Oasys

Concrete Code Reference

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Contents
Notation 6
Design Codes 7
Concrete material models 8
Units 8
Parabola-rectangle 10
EC2 Confined 11
Rectangle 11
Bilinear 13
FIB 13
Popovics 14
Mander & Mander confined curve 16
BS8110-2 tension curve 17
TR59 18
Interpolated 19

Concrete properties 20
ACI 21
AS 23
BS 5400 24
BS 8110 26
CSA A23.3 / CSA S6 27
EN 1992 28
HK CP 30
IRS Bridge 34

Rebar material models 37

Rebar material models for different codes 37
Elastic-plastic 38
Elastic-hardening 38
Progressive yield 40
Park 41
Linear 42

Creep 43
EN 1992-1-1 43

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AS 3600 – 2009 44
Hong Kong Code of Practice 45
ACI 209.2R-18 47
IRC : 112-2011 48
IS 456 : 2000 49
IRS Concrete Bridge Code : 1997 49

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Notation
Symbol Represents
Concrete strength (with code variations)
fc
f Concrete Stress
ε Concrete strain
εc Strain at which concrete stress is maximum

ε cu Strain at which concrete fails

Density
ρ
Time
t
Creep factor
ϕ

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Design Codes
The following design codes are supported to varying degrees in the Oasys software products.

Code Title Country Date Other

versions
AASHTO LRFD-8 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design USA 2017
Specification
ACI318 Building Code Requirements for USA 2014 2011, 2008,
Structural Concrete (ACI318-14) 2005, 2002
ACI318M Building Code Requirements for USA 2014 2011, 2008,
Structural Concrete (ACI318M-14) 2005, 2002
(metric version)
AS3600 Australian Standard Concrete Australia 2009 2001
Structures 2009
BS5400-4 Steel, concrete and composite UK 1990 IAN70/06
bridges – Code of practice for design
of concrete bridges
BS8110-1 Structural Use of Concrete Part 1. UK 2005 1997, 1985
Code of practice for design and
construction (Incorporating
Amendments Nos. 1, 2 and 3)
BS EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1 UK 2004 PD6687:2006
BS EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 UK 2005
CAN CSA A23.3 Design of Concrete Structures Canada 2014 2004
CAN CSA S6 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Canada 2014
Code
CYS EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Cyprus 2004
DIN EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Germany 2004
DIN EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 Germany 2010
DS/EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Denmark 2004
DS/EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 Denmark 2005
EN1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete 2004
structures – Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings
EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete 2005
structures. Concrete bridges - Design
and detailing rules
Hong Kong Code Code of Practice for the Structural Hong Kong 2013 2004 (AMD
of Practice Use of Concrete 2007), 2004,
1987

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Hong Kong Structures Design Manual for Hong Kong 2013 2002
Structures Design Highways and Railways
Manual
IRC:112 Code of Practice for Concrete Road India 2011
Bridges
IRS Concrete Code of Practice for Plain, Reinforced India 1997
Bridge Code & Prestressed Concrete for General
Bridge Construction
I.S. EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Ireland 2004
I.S. EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 Ireland 2005
IS 456 Plain and reinforced concrete – Code India 2000
of Practice
NEN EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Netherlands 2004
NEN EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 Netherlands 2011
NF EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 France 2005
NF EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 France 2006
NS-EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Norway 2004
PN-EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Poland 2008
SFS-EN1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Finland
UNE-EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Spain 2010/
2013
UNE-EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 Spain 2010
UNI EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2-1-1 Italy 2004
UNI EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2-2 Italy 2006

Concrete material models

Units

The default units are:

Stress, strength MPa (psi)

Elastic modulus GPa (psi)

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Concrete material models for different codes

Different material models are available for different design codes. These are summarised below:

IRS Bridge
CSA A23.3
ACI 318 /
AASHTO

EN 1992

HK SDM
BS 5400

BS 8110
AS 3600

IRC:112
CSA S6

HK CP

IS 456
Compression

Parabola-
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
rectangle

Rectangle ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Bilinear ● ●

Linear ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

FIB ● ● ● ● ●

Popovics ● ● ● ●

EC2 Confined ● ●

AISC 360 filled

●
tube

Explicit ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Tension

No-tension ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Linear ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Interpolated ● ● ● ● ● ●

BS8110 - 2 ● ● ●

TR 59 ● ● ●

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PD 6687 ●

Explicit ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Explicit
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
envelope

Inferred from rectangular block

PD 6687 variant of EN 1992 only

Parabola-rectangle

Parabola-rectangles are commonly uses for concrete stress-strain curves.

