EE 201 – Signals and Systems

W02:
• Signals Classifications (2)
• Signals Transformations
• Basic Signals (1)

Mohammad Javad Omidi

Remember

4. Periodic and aperiodic signals

Is the Sum of the 2 periodic signals periodic?

2𝟐
𝜔1 = 4 𝜔2 = 𝜋 • Why not to use 𝜋 = 𝟕
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑇1 = = = 𝜋 2𝟐
𝜔1 4 2 𝑇1 2 11
= = 𝟕 = X
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑇2 2 4 𝟕
𝑇2 = = =2
𝜔2 𝜋

𝜋
𝑇1 2 𝜋
= = • 𝜋 is irrational number and it is doesn’t equal to the rational
𝑇2 2 4 2𝟐
number
The results is not a rational number 𝟕
2𝟐
i.e., not periodic • is just an approximation (the closest rational number)
𝟕

2
Show the situation on a graph using Matlab

Sum of periodic signals

3
 Show the situation on a graph using Matlab

Sum of periodic signals

4
5. Even and Odd signals

Even signals

Examples:

𝑥(𝑡) = cos(𝜔 𝑡) 𝑥(−𝑡) = cos −𝜔 𝑡 = cos 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑥 −𝑡 = −𝑡 2 = 𝑡 2 = 𝑥(𝑡)

5
Classification of Signals
5. Even and Odd signals
Odd signals

Examples:

𝑥(𝑡) = Sin(𝜔 𝑡) 𝑥(−𝑡) = Sin −𝜔 𝑡 = − Sin 𝜔 𝑡 = −𝑥(𝑡)

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑥 −𝑡 = −𝑡 = −𝑥(𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 𝑥 −𝑡 = −𝑡 3
= −𝑡 3 = −𝑥(𝑡)

6
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

7
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

• Can you prove that this property is correct?

• Can you prove that xe is even and xo is odd?
8
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

Proof 1:

Proof 2: Try it yourself (Bonus for the first one to answer)

9
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

Example 1 (Using Equations): Express the following function as the sum of odd and even
components

10
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

Example 2 (Using Equations): f(t)= 𝑡 3 − 𝑡

f(-t)= (−𝑡)3 − −𝑡 = −𝑡 3 + 𝑡
1
Then, the even component is: 𝑓𝑒 (𝑡) = [f(t) + f(−t)]
2
1 3
= [𝑡 − 𝑡 + (−𝑡 3 + 𝑡)] = 0
2
1
Then, the odd component is: 𝑓𝑜 (𝑡) = [f(t) − f(−t)]
2
1 3
= [𝑡 − 𝑡 − (−𝑡 3 + 𝑡)]
2
Sum of 2 odd parts = odd signal = 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 = f(t) 11
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

Example 2 (Using graphs and Signals transformations):

What are the even and odd components of the unit step function 𝑢 (𝑡) ?

?
Need to learn the first signals’ transformations (Time-Reversal)

12
Classification of Signals

5. Even and Odd signals Properties

Example 2 (Using graphs and Signals transformations):

What are the even and odd components of the unit step function 𝑢 (𝑡) ?

13
Classification of Signals 5. Even and Odd signals

Example 3 (Using graphs and Signals transformations):

What are the even and odd components of the shown triangle?

14
Signals transformations

15
Signals transformations: Time Reversal (Folding)

• To invert x(t), we rotate 180◦ about the

vertical axis
1. Find key points
2. Fix points on the vertical axis
3. Rotate other points the same distance on the
other side of the vertical axis

16
Signals transformations: Time Reversal

Examples:

17
Signals transformations: Time Reversal

Examples: Unit step signal reversal

18
Signals transformations: Time Scaling

❑A real-life example of time scaling is listening to an answering-

machine message on fast forward. This speeds up the signal in
time and increases the pitch, or frequency content of the speaker’s
voice.
❑The wavelet transform uses time-scaling to analyze signals
simultaneously in both the time and the frequency domains.
❑The wavelet transform is used in image compression (e.g., JPEG
standards)

19
Signals transformations: Time Scaling
1.Expansion/Compression?
2.Factor?
3.Find the Key points on the
horizontal axis (zero is fixed)
4.Apply Expansion/Compression

20
Signals transformations: Time Scaling

Examples: 1.Expansion/Compression?
2.Factor?
3.Find the Key points on the
horizontal axis (zero is fixed)
4.Apply Expansion/Compression

Notice that zero is not within the defined graph

g(3t)

21
Signals transformations: Time Shifting

Notice: no time scaling

❑Note that 𝑦(0) = 𝑥(𝑡o) .
❑Two Cases:
✓ If 𝑡o is positive (i.e., 𝑡o > 0), the shifted signal 𝑦 𝑡 is delayed in time [shifted
to the right relative to 𝑥(𝑡)].
✓ If 𝑡o is negative (i.e., 𝑡o < 0), the shifted signal 𝑦 𝑡 is advanced in time
[shifted to the left relative to 𝑥(𝑡)].

