 12,705.20 $/ Compared to Problem 7.8 (ii), when the generators shared load equally, the saving is 12,783.04 - 12,705.20 = 77.84 Sih, ‘To check the results we use the following commands cost = [350 7.2 0.004 500 7.3 0.0025 600 6.74 0.003); @isp(’ (1) Pat = 450 Mw) Pat = 450; dispatch gencost aisp(? (ii) Pat = 745 Mw) Paz = 745; dispatch gencost @isp(? (iii) Pat = 1335 MW?) Pai 35; dispatch gencost ‘The result is Increnental cost of delivered power (system lambda)=8.0 $/MWn Optimal Dispatch of Generation 100.0000 140.0000contents 161 210.0000 Total generation cost 4828.70 $/h (ii) Pat = 745 MH) Incremental cost of delivered power (systen lambda: Optimal Dispatch of Generation 6 $/Mirn 175.0000 260.0000 310.0000 Total generation cost = 7277.20 $/b (iii) Pat = 1335 MW Increnental cost of delivered po! Optimal Dispatch of Generation r (system Lambda)=8.80 $/Mith 325.0000 500.0000 510.0000 Total generation cost = 12705.20 $/h 7.10. Repeat Problem 7.9 (a) and (b), but this time consider the following generator limits (in MW) 122 < P, < 400 260 < P, < 600 50 < Py < 445 Use the dispatch program to check your results. In Problem 7.9, in part (a) (i), the optimal dispatch are >, = 100 MW, Pz = M0 MW, and P; = 210 MW. Since Py and P; ate less that their lower limit, these plants are pegged at their lower limits. That is, P, = 122, and P= 260 MW. Therefore, P = 450 — (122 + 260) = 68 MW. In Problem 7.9, in patt (a) (i), the optimal dispatch are Py = 175 MW, P, = 260 MW, and P; = 310 MW. which are within the plants generation limits. In Problem 7.9, in part (a) (ii), the optimal dispatch are P; = 325 MW, P, = 500 MW, and P, = 510 MW, Since P, exceed its upper limit, this plant is, pegged at P, = 445, Therefore, a load of 1335 — 445 = 890 MW must be shared between plants I and 2, with equal incremental fuel cost give by 00-4 22. 4 78 + aos + moor162 contENTS 10 $/MWh Substituting for A in the coordination equation, given by (7.31), the optimal dis- patch is, wo-72 p= aT _ 55 Roa) °° 1013 »= RB <0 Since P, and P) are within their limits the above result is the optimal dispatch, (b) For part (ii), The iterative method is as follows In Problem 7.9 (b) part (ii) starting with an initial value of A“) = 7.5, the optimal dispatch was obtained in two iterations as P, = 325 MW, P; — 500 MW, and Ps = 510 MW, with A = 9.89/MWh. Since P, exceed its upper limit, this plant is pegged at Py = 445 and is kept constant at this value. Thus, the new imbalance in power is APO) = 1335 — (325 + 500 4 445) = 65 From (7.37) 65, 6. aa) = © ___ & _o ow + arom | 25 ‘Therefore, the new value of A is A® =9.8+02=10 For the third iteration, we have 0) 10-72 _ 4 1 ~ 300008) 0) _ 10-73 Pe (0.0025) — oto Pp) = 45 and APO) = 1335 — (850 + 540 +445) = 0.0CONTENTS 163 AP©) = 0, and the equality constraint is met and Py and P, are within their limits. The following commands can be used to obtain the optimal dispatch of generation including generator limits To check the results, we use the following commands cost = [350 7.2 0.004 500 7.3 0.0025 600 6.74 0.003); mulimits =[ 122 400 260 600 50 445) ypat = 450; ypae = 748; Pat = 1335; dispatch gencost The result is Incremental cost of delivered pover (systen lambda) = 10.0 $/Mih Optimal Dispatch of Generation 350 540 445 Total generation cost = 12724.38 $/h 7.11. The fuel-cost function in $/h of two thermal plants are Cy = 320+ 6.2P; + 0.004P? Cz = 200 + 6.0P2 + 0.0037} where P; and P; arc in MW, Plant outputs are subject to the following limits (in Mw) 50