The parabolic curve can be characterised as

2
f ε ε
f cd
=a
( ) ( )
εc
+b
εc

At strains above
ε
c the stress remains constant. For most design codes the parabola is taken
as having zero slope where it meets the horizontal portion of the stress-strain curve.

2
f ε
f cd [ ( )]
= 1− 1−
εc

The Hong Kong Code of Practice (supported by the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers) interpret
the curve so that the initial slope is the elastic modulus (meaning that the parabola is not
tangent to the horizontal portion of the curve).

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f E ε 2 E ε
f cd [ ( )]( ) ( )( )
= 1−
Es εc
+
Es εc

where the secant modulus is

f cd
Es =
εc

In Eurocode the parabola is modified

n
f ε
f cd [ ( )]
= 1− 1−
εc

and

n=2 fc ≤ 50MPa
4
n=1. 4 +23 . 4 [ ( 90−f c ) /100 ] fc > 50MPa

EC2 Confined

The EC2 confined model is a variant on the parabola-rectangle. In this case the confining stress
σ increases the compressive strength and the plateau and failure strains.

f c ( 1+5 σ / f c ) σ ≤0 .05 f c
f c,c=
{ f c ( 1 .125+ 2. 5 σ / f c ) σ > 0. 05 f c

ε c , c=ε c ( f c ,c /f c )2
ε cu, c=ε cu +0. 2 σ / f c

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Rectangle

The rectangular stress block has zero stress up to a strain of

εc (controlled by β ) and then a

constant stress of
α f cd .

α β

AASHTO 1 0.85 - 0.05(fc - 30)/7 [0.65:0.85]

ACI 318 1 0.85 - 0.05(fc - 30)/7 [0.65:0.85]

AS3600 2001 1 0.85 - 0.07(fc - 28) [0.65:0.85]

AS3600 2009 1 1.05 - 0.007fc [0.67:0.85]

BS5400 0.6/0.67 1

BS8110 1 0.9

CSA A23.3 1 max(0.67, 0.97 - 0.0025 fc)

CSA S6 1 max(0.67, 0.97 - 0.0025 fc)

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1 fc ≤ 50MPa 0.8 fc ≤ 50MPa

EN 1992
1 - (fc - 50)/200 fc> 50MPa 0.8 - (fc - 50)/400 fc > 50MPa

HK CP > 2004 1 0.9

0.9 fc ≤ 45MPa
HK CP 2007 > 1 0.8 fc ≤ 70MPa
0.72 fc ≤ 100MPa

HK SDM 0.6/0.67 1

1 fc≤ 60MPa 0.8 fc≤ 60MPa

IRC:112
1 - (fc - 60)/250 fc> 60MPa 0.8 - (fc - 60)/500 fc> 60MPa

IRS Bridge 0.6/0.67 1

IS 456 0.8 0.84

Bilinear

The bilinear curve is linear to the point ( ε c , f cd ) and then constant to failure.

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FIB

The FIB model code defines a schematic stress-strain curve. This is used in BS 8110-2, EN1992-1
and IRC:112.

This has a peak stress

f cFIB

This is defined as
2
f kη−η
=
f cFIB 1+ ( k−2 ) η
with

Ec
k =α
f c /ε c

Where the factor α is code dependent.

Code f cFIB α

BS 8110-2 0.8f c 1.4

EN 1992-1 f c +8 MPa 1.05

IRC:112 f c +10 MPa 1.05

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Popovics

There are a series of curves based on the work of Popovics.

These have been adjusted and are based on the Thorenfeldt base curve.

In the Canadian offshore code (CAN/CSA S474-04) this is characterised by

f n
=k 3 η
fc n−1+η nk
with (in MPa)

ε
η=
εc

10
k 3 =0 . 6+
fc
fc
n=0. 8+
17
fc n
ε c=
Ec n−1

1 η≤1
k=
{
0. 67 +
fc
62
η>1

The peak strain is referred to elsewhere as

ε pop .

ε pop=ε c

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All the concrete models require a strength value and a pair of strains: the strain at peak stress or
transition strain and the failure strain.

Mander & Mander confined curve

The Mander1 curve is available for both strength and serviceability analysis and the Mander
confined curve for strength analysis.

For unconfined concrete, the peak of the stress-strain curve occurs at a stress equal to the

unconfined cylinder strength

fc and strain
εc generally taken to be 0.002. Curve constants
are calculated from

Esec =f c /ε c
and

E
r=
E−Esec

Then for strains

0≤ε≤2 ε c the stress σ can be calculated from:

ηr
σ =f c
r −1+ ηr
where

ε
η=
εc

1
Mander J, Priestly M, and Park R. Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal
of Structural Engineering, 114(8), pp1804-1826, 1988.

