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o Connote elevation or height, which is

LESSON 6: ELEMENTS AND usually taken to mean exaltation or
aspiration for action.
PRINCIPLES OF ART Diagonal and Crooked Lines
- Diagonal Lines
Elements of Art: Visual o Convey movement and instability,
- Akin to the atoms that are defined as the units or although the progression can be seen.
“building blocks of matter.” - Crooked or Jagged Lines
- The elements of art are the aspects of an artwork o Reminiscent of violence, conflict, or
that can be isolated from each other. struggle.
- These elements are generally produced when
Curved Lines
something is done to the medium after the
- Lines that bend or coil.
technique is carried out.
- Allude softness, grace, flexibility, or even
- All works of art require all elements to be present.
sensuality.
- Some art forms also necessitate some of the
elements as they are inherent in the very nature of Keith Haring
them. - Known for using lines to provide the outline or
contour of the figures he portrays in his works.
Elements - Battled with HIV/AIDS and died in 1990.
- Are the necessary preconditions for the creation of - First executed the public mural Todos juntos
art. podemos parar el sida or Together We Can Stop
- The elements of art make it possible to engage with AIDS in Barcelona in 1989.
the visual and tactile qualities of the artwork - In 2014, it was recreated at the foyer of the Museu
through a “common language” that may be widely d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona (Barcelona
understood Museum of Contemporary Art) to commemorate it.
- There are 5 elements of art and design: line,
shape and form, space, color, and texture. Francisco de Goya
- One of the most important Spanish artists.
Line - Known for his prints, he is a master of etched works
and use of aquatint.
- Point moving at an identifiable path
- He made use of this medium to articulate his
- Has length, direction, and width
political views about the ills of society, war scenes,
- 1D but has the capacity to either define the
and even the dreamlike and grotesque while still
perimeters of the artwork (edges) and/or become a
engaging with what was happening around him.
substantial component of the composition
- Simple but has variation in view of its The Draft of Medusa
orientation/direction, shape, and thickness.
- By Theodore Gericault
o Suggests meaning or message being
- The position and orientation of the bodies that are
conveyed by the artist.
aboard the raft are predominantly diagonal in
- Lines are dominant visual components.
direction.
- May not be explicit or shown, implied lines may
- This creates not only movement but also tension in
just be as powerful.
the scene.
Kinds of Lines - The painting is based on an actual event and
depicts the 1816 wreckage of the French
Horizontal and Vertical Lines government ship called Medusa.
- Refers to the orientation of the line.
- Together, these lines communicate stability and Shape and Form
firmness.
- These two are related to each other in that they
- Horizontal Lines
define the space occupied by the object of art.
o Associated with rest or calm.
o Shape – refers to two dimensions: heigh
o Alludes to position of the reclined body at
and width, and may also be implied.
rest.
o Form – refers to three dimensions: height,
o Landscapes often contain these elements
width, and depth.
as works like these often connote a visual
- Shapes are part of a bigger picture, but each can
sense of being parallel to the ground.
be identified by breaking the visual components
- Vertical Lines