200d + T7687 x OOONTRE!? ~ 20.008 + F-7ORT x 0.000625 = 235.514 From (7.65) 19778 An) = = 0.0839 Therefore, the new value of \is A) = 7.7687 + 0.0830 = 7.8026 For the third iteration, we have 78026 — 6.2 ) - Pre 2(0.004 + 7.8026 x 0.000125) 161.0548 MW po 7.8026 ~ 6.0 os. Mw 0.008 + 7.8026 x 0.00006 The real power loss is P{) = 0.000125(161.0548)? + 0.000625 (258.4252)? = 7.4163 Since Pp = 412.35 MW, the error AP) from (7.68) is AP) = 412.35 + 7.4163 — (161.0548 + 258.4252) = 0.2863166 contENTs From (7.71) sh (on) 00d + 0000125 x62, 0.008 + 0.0000025 x 8.0 2, (ax) ~ 2001+ 7.8006 x o-o00T25)F * B[0.005 + 7.8026 x 0.0000025) = 235.18 ‘From (7.65) ) _ 0.2688 . - Ane) = SR = 0012 ‘Therefore, the new value of Ais X18) = 7.8026 + 0.0011 — 7.8038 Continuing the process, the optimal dispatch after six iteration converges to P; = 161.1765 MW, and P; = 258.6003 MW, with an incremental production cost of = 7.80388/MWh, ‘To check the results, we use the following commands We use the following commands cost = [320 6.2 0.004 200 6.0 0.003); melimits =[ 50 250 50. 350); Pas = 412.35; 5 0 00,0062) basenva=100; Lambda = 7.0; @ispatch gencost ‘The result is B= 0.0125 ° © 0.0063 Increnental cost of delivered power (system lambda} Optinal Dispatch of Generation 7.803862 $/HWh 161.1765 258.6003, Total generation cost 3378.43 $/nCONTENTS 167 7.12. The 9-bus power system network of an Bleetrie Utility Company is shown in Figure 64, The load data is tabulated below. Voltage magnitude, generation sched- ule and the reactive power limits for the regulated buses are also tabulated below. Bus 1, whose voltage is specified as V; = 1.030°, is taken as the slack bus. LOAD DATA Bus No._MW__Mvar To 0 ‘GENERATION DATA 2% 10 Bus Voltage Generation _Mvar Limils 3025 15 No. Mag. MW Min, 4 0 5 T 105 s 40 20 2 Loa 80 0 250 6 6 40 7101 120 O10 7 w 5 8 80 60 9100 80 IRE 64 One-line diagram fr Problem 7.12. ‘The line data containing the series resistance and reactance in per unit, and ‘one-half ofthe total capacitance in per unit susceptance on a 100 MVA base is tab- ulated below.168 conTENTS [-_—_TINEDATA_——] Bus Bus RX, 5B No._No. PU PU___PU TOTS 0.055 0.0045 0.014 0.036 0.0030 0.006 0.030 0.0028 0.013 0.036 0.0030 0.010 0.050 0.0000 0.018 0.056 0.0000 0.020 0.060 0.0000 0.015 0.045 0.0038 0,002 0.066 0.0000 0.032. 0.076 0.0000 0.022 0.065 0.0000 ‘The generator’s operating costs in $/h are as follows: Cy = 240 + 6.7P, +-0.009P? C2 = 220 + 6.1P + 0.005P3 Cy = 240 + 6.5; + 0.0083 ‘The generator's real power limits are GENERATOR REAL POWER LIMITS Gen, Min, MW Max, MW) T 30 200 2 50 200 7 50 100 Write the necessary commands to obtain the optimal dispatch of generation using dispatch, Continue the optimization process until the difference (absolute value) between the scheduled slack generation, determined