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The curve falls linearly from

2ε c 2eco to the ‘spalling’ strain
ε cu . The spalling strain can be
taken as 0.005-0.006.

To generate the confined curve the confined strength

f
c,c must first be calculated. This will
depend on the level of confinement that can be achieved by the reinforcement. The maximum

strain
εcu,c also needs to be estimated. This is an iterative calculation, limited by hoop rupture,
with possible values ranging from 0.01 to 0.06. An estimate of the strain could be made from EC2
formula (3.27) above with an upper limit of 0.01.

The peak strain for the confined curve

ε c,c is given by:

f c,c
[ ( )]
ε c , c=ε c 1+5
fc
−1

Curve constants are calculated from

Esec=f c ,c /ε c , c
and

E
r=
E−Esec
as before.

E is the tangent modulus of the unconfined curve, given above.

Then for strains

0≤ε≤ε cu ,c the stress σ can be calculated from:

ηr
σ =f c , c
r −1+ηr
where

ε
η=
εc , c

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BS8110-2 tension curve

BS8110-2 define a tension curve for serviceability

TR59

Technical report 59 defines an envelope for use with concrete in tension for serviceability. The
material is assumed to behave in a linearly elastic manner, with the elastic modulus reduced
beyond the peak stress/strain point based on the envelope in the figures below

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Interpolated

Interpolated strain plains to ACI318 and similar codes

ACI318 and several other codes give a method to compute a value of the second moment of area

intermediate between that of the uncracked,

Ig , and fully cracked,
I cr , values, using the
following expression:

3 3
M M cr
Ma( )
I e= cr
[ ( )]
I g + 1−
Ma
I cr

where
M cr is the cracking moment and
Ma is the applied moment.

AdSec SLS analyses determine a strain plane intermediate to the uncracked and fully cracked

strain planes. The program determines a value for ζ , the proportion of the fully cracked

strain plane to add to the proportion ( 1−ζ ) of the uncracked plane so that the resulting plane
is compatible with ACI318’s approach. Unfortunately, since ACI318’s expression is an
interpolation of the inverse of the curvatures, rather than the curvatures themselves, there is no

direct conversion. It should also be noted that although

I
g is defined as the value of second
moment of area ignoring the reinforcement, it is assumed that this definition was made for
simplicity, and AdSec includes the reinforcement.
3
α =( M cr / M a ) κI
Let , the uncracked curvature be and the fully cracked curvature be
κ II .

To ACI318, the interpolated curvature

1
κ=
[ α / κ I + (1−α ) / κ II ] ,

and the aim is to make this equivalent to

κ=ζκ II + ( 1−ζ ) κ I ,

Equating these two expressions gives

αζ κ II / κ I + α ( 1−ζ ) + ( 1−α ) ζ + ( 1−α ) ( 1−ζ ) κ I / κ II =1

which can be re-arranged to give

1
ζ=
[ 1+( κ II / κ I ) /( 1/ α −1 ) ]
The ratio
κ II /κ I is appropriate for uniaxial bending. For applied loads ( N , M y , M z ) , and
uncracked and fully cracked strain planes ( ε I ,κ yI ,κ zI ) and ( ε II , κ yII ,κ zII ) respectively,

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κ II /κ I is replaced by the ratio II ( Nε + M κ ++ M κ ) / ( Nε + M κ ++ M κ )

y yII z zII I y yI z zI ,
which is independent of the location chosen for the reference point. In the absence of axial
loads, this ratio ensures that the curvature about the same axis as the applied moment will
comply with ACI318; in the absence of moments, the axial strain will follow a relationship
equivalent to that in ACI318 but using axial stiffness as imposed to flexural stiffness.

The ratio is also inappropriate for general loading. For the general case, it is
f /σ
replaced by the ratio ( ct tI ) , where
f
ct is the tensile strength of the concrete and σ tI
is the maximum concrete tensile stress on the uncracked section under applied loads.

( Nε II + M y κ yII + M z κ zII ) / ( Nε I + M y κ yI + M z κ zI )
Summary:
[
ζ =1/ 1+
( σ tI / f ct )3 −1 ]
Since ζ is larger for short-term loading, all curvatures and strains are calculated based on

short-term properties regardless of whether ζ is subsequently used in a long-term

serviceability calculation.

