Chapter 1

Introduction

Computer Science Faculty

Software Department
Jalalabad City – 2601
Spring Semester, 2024
 Topics Covered
 Basic concepts of software engineering

 Software engineering ethics

 Software
 Software consists of computer programs and associated
documentation

 Software products may be developed for a general

market or may be developed for a specific customer
 Generic Software Products
 Software that is marketed and sold to any customer
who wishes to buy it

 Examples: PC software such as graphics programs,

program management tools, CAD software

 The specification of what the software should do is

owned by the software developer and it makes
decisions on required software changes
 Customized Software Products
 Software that is commissioned by a specific customer
to meet its own needs

 Examples: embedded control systems, traffic control

software, traffic monitoring systems

 The specification of what the software should do is

owned by the customer for the software and it makes
decisions on required software changes
 Software Engineering
 Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production

 Engineering discipline
 Using appropriate theories and methods to solve problems
bearing in mind organizational and financial constraints

 All aspects of software production

 Not just technical process of development, also project
management and the development of tools, methods etc.
to support software production
 Software Costs
 Software costs often dominate computer system costs.
The costs of software on a PC are often greater than
the hardware cost

 Software costs more to maintain than it does to develop.

For systems with a long life, maintenance costs may be
several times development costs

 Software engineering is concerned with cost-effective

software development
 Software Process Activities
 Software specification, where customers and engineers
define the software that is to be produced and the
constraints on its operation

 Software development, where the software is designed

and programmed

 Software validation, where the software is checked to

ensure that it is what the customer expects

 Software evolution, where the software is modified to

reflect changing customer and market requirements
 Essential Attributes of Good Software
 Maintainability: software should be written in such a
way that it can evolve to meet the changing needs of
customers

 Dependability: software should be reliable, secure and

safe

 Efficiency: software should not make wasteful use of

system resources such as memory and processor cycles

 Acceptability: software must be acceptable to the type

of users for which it is designed
 Software Engineering Diversity
 There are many different types of software system and
there is no universal set of software techniques that is
applicable to all of these

 The software engineering methods and tools used

depend on the type of application being developed,
the requirements of the customer and the background
of the development team
 Application Types (1/3)
 Stand-alone applications
 Run on a local computer, such as a PC
 Include all necessary functionalities and do not need to be
connected to a network

 Interactive transaction-based applications

 Execute on a remote computer and are accessed by users from
their own PCs or terminals
 Include web applications such as e-commerce applications

 Embedded control systems

 Software control systems that control and manage hardware
devices
 Application Types (2/3)
 Batch processing systems
 Business systems designed to process data in large batches

 Entertainment systems
 Primarily for personal use and intended to entertain the user

 Systems for modeling and simulation

 Developed by scientists and engineers to model physical
processes or situations
 Application Types (3/3)
 Data collection systems
 Collect data from their environment using a set of sensors and
send that to other systems for processing

 System of systems
 Composed of a number of other software systems
 Software Engineering and Web
 The Web is now a platform for running application and
organizations are increasingly developing web-based
systems rather than local systems

 Web services (discussed in Chapter 19) allow

application functionality to be accessed over the web

 Cloud computing is an approach to the provision of

computer services where applications run remotely on
the ‘cloud’
 Web Software Engineering
 When building web-based systems, we think about how
to assemble them from pre-existing software
components and systems (software reuse)

 Web-based systems should be developed and delivered

incrementally (impractical to specify all the
requirements for such systems in advance)

 User interfaces are constrained by the capabilities of

web browsers
PART - TWO

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
ETHICS
 Software Engineering Ethics
 Software engineering involves wider responsibilities
than simply the application of technical skills

 Software engineers must behave in an honest and

ethically responsible way if they are to be respected as
professionals

 Ethical behavior is more than simply upholding the law

but involves following a set of principles that are
morally correct
Issues of Professional Responsibility (1/2)
 Confidentiality
 Engineers should respect the confidentiality of their employers
or clients irrespective of whether of not a formal confidentiality
agreement has been signed

 Competence
 Engineers should not misrepresent their level of competence.
They should not knowingly accept work which is beyond their
competence
Issues of Professional Responsibility (2/2)
 Intellectual property rights
 Engineers should be aware of local laws governing the use of
intellectual property such as patents, copyright, etc.

 Computer misuse
 Software engineers should not use their technical skills to
misuse other people’s computers
 Computer misuse ranges from relatively trivial (game playing
on an employer’s machine, say) to extremely serious
(dissemination of viruses)
 ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics (1/3)
 The professional societies in the US have cooperated to
produce a code of ethical practice

 Members of these organizations sign up to the code of

practice when they join

 The code contains eight principles

 ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics (2/3)
Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force on Software Engineering Ethics and Professional

Practices

PREAMBLE
The short version of the code summarizes aspirations at a high level of the abstraction; the
clauses that are included in the full version give examples and details of how these
aspirations change the way we act as software engineering professionals. Without the
aspirations, the details can become legalistic and tedious; without the details, the
aspirations can become high sounding but empty; together, the aspirations and the details
form a cohesive code.
Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design,
development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession.
In accordance with their commitment to the health, safety and welfare of the public,
software engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles:
 ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics (3/3)

1. PUBLIC - Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.
2. CLIENT AND EMPLOYER - Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best
interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest.
3. PRODUCT - Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related
modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.
4. JUDGMENT - Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their
professional judgment.
5. MANAGEMENT - Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and
promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and
maintenance.
6. PROFESSION - Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the
profession consistent with the public interest.
7. COLLEAGUES - Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
8. SELF - Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of
their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.
 Ethical Dilemmas
 Your employer acts in an unethical way and releases a
safety-critical system without finishing the testing of the
system

 Participation in the development of military weapons

systems or nuclear systems
 Key points
 Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.

 Essential software product attributes are maintainability,

dependability and security, efficiency and acceptability.

 Fundamental software engineering activities are softwar

e specification, development, validation and evolution.

 The fundamental notions of software engineering are u

niversally applicable to all types of system development.
 Key points
 Software engineers have responsibilities to the
engineering profession and society. They should not
simply be concerned with technical issues.

 Professional societies publish codes of conduct which

set out the standards of behaviour expected of their
members.
 Thank you!
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