from the coordination equation, and the slack generation, obtained from the power flow solution, is within 0.001 Mw. Place the following statements in an m-file, and run to obtain the optimal solution, clear basenva 00; accuracy = 0.00001; maxiter = 15; Bus Bus Voltage Angle -Load- Generat ctedMw ° 20 25 10 40 60 10 30 00 us NVAR ° 10 18 20 40 60 80 2B 0045 (0030 0028 (0030 ‘0000 ‘0000 ‘0000 0038 ‘0000 ‘0000 0000 contents MW MVAR Qnin Qnax 50 250 ° ° ° ° 100 ° ° 0 0 Line code 1 for line code or tap setting value 169 Mvar ° fore the bus admittance matrix J Power flow solution by Newton-Raphson aethod 4 Prints the power flow solution on the screen 4 Obtains the loss formula coefficients % No code Mag. Degree 1 1 1.03 0.0 2.2 1.04 0.0 30 1.00 0.0 40 1.00 0.0 5 0 1.00 0.0 6 0 1.00 0.0 72 1.01 0.0 B 0 1.00 0.0 90 1.00 0.0 1 4 4 Bus bus RX au al ar p.u. piu linedatas[1 2 0.018 0.054 1 8 0.014 0.036 2 9 0.006 0.030 2 3 0.013 0.036 3 4 0.010 0.050 4 § 0.018 0.056 5 68 0.020 0.060 6 7 0.015 0.045 6 9 0.002 0.086 7 8 0.032 0.076 7 9 0.022 0.085 6.7 0.008 6.1 0.005 240. 6.5 0.008]; mulimits=[50 200 50200 50 100); lsybus Lmmewton, busout, ‘inet low bloss gencost dispatch while dpslack > 0.001 Lfnewton bloss dispatch busout gencost LineflowCHAPTER 8 PROBLEMS 8.1. A sinusoidal voltage given by v(t) = 390sin(315t + a) is suddenly applied toa series RL circuit. R = 32 0 and L = 0.41, (a) The switch is closed at such a time as to permit no transient current. What value of a corresponds to this instant of closing the switch? Obtain the instantaneous expression for i). Use MATLAB to plot i(t) up to 80 ms in steps of 0.01 ms, (b) The switch is closed at such a time as to permit maximum transient current. ‘What value of a: corresponds to this instant of closing the switch? Obtain the in- stantaneous expression for i(t), Use MATLAB to plot i(¢) up to 80 ms in steps of 0.01 ms. (©) What is the maximum value of current in part (b) and at what time does this occur after the switch is closed? v(t) = 390 sin(S15¢ + a) a(t) = Ty sin(315t +a — Inet sin(a — 9) (a) For no transient « 4 (315)(0.4) (315)(0.4) = 32 + 5126 = 130275.7 =T518 = a =75.75' ae) SUas A + a(t) =3sin315t i(t) = 3sin(315e — 5) 4 36% 170contents 171 © 2406 = 0 (3)(815) cos(31se — Use the command [Imax, k] = max(1), tmax = t(k) to find the maximum value of current, and the corresponding time. imaz = 4371 A tna = 0.0096 see Save the following statements in a file named eh8p1.m, and run to obtain the plots. disp(’Problem 8.17) aispC? (a)") alphal= gana; alpha = alphal+180/pi =0: .0004:.08; Inesin(315*t+alphal ~gama) ; subplot(2i1), plov(t, i1), grid xlabel('t, sec’), ylabel('1(t)") (Tmax, x] = maxi) tmax= 200) disp’), (2) alpha2=gana - pi/2; alpha = alpha2#180/pi nvein(315et+alpha? ~gana)-Ineexp(-t/tau) .