Concrete properties
Notation

fc concrete strength

f cd concrete design strength

f ct concrete tensile strength

E elastic modulus

ν Poisson’s ratio (0.2)

α coefficient of thermal expansion (varies but 1×10-6/°C assumed)

ε cu strain at failure (ULS)

ε ax compressive strain at failure (ULS)

ε plas strain at which maximum stress is reached (ULS)

ε max assumed maximum strain (SLS)

ε peak strain corresponding to (first) peak stress (SLS)

ε pop strain corresponding to peak stress in Popovics curve (SLS)

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εβ ε β =( 1−β ) ε u

AASHTO

The density of normal weight concrete is assumed to be 145 lb/ft3 (approx.. 2300kg/m3).

The design strength is given in 5.6.2.2 by

f cd =(0 . 85−0. 02 ( f ' c / 1000−10 ) ) f c

(with
f 'c in psi)

The tensile strength is given in 5.9.2.3.3 by

f ct=3. 5 √ f 'c
The elastic modulus is given in 5.4.2.6 as
E=2500 f ' 1
c 3

The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.003 εcu (1 - 3β) εcu

Rectangle 0.003 εcu εβ

Bilinear 0.003 εcu (1 - 2β) εcu

Linear 0.003 εmax

FIB

Popovics 0.003 εpop

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.003 εcu 0.003

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ACI

The density of normal weight concrete is assumed to be 2200kg/m 3.

The design strength is given in 22.2.2.4.1 by

f cd =0 .85 f c
The tensile strength is given in Equation 9-10 by

f ct=0. 62 √ f c

f ct=7 . 5 √ f c (US units)

The elastic modulus is given in 8.5.1 as

E=4 .7 √ f c

E=57000 √ f c (US units)

The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.003 εcu (1 - 3β) εcu

Rectangle 0.003 εcu εβ

Bilinear 0.003 εcu (1 - 2β) εcu

Linear 0.003 εmax

FIB

Popovics 0.003 εpop

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.003 εcu 0.003

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AS

The density of normal weight concrete is taken as 2400kg/m3(3.1.3).

The design strength is given in 10.6.2.5(b) by

f cd =α 2 f c
with

α 2=1−0 . 003 f c
and limits of [0.67:0.85]

The tensile strength is given in 3.1.1.3 by

f ct=0. 6 √ f c
The elastic modulus is given (in MPa) in 3.1.2 as

1. 5
E= ρ ×0 .043 √ f cmi f cmi ≤40 MPa
1. 5
E= ρ ×0 .024 √ f cmi +0 .1 f cmi >40 MPa
This tabulated in Table 3.1.2.

fc (M
E (G
Pa) Pa)

20 24.0

25 26.7

32 30.1

40 32.8

50 34.8

65 37.4

80 39.6

100 42.2

The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle

Rectangle 0.003 0.0025 εβ 0.003 εβ

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Bilinear

Linear 0.003 εmax

FIB

Popovics εmax εpop

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.003 0.0025 0.003

BS 5400

The density of normal weight concrete is given in Appendix B as 2300kg/m 3.

The design strength is given in Figure 6.1 by

f cd =0 .6 f c /γ
The tensile strength is given in 6.3.4.2 as

f ct=0. 36 √ f c
but A.2.2 implies a value of 1MPa should be used at the position of tensile reinforcement.

The elastic modulus tabulated in 4.3.2.1 Table 3

fc E
(MPa) (GPa)

20 25.0

25 26.0

32 28.0

40 31.0

50 34.0

60 36.0

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The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.0035 εcu εRP

Rectangle

Bilinear

Linear 0.0035 εmax

FIB

Popovics

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.0035 εcu 0.0035

fc
ε RP =2. 4×10
−4
√ γ

BS 8110

The density of normal weight concrete is given in section 7.2 of BS 8110-2 as 2400kg/m 3.

The design strength is given in Figure 3.3 by

f cd =0 .67 f c /γ
The tensile strength is given in 4.3.8.4 as

f ct=0. 36 √ f c
but Figure 3.1 in BS 8110-2 implies a value of 1MPa should be used at the position of tensile
reinforcement.

The elastic modulus is given in Equation 17

E=20+0 .2 f c
The strains are defined as

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εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle εu εcu εRP 0.0035* εRP

Rectangle εu εcu εβ

Bilinear

Linear εu εmax

FIB εu 0.0022

Popovics

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit εu εcu εu

0 .0035 f c≤ 60 MPa
εu=
{
0 . 0035−0 . 001×
( f c −60 )
50

fc
ε RP =2. 4×10−4
√ γ

CSA A23.3 / CSA S6

The density of normal weight concrete is assumed to be 2300 kg/m 3; see 8.6.2.2 (A23.3) and
8.4.1.7 (S6).

