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OSI Model - Internet and Networking, Computer Awareness - General Awareness and Knowledge - Bank Exams PDF Download

The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model, describing each layer including its purpose, common protocols and networking devices. It provides details on the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers.

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Davuluri Sunil Kumar
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51 views

OSI Model - Internet and Networking, Computer Awareness - General Awareness and Knowledge - Bank Exams PDF Download

The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model, describing each layer including its purpose, common protocols and networking devices. It provides details on the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers.

Uploaded by

Davuluri Sunil Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSI Model - Internet & Networking, Computer Awareness

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to


implement protocols in seven layers. You must at first understand that OSI model is not
tangible rather it is conceptual. You can encounter questions related to OSI model in
Computer section of upcoming NICL AO and other banking recruitment exams. Although
from bank exam's point of view you do not need to dive much deep into the technicality of
the topic and networking concepts but a basic knowledge is required as questions can be
framed from the OSI Models concept. Keep on reading to know the basic concepts and
terminology of OSI Model.

The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems


Interconnection (OSI) model. Layers 1-4 are considered the lower layers, and mostly
concern themselves with moving data around. Layers 5-7, the upper layers, contain
application-level data. Each layer has a protocol data unit which is an open-system
interconnection (OSI) term used in telecommunications that refers to a group of information
added or removed by a layer of the OSI model. OSI layer may also have
specific protocols which are a set of rules that governs the communications between
computers on a network.

Layer 1- Physical Layer

The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the transmission and
reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It provides the
hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier network.
Networking Device – Hub, Network Interface Card (NIC), repeater, gateway

Protocol Data Unit - Bit

Some Protocols - Ethernet

The physical layer of the network focuses on hardware elements, such as cables, repeaters,
and network interface cards. By far the most common protocol used at the physical layer is
Ethernet. For example, an Ethernet network (such as 10BaseT or 100BaseTX) specifies the
type of cables that can be used, the optimal topology (star vs. bus, etc.), the maximum length
of cables, etc.

Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

When obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer checks for physical
transmission errors and packages bits into data "frames". The data link layer provides
error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another over the physical layer,
allowing layers above it to assume virtually error-free transmission over the link.

The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and
the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the
network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame
synchronization, flow control and error checking.

Networking Device – Bridge, Ethernet Switches and multi layer switches, proxy server,
gateway

Protocol Data Unit - Frame

Some Protocols – Ethernet, Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

Layer 3 – Network Layer


The network layer controls the operation of deciding which physical path the data should
take based on network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. When data arrives
at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each frame
are examined to determine if the data has reached its final destination. If the data has
reached the final destination, then network layer formats the data into packets delivered up
to the Transport layer. Otherwise, the Network layer updates the destination address and
pushes the frame back down to the lower layers.

Networking Device – Router, multi layer switches, gateway, proxy server

Protocol Data Unit - Packets

Some Protocols – Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), IPv4/IPv6, Internet Protocol, Routing
Information Protocol (RIP), IPX.

Layer 4 – Transport Layer

The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts,
and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It relieves the higher
layer protocols from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their
peers. The transport layer controls the reliability of communications through flow control,
segmentation, and error control. Two great examples of transport protocols are TCP (as in
TCP/IP) and UDP.

Networking Device – proxy server, gateway

Protocol Data Unit – Segments for TCP, Datagram for UDP

Some Protocols – SPX, TCP


TCP, paired with IP, is by far the most popular protocol at the transport level. If the IPX
protocol is used at the network layer, then it is paired with SPX at the transport layer.

Layer 5 – Session Layer

The session layer sets up, coordinates and terminates conversations. Services include
authentication and re-connection after an interruption. It allows session establishment
between processes running on different stations.

Networking Device – gateway, Logical Ports

Protocol Data Unit – Data/Session

Some Protocols – AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol, Remote Procedure Call Protocol (RPC)

Layer 6 – Presentation Layer

As the sixth layer of the OSI model, the presentation layer is primarily responsible for
managing two networking characteristics: protocol and architecture. Whereas, protocol
defines a standard set of guidelines under which the network operates, the network's
architecture determines what protocol applies. Encryption is typically done at this level too.

Networking Device – gateway

Protocol Data Unit – Data/ Encoded User Data

Some Protocols – Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI), Moving picture experts group
(MPEG)

Layer 7 – Application Layer

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