*8in(alpha2-gana) ; subplot (212), plot(t, 12), grid xlabel(’t, sec’), ylabel(?i(t)’) (r2nax,X] = max(32) tmax= £00) 8.2. Consider the synchronous generator in Example 8.2. A three-phase short cir- cuit is applied at the instant when the rotor direct axis position is at 8 = 30°. Use ode4S to simulate (8.36), and obtain and plot the transient waveforms for the cur- rent in each phase and the field current In Example 8.2, set 5 = 30°, rename the file and run the program, 8.3, Consider the synchronous generator in Example 8.2. A line-to-line short cir- cuit occurs between phases b and c atthe instant when the rotor direct axis position172 contents is at 6 = 30°. Use oded5 to simulate (8.46), and obtain the transient waveforms for the current in phase b and the field current In Example 8.3, set 6 = 30°, rename the file and run the program. 8.4, Consider a line-to-ground short circuit between phase a and ground in a syn- chronous generator. Apply the short circuit conditions y=i=0 to the voltage equation of the synchronous machine given by (8.4). Substitute for all the flux linkages in terms of the inductances given by (8.9)-(8.13) and verify Equation (8.47) Substituting the given conditions into (8.4), and (8.7) result in % +00 07 Lia Ae op ore 00] lie) @ far 0 “100 rp 0] Jin} dt | Ad ° 00 0 ral lig Xe da] [Loe Lar Lap Lag) [ia de] _ | Lre Le Me 0 | | in do|~ | Lb Me to 0 | fin rel [te 0 0 Le! Lig Substituting the derivative of the second equation into the first one yields ve] [r+ Lea bar Lap Lag] fia) [loa bar lap Loa] _ [ia mtr] ] Lee re 0 0 ffir) Jor Le My 0] d jie ° Lp. 0 tp 0{ fin!” |Loe Me Lo 0 |di lin ° Ie 0 0 ralliol les 0 0 Ze] lig ‘The above inductances are detined in (8.9)~(8.13). Their derivatives are Lag = —2dliyy sin 20 Lap = —wMp sind Lap = —wMp sind Mg cos Lag =CONTENTS 173 Substicusing for the inductances, we obtain lo Lo Fr 2am sin 20M sind —w Mp sin BM 08 2 Fie eMpsind rp 0 | Ke | capsine “6 t o hp | Gagcosa 3 ro dhe “Le Iy 60820 My cos OM cos Ma sin) fia Mrcsd le Mp0 \a hr | Mpcos@ = Mz kn. 0. | @t in Mgsn@ 00g ba where 1 A (bo + ba + Ly) 1s = 3 (Lo + ba + La) 8.5. Consider the synchronous generator in Example 8.2. A line-to-ground short circuit occurs between phase « and ground atthe instant when the rotor direct axis position is at 6 = 30°. Use odedS to simulate (8.47), and obtain the transient wave- forms for the current in phase @ and the field current. In Example 8.4, set 5 = 30°, rename the file and run the program, 8.6. A three-phase, 60-Hz synchronous machine is driven al constant synchronous speed by a prime mover. The armature windings are initially open-circuited and field voltage is adjusted so that the armature terminal voltage is at the rated value e., 1.0 per unit). The machine has the following per unit reactances and time constants, X= 0.25 pu rf = 0.04 sec Xf = 045 pu 1h = 14 see Xq = 1.50 pu (@) Determine the steady state, transient, and subtransient short circuit currents. (b) Obtain and plot the fundamental-frequency waveform of the armature current for a three-phase short circuit atthe terminals of the generator. Assume the short circuit is applied atthe instant when the rotor direct axis is along the magnetic axis174 contexts of phase a, 1e., 6 = 0. (@) = 0.6667 pu 2 9.2992 pu (b) From (8.57), we have foot) = [2.514267 + 2.2¢-°78 4 0,948] sin at Use the following statements to obtain the short-circuit plot. aisp(-Problen 8.6") WO = 2epix60; EO = 1.0; delta = 0; Kd2dash = 0.25; Xédash = 0.45; Ka = 1.5; tau2dash = 0.04; taudash = 1.4; te0:1/(44240) : 34; ac = sqrt (2)*E0s ((1/Xa2dash-1/X4dash) sexp(-t/tau2dash) + (I/Kadash-1/Xa) sexp(-t/taudash) + 1/Kd).