Lesson 3.

1 : Analysis and Design of Singly Rectangular Beam

Introduction :

C C

T T

 b= width of compression face of the beam

 h= total depth of the beam Symbol and Notations:
 d= effective depth
 𝐴 = area of steel reinforcement in tension side 𝑓 𝑐 = compressive strength of concrete, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 ρ= ratio of the steel reinforcement C = compressive force due to compression of concrete
T = tensile force due to steel reinforcement
ρ = 𝐴 ⁄𝑏𝑑 𝑓 = tensile strength in reinforcement, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 c= actual depth of the compression concrete 𝐸 = Modulus of Elesticity of Steel, 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
ε = strain on concrete
• a=depth of equivalent rectangular stress block ε = strain in steel
𝑎=β 𝑐

Given by the code: 𝑴𝒖 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏

From figure (a): From figure (b):

∑𝐹 = 0 ∑𝑀 =0

𝑪=𝑻 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐) 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑻 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)

or
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐) 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)

From figure (c): Note:

𝑓 • 𝑓 > 𝑓 ∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑓

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0.003 • 𝑓 < 𝑓 ∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓
200,00
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐

𝟔𝟎𝟎 (𝒅 − 𝒄)
𝒇𝒔 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝒄

 Ratio of the Steel Reinforcement, ρ

𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒; 𝑎𝑡 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ; ε = 0.004

⎯⎯⎯
𝑓′ 1.4 3 0.85β 𝑓′
⎯⎯⎯⎯ or ⎯⎯⎯ 𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4𝑓 𝑓 7 𝑓

RC-1 Page 1
 Note:
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∶
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝝆 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
.04 0.5 0.6

• Maximum steel reinforcement ratio, 𝜌 0.55 0.5 0.6

0.4 0.5 0.49

By ratio and proportion:

0.003 0.007 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ; 𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
𝑐 𝑑 7

From: 𝑪=𝑻 Where: 𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅

0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄

Thus,

3
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽 ⎯⎯𝑑 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
7

3 0.85β 𝑓′
𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 𝑓
• Strength Reduction factor, ϕ

𝑓 ≤ 𝑓 ; ϕ = 0.65

𝑓 −𝑓
𝑓 < 𝑓 < 1000 ; ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1000 − 𝑓

𝑓 ≥ 1000 ; ϕ = 0.90

Tension controlled members. Reinforcing steel yields before the concrete strain at extreme
compression fiber reaches 0.003 (𝑓 > 𝑓 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)

Compression controlled section. The strain at extreme fiber for concrete reached 0.003 before
steel yield. In the case, the section is over reinforced. (𝑓 < 𝑓 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)

• Tension Controlled ; 𝜀 = 0.005

By ratio and proportion:

0.003 0.008 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ; 𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
𝑐 𝑑 8

From: 𝑪=𝑻 Where: 𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅

0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄

Thus,

3
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽 ⎯⎯𝑑 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
8

3 0.85β 𝑓′
ρ = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8 𝑓

Problem 3.1.1
A rectangular beam has b=300 mm, d=500 mm, 𝐴 = 3-25mm diameter reinforced steel bar, 𝑓′ = 34.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine the ultimate capacity of the beam.

RC-1 Page 2
 Given:
𝑓′ = 34.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
500 mm = π(25𝑚𝑚)
𝐴 = 3 · ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4
1875π
𝐴 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯𝑚𝑚
4

b=300 mm

Req'd : 𝑀 =?

Solution:
Step 1: Assume steel yields, 𝑓 = 𝑓

𝒂
𝑪=𝑻 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 ; 𝒄 = ⎯⎯⎯ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓′ = 34.20 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜷𝟏
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓 0.05
69.90773 𝑚𝑚 𝛽 = 0.85 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯(𝑓 − 28)
7
1875π 𝑐 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0.80571
0.85(34.20)(𝑎)(300) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(414) 0.05
4 𝛽 = 0.85 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯(34.2 − 28)
7
𝑐 = 86.76537 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 69.90773 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 = 0.80571

𝑑−𝑐 500 − 86.76537

𝑓 = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 2,857.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓 = 2,857.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 86.76537
∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑓

Step 2: Classify the Section

𝑓 > 1000 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ϕ = 0.90

Step 3: Solve for Moment Capacity

𝑴𝒖 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)

𝑀 = 0.90 (283.52 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚) 1875π

𝑀 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯(414) 500 − 69.90773 2
4
𝑀 = 255.17 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑀 = 283,522,502.7 𝑁 · 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 283.52 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

Problem 3.1.2
A rectangular beam has b=250 mm, d=350 mm, 𝐴 = 3-32mm diameter reinforced steel bar, 𝑓′ = 20.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine
the ultimate capacity of the beam.

