SIISAHd JIINOLV10 6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the arrangement of equipment in a paper industry. A radioactive source is used to monitor the thickness of the paper. | | GM-tube | rollers | () paver © — j al | \ | radioactive | source | Fig. 6.1 | (i) Whatis the GM-tube used for? | rere [1] (ii) State which radioactive emission is the most suitable to use. Give a reason for your answer. [2] (iii) Briefly explain how the equipment can keep the paper at constant thickness.Wt {b) The graph shows the decay of a radioactive source. 2000 activity counts/s 4599 1000 500 0 ~ o 4 34°65 time/h {i) Determine the half-life of the radioactive source. (ii) Explain why the source may not be suitable for use in the paper industry. What will be the activity of the source after 5 half-lives? [1 | Turn overis eanies tee (c) State and explain whether the following nuclear reactions are possible or not possible. W) BX hY ey | Explain your answer. (2) (ii) 9X, AY +4He Explain your answer, | [2] © BEC 2008 057:/0301NI0813 halt-lite of 4.0 days. 10 A radioactive sample hi (2) (State what is meant by the term hali-le, ii) Name the three types of radiation that may be emitted by the radioactive sample. 2 : | fe | What traction of the sample is lett undecayed after 12 days? i iv} The sample contains 12x 10 nudiei j Calculats the time taken for this number of nuclei ta reduce to 1 i time = nen nena} | (v) Sketch 2 graph showing how the number of atoms in the sample changes with time using the axes below. no. of atoms time (2) ceria noo [urn over13, 1. (8) Aradioactive isotope of technelium is represented by the {i} How many protons are there in the nucleus of this isotope? (ii) How many neutrons are there in the nucleus of this isotope? (b) Fig. 7.1 shows a detector used to measure the activity of a radioactive source. Dif materials are placed between the source and the detector, detector material Fig. 7.1 The background radiation is found to be 22 counts per minute, The following results are obtained. material used | average counts par minute no material | 1973 | | card (1 mm thick) 1216 we eters, Bid Lead (1 mm thick) | 22 State whether each of the radiations is emitted by the source. Give a reason for each answer. (i) Alpha: | (ii) Betas. | (iii), Gamma: (8) | | | [Turn over verincammages with time. (c) The graph shows how the activity of another isotope of technetium 1600 1200+ activity of isotope (counts per second) 800 400. time (hours) | (i) Use the graph to find the halt-life of this isotope. half-life Medicine containing this isotope is injected into a human body. Why is it important (i) that the isotope has a short half-life? (il) The isotope emits gamma rays only. What property of gamma rays makes the isotope sultable for this medical use? i4]12 ing @ bela (il) Write down the equation that represents the change in the thallium nucleus when it emits 2 beta particle (b} Alpha, tuts, and gemma emissions cause ionisation. | a) «fy ionigation? } 3 (il) Which emission causes the groatest ionisation of air? } (iit) Fig. 10.2 shows 2 beam of alpha, bet positively charged piats. and gamma emissions passi near a | | Fig. 10.2 : On Fig. 10.2, labs! the path that represents the direction that would be followed by ‘each radiation. GB (erty of Gamminge votre! Eee ple Urey a ‘he Unvertyof Canbrice, bia Leal Suamnatans Syne (VOLES), win sala depart ot1 eal 9 This question is about thermionic emission. = (a) (i) How are cathode rays produced in a cathode ray tube? (ii) What ere cathode rays? | (iii) What charge do cathode rays carry? 13} “(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a cathode ray entering.an electric field between two charged plates, P and Q. . fetttetttset+ p Fig. 9.1 | ()) Draw the electric field between the piates. (ii) Complete the pati of the ray_fhrough the plates. ) ssroowcev [Turn over12 10 (a) Aradioactive source has a halttlife of 5 hours. (i) What is meant by a halflife of 5 hours? The original count rate of the source is Ry. The count rate drops to half Ro after 5 hours. ‘Complete the table to show how the count rate changes with time. 5 | 1 1 | 20 | 28 Time (hrs) ] i | | | | [ Count rate (iii) Sketch a graph to show how the source decays. count rate time a (b) Another radioactive source has an initial count rate of 2000 count per minute. 12 hours later the count rate drops to 250 counts per minute. What is the half-life of the source? 