The design strength is given in 10.1.7 by

f cd =max ( 0 . 67 , 0 .85−0 . 0015 f c ) ϕf c

The tensile strength is given in Equation 8.3 (A23.3) and 8.4.1.8.1 in (S6)

f ct=0. 6 √ f c (for CSA A23.3)

f ct=0. 4 √ f c (for CSA S6)

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For normal weight concrete the modulus is given in A23.3 Equation 8.2.

E=4 . 5 √ f c
and in CSA S6 8.4.1.7

E=3 .0 √ f c +6 . 9
The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.0035 εcu (1 - 3β) εu

Rectangle 0.0035 εcu εβ

Bilinear 0.0035 εcu (1 - 2β) εu

Linear 0.0035 εmax

FIB

Popovics 0.0035 εpop

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.0035 εcu 0.0035

EN 1992

The density of normal weight concrete is specified in 11.3.2 as 2200 kg/m 3.

The design strength is given in 3.1.6 by

f cd =α cc f c /γ
For the rectangular stress block this is modified to

f cd =α cc f c /γ f c≤50 MPa
f cd =α cc 1 .25 ( 1−f c /250 ) f c /γ f c >50 MPa
The tensile strength is given in Table 3.1 as

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f ct= 0. 3 f 2
c 3
f c≤50 MPa

f ct=2. 12 ln ( 1+ ( f c +8 ) / 10 ) f c >50 MPa

The modulus is defined in Table 3.1
0 .3
f +8
E=22 c
10 ( )
The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle εcu2 εc2 εc2

Rectangle εcu3 εc3 εβ

Bilinear εcu3 εc3 εc3 εcu3 εc3

Linear εcu2 εc2

FIB εcu1 εc1

Popovics

EC2 Confined εcu2,c εc2,c εc2,c

AISC filled tube

Explicit εcu2 εcu2 ? εcu2

ε c 1=0. 007 f ≤0 . 0028

cm 0. 31

0. 0035 f c≤50 MPa

ε cu 1=
{
0 . 0028+0 . 027
90−f c
100 (
4

)
0 . 002 f c ≤50 MPa
ε c 2=
{
0 . 002+0 . 000085 ( f ck −50 ) 0. 53

0. 0035 f c≤50 MPa

ε cu 2 =
{
0 . 0026+0 . 035 ( 90−f c
100 )
4

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0 . 00175 f c ≤50 MPa

ε c 3=
{0. 00175+0 . 00055
f ck −50
40 ( )
0 .0035 f c≤50 MPa
ε cu 3 =
{
0. 0026+ 0. 035 ( 90−f c
100 )
4

HK CP

The density of normal weight concrete is assumed to be 2400kg/m 3.

The design strength is given in Figure 6.1 by

f cd =0 .67 f c /γ
The tensile strength is given in 12.3.8.4 as

f ct=0. 36 √ f c
but 7.3.6 implies a value of 1MPa should be used at the position of tensile reinforcement.

The elastic modulus is defined in 3.1.5

E=3.46 √ fc+3.21
The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle εu εcu εRP

Rectangle εu εcu εβ

Bilinear

Linear εu εu

FIB εu 0.0022

Popovics

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

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Explicit εu εcu εu

ε u =0 . 0035−0. 00006×√ f c−60 f c >60 MPa

fc
E d =3 . 46
√
γ
+3. 21 GPa
f c/ γ
ε RP =1. 34
Ed

HK SDM

The density of normal weight concrete is assumed to be 2400kg/m 3.

The design strength is given in 5.3.2.1(b) of BS 5400-4 by

f cd =0 .6 f c /γ
The tensile strength is given in 6.3.4.2 as

f ct=0. 36 √ f c
but from BS5400 a value of 1MPa should be used at the position of tensile reinforcement.

The elastic modulus is tabulated in Table 21

fc (MPa)
E (GPa)

20 18.9

25 20.2

32 21.7

40 24.0

45 26.0

50 27.4

55 28.8

60 30.2

The strains are defined as

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εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.0035 εcu εRP

Rectangle

Bilinear

Linear 0.0035 εmax

FIB

Popovics

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.0035 εcu 0.0035

fc
ε RP =2. 4×10
−4
√ γ

IRC 112

The density of normal eight concrete is assumed to be 2200kg/m3.

