1. ________ is the first step in the research process.

Collecting data

*Formulating a research question

Analyzing data

Drawing conclusion

2. What is the purpose of a research proposal?

To present research findings

*To provide a rationale for the study

To establish causality

To guide the data collection process

3. What is a research design?

A plan for data analysis

A method for data collection

A statistical technique

*A framework for conducting research

4. What is the purpose of statistical analysis in research?

To summarize research findings

To collect primary data

*To draw conclusion from data

To develop research hypotheses

5. What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

*To provide a baseline for comparison

To receive the experimental treatment

To control for confounding variables

To ensure internal validity

6. Which of the following is an example of a primary source of data?

Research article

Textbook

Meta-analysis

*Interview transcript

7. _________ is the characteristics of qualitative research.

Large sample size

Standardize data collection methods

*Emphasis on context and social interactions

Objectives and detached perspective

8. ________ is NOT a common data collection method in qualitative research.

Participant observation

*Structured interviews

Content Analysis

Focus Groups

9. ________ is the primary focus of qualitative research.

Causality

*Understanding the meanings and interpretations of individuals

Hypothesis testing

Statistical analysis

10. In qualitative research, data collection methods typically include

Structured questionnaires

Experiments

Surveys
*Interviews and Observations

11. Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research question?

What is the prevalence of depression in college students?

*How does gender influence job satisfaction?

What is the relationship between income and happiness?

What are the factors that contribute to successful weight loss?

12. Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the prevalence of AIDS amongst
male and female in Zambia in 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006?

Cluster sampling

*Systematic sampling

Quota sampling

Stratified random sampling

13. The research is always -

Verifying the old knowledge

Exploring new knowledge

Filling the gap between knowledge

*All of these

14. A null hypothesis is

*When there is no difference between the variables

The same as research hypothesis

Subjective in nature

When there is difference between the variables

15. A common test in research demands much priority on

Reliability
Useability

Objectivity

*All of these answers

16. _________ is the main purpose of a research hypothesis.

*To provide a clear research direction

To analyze data

To establish causality

To summarize research findings

17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research question?

Clear and Focused

Relevant and significant

Testable and measurable

*Broad and ambiguous

18. What is a random sample in research?

*A sample that is selected by chance

A sample that is selected based on specific criteria

A sample that is selected from population in a systematic way

A sample that is selected based on convenience

19. What is a case study in research?

A survey of a large population

*An in-depth investigation of a single individual or group

An experimental design that tests a hypothesis

An analysis of existing statistical data

20. _____________ is a research population.

The group of people who participate in the study

*The larger group from which the participants are selected

The variables being studied

The data collected in the study

21. Which of the following is a measure of central tendency in statistics?

Standard Deviation

Correlation Coefficient

*Mean

Chi-square test

22. What is the main purpose of a pilot study in research?

To gather primary data

To establish the sample size

To test the research hypothesis

*To refine the research methodology

23. __________ is a non-probability sampling technique.

*Convenience Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Cluster Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

24. What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics in research?

To summarize and describe data

To explore relationships between variables

To interpret qualitative data

*To test hypotheses and make inferences about a population

25. ________ is NOT a type of research data.

Primary data

Secondary data

*Tertiary data

Meta data

26. What is a literature review?

A summary of book

A summary of research study

*A summary of the literature on a particular topic

A summary of a movie

27. What is the first step in conducting a literature review?

*Identify the research question

Identify the study population

Identify the research hypothesis

Identify the research methodology

28. What is the purpose of a conceptual framework in research?

To provide a summary of the main concepts related to the research topic

*To establish the theoretical foundation for the research study

To outline the research design and methods

To report the findings of the research study

29. ________ is NOT a step in the research process.

Literature review

Data analysis

*Research question

Data collection
30. What is a research instrument?

The research question

The research design

*The data collection method

The data analysis plan

31. ________ is a data analysis plan.

A plan for collecting data in as research study

*A plan for analyzing data collected in a research study

A plan for reporting research findings

A plan for selecting research participants

32. Which of the following is an example of qualitative descriptive data?

Age of participants in a research study

Gender of participants in a research study

Scores on a likert scale in a questionnaire

*Responses to open-ended questions in a survey

33. Which of the following is a measure of central

34. tendency?

Standard Deviation

Variance

*Median

Range

35. What is the mode in descriptive data analysis?

*The value that appears most frequently in a dataset

The average of a dataset

The middle value of a dataset

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset

36. ______________________, is NOT a characteristic of fundamental research.

It is exploratory in nature.

It is aimed at developing new theories

*It is focused on solving practical problems

It is conducted without a specific application

37. Which of the following is a type of research bias?

Descriptive bias

*Sampling bias

Causal bias

Inferential bias

38. What is recall bias in data collection?

The tendency of participants to provide socially desirable responses

The systematic error in measurement instruments

*The distortion of memory in reporting past events

The influence of the researcher’s expectations on data collection

39. How can researcher bias be minimized in data collection?

Using random sampling techniques

*Double-blind data collection

Using multiple data collection methods

Ensuring strict adherence to research protocols

40. What is bias in research methodology?

A measure of central tendency

A measure of variability

*A systematic error in data collection

A random error in data collection

41. How can researchers minimize bias in data collection?

By using a small sample size

By using biased data collection instruments

By using non-random sampling techniques

*By using appropriate data collection and analysis methods

42. Bibliography given in a research report

*Helps those interested in further research and studying the problem from another angle

Shows the vast knowledge of the researcher

Makes the report authentic

None of the above

43. Which comes first, theory or research?

Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark

Research, because that’s the only way you can develop a theory

*It depends on your point of view

The question is meaningless, because you can’t have one without the other

44. A deductive theory is one that

Allows theory to emerge out of the data

*Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis

Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge

Uses qualitative methods whenever possible

45. Which of the following is not a type of research question?

*A hypothesis

Predicting an outcome

Evaluating a phenomenon

Developing good practice

46. What does ‘sampling cases’ mean?

Sampling using a sampling frame

Identifying people who are suitable for research

Literally, the researcher’s brief-case

*Sampling people, newspapers, television programmes etc

47. The core ingredients of a dissertation are:

Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations.

Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography

*Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion

Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References

48. Which of the following is not a data-collection method?

*Research questions

Unstructured interviewing

Postal survey questionnaires

Participant observation

49. The research antagonistic to ex-post facto research is

*Experimental studies

Library researches

Normative researches

All of the above

50. An example of scientific knowledge is

*Laboratory and field experiments

Social traditions and customs

Authority of the Prophet or great men

Religious scriptures

51. The process not needed in experimental researches is

*Reference collection

Controlling

Observation

Manipulation and replication

52. Below are given some probable characteristics of an ineffective teacher, which of them is most likely
to be characterized the ineffective teacher

Emphasis upon pupil discussion in the clarification of groups goals

Emphasis upon standards

*Emphasis upon the control of the immediate situation

None of the above

53. The per capital income of Zambia from 1950 to 1990 is four times. This study is

Social

Factorial

Horizontal

*Longitudinal

54. Nine years old children are taller than 7 years old ones. It is an example of

Vertical studies

*Cross-sectional studies

Experimental studies
Case studies

55. In order to augment the accuracy of the study a researcher

Should be honest and unbiased

Should increase the size of the sample

Should keep the variance high

*All of these

56. Hypothesis cannot be stated in

Declarative terms

Null and question form terms

*General terms

Directional terms

57. All cause non sampling errors except

Faulty tools of measurement

Defect in data collection

Non response

*Inadequate sample

58. Formulation of hypothesis may not be necessary in

Survey studies

*Fact finding (historical) studies

Experimental studies

Normative studies