22
Signals transformations: Time Shifting

Example

23
Signals transformations: Time Shifting

Example

24
General form of time transformations:

y(t)= 𝑥 ±𝑎𝑡 ± b
What are the orders of time transformation?

Method 1 Method 2

❑ Step 1: Time Shift ❑ Step 1: Time Reverse (Folding )

❑ Step 2: Time Scaling
Steps 2&3
Steps 1&2
can be
can be
swapped
swapped
❑ Step 2: Time Reverse (Folding ) ❑ Step 3: Time Shift
❑ Step 3: Time Scaling
Need Mathematical Reformulation first

𝑏
y(t)= 𝑥 𝑎 𝑡 +
𝑎
25
General form of time transformations:

𝑥(𝑡 + 1)

𝑥(−𝑡 + 1)

Method 1
❑ Step 1: Time Shift
❑ Step 2: Time Reverse (Folding )
❑ Step 3: Time Scaling
Steps 2&3
can be
swapped

26
General form of time transformations:

Method 2

−1
y(t)= 𝑥 𝑡−2
2
❑ Step 1: Time Reverse (Folding )
❑ Step 2: Time Scaling

Steps 1&2
can be
swapped

❑ Step 3: Time Shift

27
General form of time transformations:

Method 1
❑ Step 1: Time Shift
No reverse
❑ Step 2: Time Reverse (Folding )
❑ Step 3: Time Scaling

Steps 2&3
can be
swapped

28
General form of time transformations:

❑ Step 1: Time Shift

❑ Step 2: Time Scaling
❑ Step 3: Time Folding

Steps 2&3
are swapped

29
Signals transformations: Amplitude

y(t)= ±𝐴 𝑥 𝑡 ±B

✓ Amplitude Reversal if A = -ve ✓ Amplitude Scaling (Amplification) if |A|>1

✓ Amplitude Scaling (Attenuation) if |A|<1

✓ Shift Up if B= +ve
✓ Shift Down if B= -ve

30
Signals transformations: Amplitude Scaling

31
Signals transformations: Amplitude Reversal

32
Signals transformations: Complex Amplitude transformations

❑ Step 1: Amplitude scaling

❑ Step 2: Amplitude Reverse
Steps 1&2
can be
swapped
❑ Step 3: Amplitude Shift

33
 Signals transformations: Complex Time-Amplitude transformations

❑ Plot the signal y(t) = 3 x(2t+3), where x(t) is given in the following figure:

Amplitude
❑ Step 1: Amplitude scaling
❑ Step 2: Amplitude Reverse
Time ❑ Step 3: Amplitude Shift
Method 1

❑ Step 1: Time Shift

❑ Step 2: Time Reverse
❑ Step 3: Time Scaling

34
35
36
37
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 4 𝐸𝑥 = ∞ 𝑃𝑥 = 16 ∴ 0 < 𝑃𝑥 < ∞

So, it is a power signal 38

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 4 𝐸𝑥 = 16 𝑃𝑥 = 0 ∴ 0 < 𝐸𝑥 < ∞

So, it is an Energy signal 39

 1
= lim 50 𝑇 = lim 50
𝑇 𝑇→∞
𝑇→∞

∴ 0 < 𝑃𝑥 < ∞ 𝐸𝑥 = ∞
𝑎
So, it is a power signal
𝑎=
= lim 50 𝑇 − 𝑎 = lim 50𝑇 = ∞ 40
𝑇→∞ 𝑇→∞
 1
= lim (25 𝑇) = 25
𝑇
𝑇→∞

∴ 0 < 𝑃𝑥 < ∞ 𝐸𝑥 = ∞

So, it is a power signal

41
42
∴ 0 < 𝑃𝑥 < ∞
𝐸𝑥 = ∞
So, it is a power signal 43
Basic Signals: Real Exponential Signals

44
Basic Signals: Periodic Complex Exponential Signals

45
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

46
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

47
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

48
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

49
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

50
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

51
Basic Signals: Unit Step Signal

52
Additional References:
[R1] Chandika Wavegedara, “EE201 Class Notes”, Summer 2022/2023, KCST.

Slide courtesy: Dr. Basem M. Elhalawany

53