*sin(udet + delta); Gil = sqrt (2)*B0* ((1/Xa2dash-1/Xddash) sexp (-t/tau2dash) + (i/adash-1/Xa) eexp(-t/taudash) + 1/Ka) ; 412 = sqrt (2)*B0* ((1/Xadash-1/Ka) vexp (-t/taudash)+1/Kd); aidesqrt(2)+E0/Xdeones (1, 1ength(e)); plot(t, jac, t, dit, &, di2, &, i3), grid xlabel('t, sec’), ylabel(riac, A’) e? iact) 8.7. For the machine in Problem 8.6, assume that a three-phase short circuit is ap- plied at the instant when the rotor quadrature axis is along the magnetic axis of phase a, i, 6 = x/2 radians. Obtain and plot the asymmetrical waveform of the armature current for phase a, The armature short circuit time constant is 7 = 0.3 From (8.59), we have nh Ey un IS sind etl xy al Tac =v (e999 = 5.656809CONTENTS 175 “The asymmetrical short circuit current is 5) + 5.6568¢-83555" inay(t) = [25142672 + 2.2¢707 4 0.9428) sin(ut + 8.8. A three-phase, 60-Hz synchronous machine is driven at constant synchronous, speed by a prime mover. The armature windings are initially open-circuited and field voltage is adjusted so that the armature terminal voltage is atthe rated value (ie., 1.0 per unit). The generator is suddenly subjected to a symmetrical three phase short circuit at the instant when direct axis is along the magnetic axis of phase a, ie. 6 = 0. An oscillogram of the short-circuited current is obtained. The peak values atthe first two eycles, at the 20th and 21st eyeles, and the steady value ater a Tong time were recorded as tabulated in the Following table. Tran Pa ] 54016 46087 Te 26 Time, see | 0.0042 0.0208 080. Determine the transient and the subtransient reactances and time constants. The following statements are written with reference to the procedure in Section 89). @isp(’Problem 8.87) BO = 1.05 §.4016 4.6037 2.6930 2.6720 0.9445); (0.0042 0.0208 0.3208 0.3375 10.004); In/sqrt (2); W The rms value of the above envelop : ‘rms value of the steady short-circuit (3) va]; 4 First two cycles Diz = 1(3)-id £. between transient envelop and id LDi2= 10g(Di2); ‘WMavural log of the above tuo points eQepolyfit(Dt2, LDi2, 1);%Finds coefficients of the polynonial ‘i.e. the slope and intercept of a straight line iddash=(exp(c2(2))+id) rms value of the transient curre! Xédash=E0/iddash 4 Direct-axis transient reactance taudash=abs(1/e2(1)) Short-circuit transient tine const: iddash-id)*[exp(-t(1)/taudash) exp(~t(2)/taudash)] ; Dil=(T(1)-Di(1)~id 1(2)-Di(2)-id); 4 Subtransient envelop LDit=Log (Dit) ; eC) eC]; Natural log of the first tuo points elyfit (Dt, LDit, 1);%Finds coefficients of the polynomial ‘i.e. the slope and intercept of a straight line xp(cl(2))+iddash firms value of subtransient current E0/id2dash Direct-axis subtransient reactance tau2dash-abs(1/cl(1))/Short-circuit subtransient time constant176 contents £20: .008: .045; fit2 = polyval(c2, t); line C2 evaluated for all values of t fitt = polyval(cl, t); Line Ct evaluated for all values of t plot(t, fitt, t, fit2),grid % Logarithmic plot of id’? and id” ylabel(*Ln(1), pu’) % intercepts are In(Id’’) and Ln(Id’) xlabel(’t, sec’) % slopes