The design strength is given in 6.4.2.8

f cd =0 .67 f c /γ
In A2.9(2) the strength is modified for the rectangular stress block to

f cd =0 .67 f c /γ f c≤60 MPa

f cd =0 .67 ( 1. 24−f c / 250 ) f c /γ f c >60 MPa
The tensile strength is given in by A2.2(2) by
f ct= 0. 259 f 2
c 3
f c≤60 MPa

f ct=2. 27 ln ( 1+ ( f c + 10 ) / 12. 5 ) f c >60 MPa

The elastic modulus is given in A2.3, equation A2-5

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0. 3
f +10
E=22 c
12. 5 ( )
The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle εcu2 εc2 εc2 εcu2 εc2

Rectangle εcu3 εc3 εβ

Bilinear εcu3 εc3 εc3 εcu3 εc3

Linear εcu2 εc2

FIB εcu1 εc1

Popovics

EC2 Confined εcu2,c εc2,c εc2,c

AISC filled tube

Explicit εcu2 εcu2 ? εcu2

0. 31
ε c 1=0. 00653 ( f c +10 ) ≤0 . 0028

0 . 0035 f c ≤60 MPa

ε cu 1=
{ 0 . 0028+0 . 027
90−0 . 8 f c
100 ( )
4

0 . 002 f c ≤60 MPa

ε c 2=
{0 . 002+0 . 000085 ( 0 .8 f ck −50 )0 .53

0 . 0035 f c≤60 MPa

ε cu 2 =
{ 0 . 0026+0 . 035 ( 90−0 . 8 f c
100 )
4

0. 00175 f c≤60 MPa

ε c 3=
{ 0. 00175+0 . 00055 ( 0 . 8 f ck −50
40 )

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0. 0035 f c <50 MPa

ε cu 3 =
{
0. 0026+ 0. 035 ( 90−0. 8 f c
100
4

IRS Bridge

The density is assumed to be 2300kg/m3.

The design strength is given in 15.4.2.1(b) by

f cd =0 .6 f c /γ
The tensile strength is given in 16.4.4.3 as

f ct=0. 37 √ f c
The elastic modulus is tabulated in 5.2.2.1

fc (MPa)
E (GPa)

20 25.0

25 26.0

32 28.0

40 31.0

50 34.0

60 36.0

The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.0035 εcu εRP

Rectangle

Bilinear

Linear 0.0035 εmax

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FIB

Popovics

EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.0035 εcu 0.0035

fc
ε RP =2. 4×10
−4
√ γ

IRC 456

The density is assumed to be 2200 kg/m3.

The design strength is given in Figure 21by

f cd =0 .67 f c /γ
The tensile strength is inferred from 6.2.2 as

f ct=0.7 √ f c
The elastic modulus is defined in 6.2.3.1

E=5 √ f c
The strains are defined as

εcu εax εplas εmax εpeak

Parabola-rectangle 0.0035 0.002 0.002

Rectangle 0.0035 0.002 εβ

Bilinear

Linear 0.0035 εmax

FIB 0.0035 0.0022

Popovics

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EC2 Confined

AISC filled tube

Explicit 0.0035 0.002 0.0035

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Rebar material models

Symbols

f rebar stress

fy rebar strength

fu rebar ultimate strength

ε rebar strain

εp strain at which rebar stress is maximum

εu strain at which rebar fails

Rebar material models for different codes

Different material models are available for different design codes. These are summarised below:
EN 1992

HK SDM
BS 5400

BS 8110
AS 3600
ACI 318

IRC:112
CSA S6

HK CP

IS 456
CSA

IRS
Elastic-
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
plastic

Elastic-
● ●
hardening

BS 5400 ● ●

Pre-stress ● ● ● ●

Progressive
● ●
yield

Park ●

Linear ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

No-
compressio ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
n

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ASTM
● ●
strand

Explicit ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Elastic-plastic

The initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E . Post-yield the stress remains constant

until the failure strain,

εu , is reached.

For some codes (CAN/CSA) the initial slope is reduced to φE .

Elastic-hardening

The initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , after yield the hardening modulus Eh

governs as stress rises from ( ε y , f yd ) to ( εu , f u ) . For EN 1992 the hardening modulus is

defined in terms of a hardening coefficient k and the final point is ( ε uk , kf yd ) where the

failure strain is reduced to

εud (typically
0.9ε uk ).

The relationship between hardening modulus and hardening coefficient is:

( k −1 ) f y E h ( ε uk −f y / E )
Eh = k= +1
ε uk −f y / E fy

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The material fails at

εud where
ε ud <ε uk . This is defined in Eurocode and related codes.

BS 5400

In tension the initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , until the stress reaches
k e f yd . The slope then reduces until the material is fully plastic,
f yd , at
ε=ε off +f yd / E

. Post-yield the stress remains constant until the failure strain,

εu , is reached. For BS5400
k e =0. 8 and
ε off =0 . 002 .