1] fa. Examers se &12 fer Evans ss 10 (a) 2877 is an isotope of thallium. The isotope decays to lead (Pb) by emitting a beta particle. The halt-lfe of the isotope is 4.8 hours. (i) What is meant by a halt-life of 4.8 hours? | (li) Write down the equation that represents the change in the thallium nucleus when it emits a beta particle. (5) (b) Alpha, beta, and gamma emissions cause ionisation (i) Whatis ionisation? CG (ill) Fig. 10.2 shows a beam of alpha, beta and gamma emissions passing near a positively charged plate, | fpeeeeattttt ( Fig. 10.2 ‘On Fig. 10.2, label the path that represents the direction that would be followed by each radiation. (8) ‘nierty of Cambridge riarational amination ie par of he Uriveriy of Cambie Leal ExamnaonsSycal UCLES), which sea department of ‘th Universty of Cambri, © BEC 2008 os71ros/0 N084 c (>) Name the two nuclear processes that produce energy. 1 (e) Uranium nuclei in a nuciear reactor are involved in a chain reaction that produces energy. Describe this chain reaction, | 13) (d) A radioactive isotope has 2 halite of 6 hours. A sample of the isolope has 2n initial activity of 1000 counts per second. () What is meant by hatte? BEC 2008 sstvmaonosGi) 1B raw 2 graph to show how the activity of the sample v is the grid provided. ries with time over four halt- [6] 2 BEC 2008 MOYO13 |, 8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows an arrangement used to compare the penetrating powers of radioactive emissions. Fig. 8.1 Identify the particles P, Q and R. 2) (b) Give one industrial and one medical use of radioactivity. industrial medical: (c) Complete the table by matching each radioactive particle with its property, nature of particle particle { high energy electrons | | | nucleus of helium atom | = | high energy electromagnetic radiation | . is] (d) State one source of background radiation. @.8e¢ 2007 [urn over12 10 (a) Americium (Am) decays to Neptunium (Np) by emitting an alpha partic Write a complete decay equation. am —> (b) Table 10.1 shows the count rate from a radioactive source that emits beta particles, Table 10.1 | Time/min 0 | Count rate/counts/min | 90 | 86 | 36 | 25 | 18 | 18 ‘A count rate of 10 counts/min is obtained when there is no radioactive source near. (1) What is the cause of the count rate when no radioactive source is near? (il) Complete Table 10.2 below to show the count rate due to the beta source only, Table 10.2 [Time/min o | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 { 100 | | Count rate/counts/min | | | | | | (ill) On the grid provided, pict 2 graph of count rate against time using the results in Table 10.2. (iv) From the graph, determine the half-life of the source, BEC 2008 osrins10nv08 131 2Fe 13 Ue os71es0Nree © BEC 200812 | fe nowt 41 (a) Strontium-90 decays by emitting a beta-particle, | State how the atomic number and mass number are affected by the emission of a beta-particle, (atomic number .. | (i) mass numbar (0) A radioactive source has a half-life of 2 months. After 8 months, the count rate has | reduced to 25 counts per minute. Complete Table 11.1 to find the initial count rate of the source. Table 11.4 | | count rate/min Lt. .s time/months | 0 2 | 4 e | a | | ll al initial count rate 1 | | | | | | Formas fo resdica lore vier tery cured malefalpoaied by capyigh used ha both saight ard Geared where poate. Eve renronsas stor nae been ma publsnar wile pleasoc to mske a © BEC 20:0 rasa te earas sails appara csriesiorr0 by tne pussner (BEC) wo tens conyg Mole, bu i any Hams remung sebGres Rave unwingly Seen Rousas,13 (a) Define radioactive decay. (b) The radioactive nucleus of element X decays to form the nucleus of element Y by releasing a beta particle. Complete the equation to show the mass number and the atomic number of element ¥. eX | m | (c) Fig. 13.1 shows a radioactive source that emits alpha, beta and gamma radiations. | The radiations enter 2 magnetic field which is directed into the plane of the paper. | | + + + + + radioactive sample tO = eo | + + t+ oe + + + + e + | magnetic fiekd | Fig. 13.1 | On Fig. 13.1, draw and label the path followed by each radiation, (31 | oucies2011 asians (Turn over12 41 Table 11.1 shows how the activity of a radioactive isotope changes over time, Table 11.4 activity ] | (countisecy _| 100 | 70 | 80 | 35 | 25 | | time (days) [0 | 10 [20 | 30 | 40 (a) What is meant by half-life? (b) Determine the half-life of the isotope halflife... (c) (i) Uranium - 234 (7° U) decays by emitting an alpha particle to become a new element, What is the mass number (nucleon number) and the atomic number (proton number) of the new element? mass number [1] atomic number ... Explain how the fission of uranium produces heat in a nuclear reactor. ‘Guded hae bean sought ene ‘copyright holsors, but if any he eariest ome requiring clear possible opportuni © BEC 2012 osrimsioni2Examiner's Use 15 On the grid below, plot a graph of the number of atoms against time. (4) ‘ § a e g £ e 5 g g : 3 g e 5 2 5 8 B 3 number of atoms osrio3i0Ni3 e380 2013,