are the reciprocal of the 1 time constants ‘The result is Hy = 2.2273 pu X= 0.4490; pu rf, = 1.3821 see Ti = 4.0024 pu X= 0.2498; pu rf = 0.0307 sec. 8.9. A 100-MVA, three-phase, 60-Hz generator driven at constant speed has the following per unit reactances and time constants XY=0.20pa rf = 0.04 sec X)=030pu 7) = LO sec Xy=120pu 7, = 0.25 see ‘The armature windings are intially open-circuited and field voltage is ad- Justed so thatthe armature terminal voltage is atthe rated value (i.e. 1.0 per unit ‘The generator is suddenly subjected to a symmetrical three-phase short circuit at the instant when = 7/2. Obtain and plot the asymmetrical waveform of the ar mature current for phase a. Determine (a) The rms value of the ae component in phase a at ¢ = 0. (b) The de component of the current in phase a at t = 0 (c) The rms value of the asymmetrical current in phase a at t = 0. Fo _ 10 1a= % = Ty = 08838 po Eo _ 10 W= y= Gg = 3.9098 pu Ey _ 10 MS gg 50 mo From (8.57), we have felt) = V3(A) [5 ~ 3.3333)e°4/°% (3.3333 — 0.8833) e°* + 0.8333] sin(wt + 5) fge(t) = [2.8571e* 4 3.5contents 177 From (8.59), we have Tas = VS)" = TOT pu Use the following statements to obtain the short-circuit plot. disp(’Problem 8.97) WO = 24pi*60; EO = 1.0; delta = pi/2; Xa2dash = 0 Xddash = 0.3; Xd * 1.2; tau2dash = 0.04; taudash = 1.0; taua-0.25; e0:4/(44240): 34; ‘vei/240: 1/60: 1; fac = sqrt(2)*E0*((1/Xa2dash-1/Xddash) *exp(-t/tau2dash) + (a/Xddash-1/Ka) *exp(-t/taudash) + 1/Xd).*sin(wowt + delta); sasy=iactsqrt (2) *E0/Xd2dashesin (delta) *exp(-t/taua) ; plot(t, iasy), grid xlabel(’t, sec’), ylabel(?iac, A’) [er iasy'] (a) Att = 0, ge = 2.3571 + 3.5355 + 1.1785 pu, (b) ALE=0, Lie = 7.01 (©) At t= 0, the rms value of the asymmetrical current in phase a is 2+ (TOTP = 8.66 pu 7.0711 pu. Therefore, Iacems = 5 Leeym = 8.10. A 100-MVA, 20-KV, 60-Hz three-phase synchronous generator is connected toa 100-MVA, 20/400 kV three-phase transformer, The machine has the following per unit reactances and time constants, XJ=015pa — 7f = 0.036 see X,=025pu 7, = 0.50see Xq=125pu = 0.3 see The transformer reactance is 0.25 per unit, The generator is operating at the rated voltage and no-load wien a three-phase short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of the transformer. (@) Find the subtransient, transient, andthe steady state short circuit currents in per Unit and actual amperes on both sides of the transformer, (b) What is the maximum asymmetrical rms current (ac plus dc) at the beginning of the short circuit? (©) Obtain and plot the instantaneous expression forthe short circuit current includ- ing the de component. Assume 6 = =/2 radians.178 contents (a) The base current on the generator side is 200 x 10 a = 2886.75 A v5.20 T52 = Faq the subtransient, transient and the steady state short circuit currents are Lo 1p = —*° _ 2.5 pu = 7,216.88 A. on the generator si f= STE oR ~ 25 PUA 7,216.88 A on the generator side 360.84 on the 400-KV side : 10 5 = = 20 pu=5.773.5.A on the generator side Th RET AW 20 PU=S.ITBS A on the g i = 288.675.A on the 400-KV side 10 5 5 La TRE TTT ~ 00.8067 pu= 1,924.5 A on the generator side = 