In compression the initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , until the stress reaches
k e f yd or a strain of
ε off . It then follows the slope of the tension curve post-yield and when

the strain reaches

ε off the stress remain constant until failure

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Pre-stress

The initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , until the stress reaches k e f yd . The

slope then reduces until the material is fully plastic,

f yd , at
ε =ε off +f yd / E . Post-yield the

stress remains constant until the failure strain,

εu , is reached. For BS8110 and related codes
k e =0. 8 and
ε off =0 . 005 .

Progressive yield

The initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , until the stress reaches
k f
e yd . The
slope then reduces in a series of steps until the material is fully plastic, after which the stress
remain constant. The points defining the progressive yield are code dependent.

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Park

The initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , until the stress reaches yd f . The
slope is then zero for a short strain range, then rising to a peak stress before failure.

p
ε u −ε
σ =f ud −( f ud −f yd )
( )
ε u −ε p

ε u−ε p
p=E
( f ud −f yd )
Linear

The initial slope is defined by the elastic modulus, E , until the failure strain is reached.

No-compression

This is a linear model when in tension which has no compressive strength.

ASTM strand

The ASTM A 416 defines a stress-strain curve doe seven-wire strands. This has an initial linear
relationship up to a strain of 0.008 with progressive yield till failure.

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The stress strain curves are defined for specific strengths.

For Grade 2502 (1725 MPa) the stress-strain curve is defined as

σ =197000 εε≤0 .008

0.4
σ =1710− ε > 0 .008
ε−0 . 006
For Grade 270 (1860 MPa) the stress-strain curve is defined as

σ =197000 εε≤0 .008

0 . 517
σ =1848− ε > 0. 008
ε−0 . 003
In the Commentary to the Canadian Bridge 3 code a similar stress-strain relationship is defined.

For Grade 1749 strand

σ =E p εε≤0 .008
0 . 433
σ =1749− ε >0 .008
ε−0 . 00614
For Grade 1860 strand

σ =E p εε≤0 .008
0 . 517
σ =1848− ε > 0. 008
ε−0 . 0065

2
Bridge Engineering Handbook, Ed. Wah-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, CRC Press 1999
3
Commentary on CSA S6-14, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, CSA Group, 2014

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A more detailed discussion of modelling strands can be found in the paper 4 by Devalapura and
Tadros

Creep
EN 1992-1-1

The creep coefficient is defined as

ϕ ( t , t 0 ) =ϕ 0⋅β ( t , t 0 )

with

ϕ 0 =ϕ RH⋅β ( f cm )⋅β ( t 0 )

1−RH /100
ϕ RH =1+
0 .1 √3 h0 for
f cm ≤35

1−RH /100
ϕ RH = 1+
[ 0 . 1 3√h0 ]
⋅α 1 α 2
for
f cm >35

16 .8
β ( f cm ) =
√ f cm
1
β ( t0 )=
0 . 1+ t
0 0. 2

and
0 .3
t −t 0
β ( t , t0 )=
[ β H ( t −t 0 ) ]
And t is he age of the concrete,
t0 the age of the concrete at the time of loading and
βH a
coefficient depending on the relative humidity RH as a percentage and notional member size

(in mm)
h0 .

β H =1 . 5 [ 1+ ( 0. 012 RH )18 ] h0 +250≤1500 for

f cm ≤35

β H =1 . 5 [ 1+ ( 0. 012 RH )18 ] h0 + 250 α 3 ≤1500 α 3 for

f cm >35

The coefficients, α are

4
Stress-Strain Modeling of 270 ksi Low-Relaxation Prestressing Strands, Devalapura R K & Tadros
M K, PCI Journal, March April 1992

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0. 7 0. 2 0. 5
35 35 35
α 1=
f cm [ ] α 2=
[ ]
f cm
α 3=
[ ]
f cm

and

2 Ac
h0 =
u
u being the perimeter in contact with the atmosphere.

The temperature is taken into account by adjusting the times

t ,t 0 according to
n
4000
t T =∑ Δt i exp −
i=1 [ 273+T Δt
i
]
And the cement type by modifying the times according to
α
9
t =tT
[ 2+t 1. 2
T
]
+1 ≥0 . 5

where α is

-1 for slow setting cement

0 for normal cement

1 for rapid hardening cement

AS 3600 – 2009

The creep coefficient is defined as

ϕ cc =k 2 k 3 k 4 k 5 ϕcc ,b

The basic creep coefficient

ϕ cc,b is a function of concrete strength
' 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100
Concrete strength, c f
(MPa)
Basic creep coefficient 5.2 4.2 3.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.5
ϕ cc,b

And

α 2 t 0. 8
k 2= 0 .8
t +0 . 15 t h

α 2=1 . 0+1. 12 exp [−0 . 008t h ]

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k3 is the maturity coefficient from Figure 3.1.8.3(B). This can be tabulated as