Given:
𝑓′ = 20.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
350 mm = π(32𝑚𝑚)
𝐴 = 3 · ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4

𝐴 = 768π 𝑚𝑚

b=250 mm

Req'd : 𝑀 =?

Solution:
Step 1: Assume steel yields, 𝑓 = 𝑓

𝒂
𝑪=𝑻 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 ; 𝒄 = ⎯⎯⎯ 17 < 𝑓′ = 20.50 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 28
𝜷𝟏
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝛽 = 0.85
229.29714 𝑚𝑚
0.85(20.50)(𝑎)(250) = 768π(414) 𝑐 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0.85
𝑎 = 229.29714 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 269.76134 𝑚𝑚

𝑑−𝑐 350 − 269.76134

𝑓 = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 178.47 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓 = 178.47 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 269.76134
∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑈𝑆𝑆𝑈𝑀𝑃𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐼𝑆 𝑊𝑅𝑂𝑁𝐺!

RC-1 Page 3
Step 2: Compute the correct value of " c " 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓

𝑪=𝑻
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝑑−𝑐 350 − 222.90766
𝑓 = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 222.90766
0.85𝑓′ 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝑏 = 𝐴 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐 𝑓 = 342.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎
350 − 𝑐
0.85(20.50)(0.85)(𝑐)(250) = 768π 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑐

𝑐 = 222.90766 𝑚𝑚

Step 3:Classify the Section

𝑓 = 342.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ϕ = 0.65

Step 4: Solve for Moment Capacity

𝑴𝒖 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐) 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
𝑎 = 0.85(222.90766 𝑚𝑚)
𝑀 = 0.65 (210.69 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚) 𝑀 = 768π(342.09) 350 − 189.47151 2
𝑎 = 189.47151 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 = 136.95 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑀 = 210.69 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

Problem 3.1.3
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d = 490 mm , concrete compressive strength, 𝑓′ = 27.60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel yield strength, 𝑓 =276
𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the required tension steel area, if the beam has to carry factored moment of 140 kN-m.

Given:

𝑓′ = 27.60 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

Req'd : 𝐴 =?

Solution:

Step 1: Solve for 𝜌 and 𝑀𝑢 ε = 0.004

3 0.85β 𝑓′ 3 0.85(0.85)(27.60) 𝑓 = ε 𝐸 = 0.004(200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 𝑓 7 276
𝑓 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎
β = 0.85 𝜌 = 0.03096 3
𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
7

𝑴𝒏(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐) 3 3

𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑 = ⎯⎯(490)
= 0.85(27.6) (178.5)(300) (490 − 178.5⁄2) 7 7
3
𝑎 = 0.85 ⎯⎯ (490𝑚𝑚)
7 𝑐 = 210 𝑚𝑚
= 503,455,412.3 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 178.5 𝑚𝑚
= 503.455 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

𝑓 −𝑓
𝑑−𝑐 490 − 210 𝑓 < 𝑓 < 1000 ; ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑴𝒖(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏(𝒎𝒂𝒙) 𝑓 = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 600 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1000 − 𝑓
𝑐 210

𝑀 ( ) = 0.83094(503.455 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚) 𝑓 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎

= 418.3409 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 800 − 276

ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.83094
1000 − 276

𝑀 <𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑀 ( ) = 418.3409 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 > 𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 >𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

Step 2: Determine if the section is tension controlled ε = 0.005 3

𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
8
ϕ = 0.9

𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝑴𝒏(𝑻𝑪) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)

3
𝑎 = 0.85 ⎯⎯ (490𝑚𝑚) = 0.85(27.6) (156.1875)(300) (490 − 156.1875⁄2)
8

RC-1 Page 4
 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝑴𝒏(𝑻𝑪) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)
3
𝑎 = 0.85 ⎯⎯ (490𝑚𝑚) = 0.85(27.6) (156.1875)(300) (490 − 156.1875⁄2)
8
= 452.787 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑎 = 156.1875 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒖(𝑻𝑪) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏

= 0.90(452.787 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚)

= 407.5083 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

𝑀 <𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑀 ( ) = 407.5083 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 > 𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑢𝑠𝑒 ϕ = 0.9 𝑀 >𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

Step 3: Determine the required steel reinforcement, 𝑨𝒔

𝑀 = 𝜙𝑀 𝑪=𝑻
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 𝜙0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎 ⁄2)
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓
140𝑥10 = 0.90 (0.85)(27.6)(𝑎)(300) 490 − 𝑎 2
0.85(27.6)(47.3991)(300) = ρ(300)(490)(276)
𝑎 = 47.3991 𝑚𝑚
ρ = 0.00822

⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑓′ √27.6
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00476
4𝑓 4(276)
𝜌 = 𝜌 = 0.03096
1.4 1.4
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00507
𝑓 276

𝜌 = 0.00476 < 𝜌 = 0.00822 < 𝜌 = 0.03096 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌

𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅 = 0.00822(300)(490)

𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Problem 3.1.4
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m.
Steel yield strength 𝑓 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and concrete compressive strength 𝑓′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the
steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 . Other than the beam weight, the beam carries a superimposed dead load of 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
and a live load of 14 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚. Use the strength design method.
a. Determine the maximum factored moment of the beam.
b. Determine the required number of 20 mm tension bars.

Given:

Length of Beam = 5m
h = 480 mm
𝑓′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
480 mm - 70 mm
= 410 mm δ = 23.5

𝑤 = 18 ⁄
-
70 mm = 𝑤 = 14 ⁄
b=300 mm

Req'd : 𝑎. 𝑀 = ?
𝑏. 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = ?

Solution:

Factored Load:
a.) 𝑤 = 1.2𝑤 + 1.6𝑤
𝐴 = 0.48 𝑚 ∗ 0.30 𝑚 = 0.144 𝑚
𝑤 = 1.2 21.384 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 + 1.6 14 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝑤 = δ ∗ 𝐴 = 23.5 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 0.144 𝑚 = 3.384 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝑚
𝑤 = 48.0608 𝑘𝑁 𝑚

total 𝑤 = 18 ⁄ + 3.384 ⁄ = 21.384 ⁄

For simply supported span , 𝑀 = ⎯⎯⎯

𝑤 𝐿 48.0608 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 (5𝑚)
𝑀 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8 8

RC-1 Page 5
 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 · 𝒎

b.)

Step 1: Solve for 𝜌 and 𝑀𝑢 ε = 0.004

3 0.85β 𝑓′ 3 0.85(0.85)(28) 𝑓 = ε 𝐸 = 0.004(200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝜌 = ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 𝑓 7 415
𝑓 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎
β = 0.85 𝜌 = 0.02089 3
𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
7

𝑴𝒏(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)

𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
= 0.85(28) (149.35714)(300) (410 − 149.35714⁄2) 3
𝑎 = 0.85 ⎯⎯ (410𝑚𝑚)
7
= 357.59 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑎 = 149.35714 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒖(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏 𝑓 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

∴ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 ( ) = 0.81453(357.59 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚)
= 291.27 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 800 − 415
ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1000 − 415

ϕ = 0.81453

𝑀 <𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑀 ( ) = 291.27 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 > 𝑀 = 150.19 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑀 >𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

3
Step 2: Determine if the section is tension controlled ε = 0.005 𝑐 = ⎯⎯𝑑
8
ϕ = 0.9

𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝑴𝒏(𝑻𝑪) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄 𝒂𝒃 (𝒅 − 𝒂⁄𝟐)

3
𝑎 = 0.85 ⎯⎯ (410𝑚𝑚) = 0.85(28) (130.6875)(300) (410 − 130.6875⁄2)
8
= 321.602 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
𝑎 = 130.6875 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒖(𝑻𝑪) = 𝝓𝑴𝒏

= 0.90(321.602 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚)

= 289.4427 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚

𝑀 <𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑀 ( ) = 289.4427 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 > 𝑀 = 150.19 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 ∴ 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑢𝑠𝑒 ϕ = 0.9 𝑀 >𝑀 ( ) ∴ 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

Step 3: Determine the required steel reinforcement, 𝑨𝒔

𝑀 = 𝜙𝑀 𝑪=𝑻
0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑓
𝑀 = 𝜙0.85𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎 ⁄2)
150.19𝑥10 = 0.90 (0.85)(28)(𝑎)(300) 410 − 𝑎 2 0.85𝑓′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓

𝑎 = 61.6388 𝑚𝑚 0.85(28)(61.6388)(300) = ρ(300)(410)(415)

ρ = 0.00862

⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
𝑓′ √28
⎯⎯⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00319
4𝑓 4(415)
𝜌 = 𝜌 = 0.02089
1.4 1.4
⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯ = 0.00337
𝑓 415

𝜌 = 0.00319 < 𝜌 = 0.00862 < 𝜌 = 0.02089 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌

π
𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅 = 0.00862(300)(410) 𝑨𝒔 = 𝒏 · ⎯⎯𝒅𝟐
𝟒
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝜋
1,060.26 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛 · ⎯⎯(20𝑚𝑚)
4
𝒏 = 𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒔

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