Interpretation of Assessment Results

Introduction

 Teachers must ensure that their

interpretations are both accurate and
meaningful.
 If not assessment won’t be much of any
use.
 Learning difficulties may not be recognized
and addressed promptly.
Interpretation of Assessment Results
Introduction

 Assessment results and ensuring

interpretations must be communicated to
students and reported correctly and
truthfully to parents and stakeholders.
Utilization of Assessment Data
Overview

 Test are forms of assessment. They

administered to collect data about student
learning.

 Students are interested to know.

Utilization of Assessment Data
Overview

 Test score interpretations are vital not just

for the students concerned but also for
parents.
 Ex. 60th percentiles in Math would place
the learner in the average group.
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Raw and Percentage Scores

 Raw score. What does it mean if we have

an score of 30 out of 50?
 A percentage score is useful in descibing a
student’s performance based on criterion.
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Raw and Percentage Scores

Percentage
A percentage is the number out of every
hundred with a particular attribute. For
example, if 120 of 150 candidates pass an
assessment, the percentage pass rate is
80% (80 out of every hundred).
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Standard Scores

 It is difficult to use raw scores when making

comparisons between groups on different tests
considering that tests may have different level of
difficulty.
 Derived scores are of two types: scores of relative
standing and development scores.
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Standard Scores

 Standard score is a derived score which utilizes

the normal curve to show how a student’s
performance compares with the distribution of
scores above and below the arithmetic mean.
 A normal curve represents a normal distribution a
symmetric theoretical distribution.
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Standard Scores

 The mean (arithmetic average)

 The median (score that separates the
upper and lower 50%)
 The mode (most frequently occuring
score)
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
4 types of standard Scores

 Percentile ranks
 Z-scores
 T- scores
 Standard nine (stanines)
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Percentile Rank

 A percentile rank gives the percent of scores that

are at or below a raw or standard score.
 A score of 35 or a standard score of 1 falls in the
84th percentile which means the students scored
as well or better that 84% of students in the
sample.
 Percentile ranks do not represent equal units.
Hence they should not be subjected to arithmetic
operations.
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Percentile Rank

 A percentile is a position in a rank ordering

expressed as the percentage who are
lower in the rank ordering. For example, a
student at the 70thpercentile performed
better than 70% of other candidates.
 The mean is always the 50th percentile.
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Percentile Rank Formula
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
Steps in Solving the Percentile Rank

1. Arrange the test scores (TS) from highest to the

lowest.
2. Make a frequency distribution of each score and
the number of students obtaining each score (F).
3. Find the cumulative frequency (CF) by adding the
frequency in each score from the bottom upward.
4. Find the Percentile Rank (PR) in each score using
the formula and the result as indicated .
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
The empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule)

 This shows the conenction between the

normal distribution and the standard deviation.
 It states that 68% of the scores will fall within 1
standard deviation of the mean; 95% of the
scores within 2 standard deviations; and
almost all (99.7) of the scores will fall within 3
standard deviations of the mean.
The empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule)
The empirical rule (68-95-99.7 rule)
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The Z- Score

 The z – score value indicates the

distance between the given raw score
and the mean value in ubits of the
standard deviation.
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The Z- Score

 The z – score gives the number of standard

deviation of a test score above (+) or below (-) the
mean.
 The formula is
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The Z- Score example

 In a 50 item Math test where the

mean is 25 and the sd is 10. A score
of 35 has a z-score of 1 which means
that it is 1 sd above the mean.
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The Z- Score example

 Jaymark grade in two of his subjects.

Calculus Abstract Algebra
x = 92 x = 88
mean = 95 mean = 80
s=3 s=4
 In which subject did Jaymark perform well?
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The T- Score

 Some are not comfortable with the z scores

because of negative numbers.
 T score is another type of standard score
where the mean is 50 and the standard
deviation is 10.
 Example a score of 12 in a 20 item science
test witha a mean of 15 and a sd of 2 yield a z
– score of -1.5.
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The T- Score

 To transform z – score to T- scores we multiply

the z – score by 10 and add 50.
 The formula to find the T-score is T = 10z + 50.
 A z-score of -1.5 converts to a T-score of 35.
 T-score of 35 indicates that the raw score of 12
is 1.5 sd below the mean
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The Z- Score example

 Jaymark grade in two of his subjects.

Calculus Abstract Algebra
x = 92 x = 88
mean = 95 mean = 80
s=3 s=4
 In which subject did Jaymark perform well using
the T - score?
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The STANINE or the (STAndard NINE)

 Stanine is a short for standard nine, is a method of

scaling scores ona nine-point scale.
 A raw score is converted to a whole number from a low
1 to a high 9.
 In a z-score the mean is 0 and the sd 1, while stanine
have a mean of 5 and a sd of 2.
 1,2 and 3 in stanine are below average
 4,5 and 6 are average
 7, 8 and 9 are above average
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The STANINE

 Stanine can be calculated from the z score by

multiplying it by 2 and adding 5,
i.e. Stanine = 2z+5.
 What is the stanine of a raw score of 12 out
of 50?
 The problem with stanines is that they are not
entirely precise.
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

The STANINE

 Stanine (STAndard NINE) is a method of scaling test

scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of
five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2).
 Stanines can be used to convert any test score into a
single digit number. However, because all stanines are
whole numbers, two scores in a single stanine are
sometimes further apart than two scores in adjacent
stanines.
Percentiles and stanines The following interactive illustration shows how different test scores for
students can be compared in terms of percentiles and stanines
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

Normal Curve Equivalent

 (NCE) is a normalized standard score within the

range 1 – 99.
 Iy has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of
21.06.
 X X
z
TYPES OF TEST SCORES
s

Developmental scores

 A grade equivalent (GE) describes the learner’s

developmental growth.
 It gives a picture as to s/he is on an achievement
continuum.
 GE is an estimate of the learne’rs location in the
development continuum adn not the grade level
where s/he should be placed.
 GE can’t be use to compare performances in
different test.
 X X
z
Measures of Skewness
s

Skewed Distribution
1. The measure of central tendency tell us where the center of
the distribution is, but did not mention how many are on the
left or on the right of the center.
2. The measure of variability tell us the average distance from
the center but does not give us the picture of the
distribution.
3. Normal distribution and the measure of Skewness and
Kurtosis will give an overview of how the data behave in
relation to its center, These refers to the degree of symmetry
or asymmetry of a distribution.
 X X
z
Measures of Skewness
s

Skewed Distribution

4. Negatively skewed distribution is skewed

to the left if the mean is less than its
median. The bulk of distribution is on the
right or there are a small number of low
observations and a large number of high
ones
 X X
z
Measures of Skewness
s

Skewed Distribution

5. Positively skewed distribution is skewed to the

right If the mean is greater than its median the
bulk of the distribution is on the left or there
are more observations below the mean

6. Normal distribution is a distribution with a bell

– shaped appearance. The mean = median =
mode.