Age of concrete at time of loading

Maturity coefficient
k3
7 days 1.76
28 days 1.1
365 days 0.9
> 365 days 0.9

k4 is the environmental coefficient

0.70 – arid

0.65 – interior

0.6 – temperate inland

0.5 – tropical or near coast

Concrete strength factor

k5 is
'
k 5 =1 .0 for
f c≤50 MPa

50 MPa<f 'c≤100 MPa

'
k 5 =( 2−α 3 ) −0 . 02 ( 1 . 0−α 3 ) f c for

With

0 .7
α 3=
k 4 α2

Hong Kong Code of Practice

The creep coefficient is defined as

ϕ c =K L K m K c K e K j
Where the factors are derived from code charts.

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Km and
Kj can be approximated by5
2
K m ( t 0 ) =1−bL+cL

with

Cement a b c
OPC 1.36 0.276 0.0132
RHPC 1.09 0.333 0.0366

and
α
( t−t0 )
Kj ( t −t 0 ) = α
β+ ( t −t 0 )

with

Effective 50 100 200 400 800

thickness (mm)
α 0.72 0.8 0.88 0.94 1
β 2.1 4.7 12.6 39.4 163

where
t ,t 0 are defined in weeks

ACI 209.2R-18

The creep coefficient is defined in Appendix A as

ψ
( t −t 0 )
ϕ (t , t 0)= ϕ
ψ u
d+ ( t −t 0 )

Where t is the concrete age,

t0 the age at loading and d is the average thickness and
ψ are constants for member shape and size.

ϕ u =2. 35 γ c
γ c=γ c , t γ c, RH γ c, d γ c ,s γ c ,ψ γ c , α
0

with

γ c, t 0 =1 .25 t
0−0 .118 for moist curing

γ c , t 0 =1 .13 t
0−0 . 094 for steam curing

γ c, RH =1. 27−0.67 h for relative humidity, h≥0. 4

5
Allowance for creep under gradually applied loading, John Blanchard, 1998 NST 04

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γ c,d =1.14−0.00092 d for ( t−t 0 ) ≤1 year

γ c,d =1.10−0.00067 d for ( t −t 0 ) >1 year

γ c, s=0 .82+0.00264 s where s is the slump in mm

γ c, ψ =0 .88+0 .0024 ψ where ψ is the ratio of fine to total aggregate

γ α =0 . 46+0 . 09 α where α is the air content in percent

IRC : 112-2011

The creep coefficient is defined as

ϕ ( t , t 0 ) =ϕ 0⋅β ( t , t 0 )

with

ϕ 0 =ϕ RH⋅β ( f cm )⋅β ( t 0 )

1−RH /100
ϕ RH =1+
0 .1 √3 h0 for
f cm ≤45

1−RH /100
ϕ RH = 1+
[ 0 . 1 √ h0
3
]
⋅α 1 α 2
for
f cm ≤45

18. 78
β ( f cm ) =
√ f cm
1
β ( t 0 )=
0 . 1+ t
0 0. 2

and
0 .3
t −t 0
β ( t , t0 )=
[ β H ( t −t 0 ) ]
t
And t is he age of the concrete, 0 the age of the concrete at the time of loading and H a β
coefficient depending on the relative humidity as a percentage and notional member size (in

mm)
h0 .

β H =1 . 5 [ 1+ ( 0. 012 RH )18 ] h0 +250≤1500 for

f cm ≤45

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β H =1 . 5 [ 1+ ( 0. 012 RH )18 ] h0 + 250 α 3 ≤1500 α 3 for

f cm > 45 6

The coefficients, α are

0 .7 0 .2 0. 5
43 .75 43 .75 43. 75
α 1=
f cm [ ] α2=
[f cm ] α3=
[ f cm ]
and

2 Ac
h0 =
u
u being the perimeter in contact with the atmosphere.

The temperature is taken into account by adjusting the times

t ,t 0 according to
n
4000
t T =∑ Δt i exp 13 . 65−
i=1 [ 273+ T Δt
i
]
And the cement type by modifying the times according to
α
9
t =tT
[ 2+t 1. 2
T
+1 ≥0 . 5
]
where α is

-1 for slow setting cement

0 for normal cement

1 for rapid hardening cement

IS 456 : 2000

The creep coefficient is defined as a function of age at loading

Age at loading Creep coefficient

7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1

IRS Concrete Bridge Code : 1997

The creep coefficient is defined in 5.2.4.2 as a function of age at loading

Age at loading Creep coefficient

7 days 2.2

6
Code specifies a value of 35MPa, but 45MPa seems more correct.

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28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1

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