96.225 on the 400-KV side (b) The maximum rms current (ac plus de) at the beginning of the fault is aay = V5} = V5 (25 = 4.33 pu = 12,500A. on the generator side (¢) The instantaneous short cireuit current including the de component from (8.60), for é = n/2is i(t) = VBI — Toe W4 + (—Te)e“U 9 + Ly sin B77 + 0/2) + V BTV i(0) = [0.707165 4 1.8856¢-* + 0.9428] sin(377L + m/2) 4 3.5355e 88 pa Use the following commands to obtain the solution and a plot of &¢) @isp(/problen 8.10') 1.28; Xdid = 0.25; Xd2d = 0.18; Xt = 0.25; 100; 'VL1 = 20; VL2 = 400; '$B*1000/ (sqrt (3)4VL1) ; VLA/VL2=1B1; Id2d = 1.0/(xazaexke) ; @isp(('142dash = ', nun2str(Id2d) ‘pa ’ mun2str(1d2d*1B1), °A > ymum2str(Id2deIB2), °A)) Tdtd = 1.0/(Ka1aext) ;CONTENTS 179 @isp(['Ididash nun2str(Idié) pu ? nundstr(Id1d+1B1) , ’R * numastr(Idid=TB2), °47]) Td = 1.0/(Ka4K) 5 @isp(('Id =’, num2str(id) ’pu ’, nundstr(Id*1B1), ’R * ynumastr (1d#1B2), °A”)) Iasy = sqrt(3)*1a2d; disp([’Iasy =’, nun2str(Iasy) pa * ,num2str(Iasy*IB1), 1” » num2str (Iasy+1B2), °A’)) +0: 02:6; it = sqrt(2)#( (1d2d-Zdld) vexp(~t/0.035) + (Td1d-Id) exp (t/0.5)414 }.#sin(377*t4pi/2) +sqrt (2)*Td2dvexp(-t/0.3) ; plot(t, it), grid xlabel(’t, sec’), ylabel(?i, A’) title(’Short circuit current including de component’) 8.11. In Problem 8.10, a three-phase load of 80-MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging is connected to the transformer secondary side. The line-to-line voltage at the load terminals is 400 kV. A three-phase short circuit occurs at the load terminals. Find the generator transient current including the load current. ‘The load may be represented by a per unit impedance. 6.87" = 0.8236.87° pu So = 9813087" p = 120° pu 3 o8-36 Before fault, the load current is 10z0" ~ T0+ 7075 ‘The emf behind transient reactance is = 0.64 — 30.48 = 14-36.87° pu BaV4i(Xh+ XM = 1.020" + 5(0.25 + 0.25)(0.64 ~ 70.48) =1.24 + 0.32=1.2806/14.47" pu ‘When the fault is applied by closing switch S, the generator short circuit transient current is 1.244032 _ 0.64 — j2.4 = 2.56¢-75.53° pu 1 FRED ~ (0250.25) — = 7,393,692—180 conTENTS 8.12. A 100-MVA, 20-KV synchronous generator is connected through a transmis- sion line to a 100-MVA, 20-KV synchronous motor, The per unit transient reac- tances of the generator and motor are 0.25 and 0.20, respectively. The line reac- tance on the base of 100 MVA is 0.1 per unit. The motor is taking 50 MW at 0.8 power factor leading at a terminal voltage of 20 kV. A three-phase short circuit ‘occurs at the generator terminals, Determine the transient currents in each of the two machines and in the short circuit w= Besse vn 00251-2880 pu Vg 22 as" pu 3 ‘The generator emf behind transient reactance is = Vin + 9(X4y + XEN = 1OL0* + 9(0.25 + 0.10}(0.5 + 70.375) 0.8688 + 30.1750 = 0.8862£11.389° pu ‘The motor emaf behind transient reactance is Em = Vin ~ j(Xbyy)E = 1.020° ~ 3(0.20)(0.5 + 50.875) 5.3145" pu = L075 ~ 50.10 = 1.0796. 8 5° — 0:8862411.389" _ 4, 0.25 , Ein 1.07962 5 Tey = hin = LOBES SS" _ 3333 — 59.5833, ™ FX, + Xn) 70.30 3 = 3.59882 3145° pu ‘The short-circuit current is Ty = Ty + Lh, = (0.70 — 53.475) + (0.8333 — 33,58333) = 7.06794 87.026" pu