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apart and making distinctions based on what we - An upshot of this color theory is the creation of the
know and what we’ve seen. color wheel.
- The color wheel corresponds to the first property of
2 Categories Can Be Used as a Broad color: hue
Distinction:
Hue
Geometric - This dimension of color gives its name. it can be
- Find origin in mathematical propositions. subdivided into:
- Its translation and use are often man-made. o Primary Colors: red, yellow, and blue
- Includes shapes such as: squares, triangles, o Secondary Colors: green, orange, and
cubes, circles, spheres, and cones. violet
Organic o Tertiary Colors: six in total, these hues
- Shapes that are readily occurring in nature. are achieved when primary and secondary
- Often irregular and asymmetrical colors are mixed together
Value
Space - This refers to the brightness or darkness of color
- Related to shape and form - This is often used by artists to create the illusion of
- Usually inferred from a sense of depth, whether it depth and solidarity, a particular mood,
is real or simulated. communicate a feeling, or in establishing a scene
- Real space is 3D (ex: day and night)
- Sculptures are a perfect example for this element. o Light Colors – taken as the source of light
But this can only be manifested 2D artworks in the composition
through the use of different techniques or the use o Dark Colors: the lack or even absence of
of area around a drawing or picture. light
- Not all works are sculptures. In 2D artworks, they
may be implied. We can identify the color even when a range is presented
to us. Each primary color has a range of values based on
Negative Space the addition and diminishing quantity and quality of light.
- Usually identified with the white space
• Tint: this is a lighter color than the normal value
Positive Space (ex: pink for red)
- The space where shadow is heavily used
• Shade: this is a darker color than the normal value
Three-dimensional Space (ex: maroon for red)
- Can be simulated through a variety of techniques
Intensity
such as shading.
- This is the color’s brightness or dullness
- An illusion of three-dimensionality can be achieved
- Identified as the strength of color, whether it is vivid
in a 2D work.
or muted
- To achieve a specific intensity of a color, one may
Color add gray or its complementary color.
- One of the elements that enhances the appeal of o Bright or Warm Colors – positive energy
an artwork. o Dull or Cool Colors – sedate/soothing,
- Its effect has range, allowing the viewer to make seriousness or calm
responses based on memory, emotion, and
instinct. Color Harmonies
- This element is a property of light, as it is reflected - To better understand intensity of color, color
off the object. harmonies are to be considered.
- It is not intrinsic to an object without light, one - Are also integral considerations not only for
cannot perceive color. pictorial arts but also for other art forms
- It presents a multitude of possibilities that affects
how works of art are taken in by the viewer. Monochromatic Harmonies
- What we know about colors begin with the notion - Use of variations of a hue
of a Color Theory that was first unraveled by the - Ex: Claud Monet’s “Houses of Parliament”
experiments undertaken by Sir Isaac Newton in
1666 Complementary Harmonies
o A ray of sunlight passing through a prism - Involve two colors opposite each other in the color
reveals an array of colors akin to that of a wheel
rainbow.
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- Since they are at contrary positions, the reaction is - Made use of light and dark contrasts and tones in
most intense which paintings not only looked three-dimensional,
but also more dramatic
Analogous Harmonies
- Make use of two colors beside each other in the Linear Perspective
color wheel - Changed the way pictorial representation was done
- Early proponents: Leon Battista Alberti, Paulo
Triadic Harmonies Uccello, and architect Filippo Brunelleschi in the
- Is the combination of all the other harmonies which early 15th century, who were published in Alberti’s
make use of three colors from equidistant sites On Painting in 1435
within the color wheel
o This doesn’t mean though that artists will Use of Planes and Perspective was Based on
limit themselves to these kinds of the ff observations:
harmonies. These are just jump-off points
• As forms and objects recede, the smaller they
that artists and creatives use
become
• We were taught that parallel lines never meet but
Texture when they seem to converge when they recede into
- Like space, it can either be real or implied a distance, at a point, they both disappear. This
- This element in an artwork is experienced through point of disappearance is called vanishing point.
the sense of touch and/or sight
- Renders the art object tactile and commonly A viewpoint may also be construed as normal (view
associated with textiles standing up), low (view from a lower angle), or high (view
looking down on a scene) depending on the position the
Techniques in Texture viewer takes.
Texture in the Two-dimensional Plane
- Texture can be implied using one technique or a 3 Types of Perspective (grounded on the
combination of other elements of art number of vanishing pts)
- By using this technique, one can imagine how the • One-point Perspective
surface will feel if it was to be touched o Often used in depicting roads, tracks,
- Words used to describe texture: rough or hallways, or rows of trees
smooth, hard or soft, hairy, leathery, sharp or dull, o This type shows parallel lines that seem to
etc. converge at a specific and lone vanishing
point, along the horizon line
Surface Texture
- Refers to the texture of the three-dimensional art • Two-point Perspective
object o Pertains to a painting/drawing that makes
use of 2 vanishing points, which can be
placed anywhere along the horizon line
It offers a starting point or baseline form which analysis may o Often used in depicting structures (houses
take place called formal analysis of art. or buildings) in the landscape that are
viewed from a specific corner
Planes and Perspective • Three-point Perspective
- Some art forms work with actual spaces (sculptors, o In this type, the viewer is looking
architects, and stage designers) but with pictorial o g at a scene from above or below
art that is two-dimensional, notions of depth and o It makes use of three vanishing points,
perspective requires the implementation of each corresponding to each axis of the
principles and techniques in creating an illusion scene
that will fool the eye to three-dimensionality when

-
in reality there is none.
Picture Plane is the actual surface of the painting
Elements of Art: Auditory
- Music as an art form is classified as auditory art
or drawing, where no illusion of a third dimension
o Some would argue that it is under the
exists as elements lay flat here
broad category of performance art
Chiaroscuro - However, music like visual arts, has its own
- Was developed during the Renaissance (15th building blocks or elements
Century) - It is one of the most widespread art form whose
intersection in daily life is most perceptible
- Music is sound organized in a specific time

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- Is considered an implement to cultural activities, o By horizontal, it means that in musical

answering a specific role or function notation, it is read in succession from left
- Music was used as a corral to herd animals, or as to right
an element of specific rituals or rites - Pitch is the highness or lowness of musical sound
o Singing or dancing to music was also often
used in opportunities for members of Harmony
society to gather and interact - Harmony is vertical
o Some are adept with the skill and sense to - It arises when pitches are combined to form chords
produce music, while some consume it as - Chord it is when several notes are simultaneously
listeners, audiences, and even performers played
- Importance: having the capacity to transcend - Can be described in terms of its “harshness”
barriers, even that of differences in language or o Dissonance is the harsh-sounding
conventions in sound combination
o Consonance is the smooth-sounding
6 Common Elements of Music combination
Rhythm Timbre
- Often associated to the terms beat, meter, and - Often linked to the color of music
tempo - A quality that distinguishes a voice or an instrument
- Element of music that situates it in time from another
- It is the pulse of the music - Dependent on the technique, it may give a certain
- Beat is the basic unit of music and can be tone or characteristic to music much like how a
organized into a recognizable recurrent pattern painter evoked different effects or impressions onto
called meter the canvas
- Tempo is the speed (beats/second)
Classical Terms used to Refer to Variations in Tempo:
Texture
- Number of melodies, type of layers, and their
• Largo – slowly and broadly
relatedness in a composition
• Andante – walking pace - It may be:
• Moderato – at moderate speed o Monophonic – single melodic line
• Allegro – fast o Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines
• Vivace – lively o Homophonic – main melody accompanied
• Accelerando – gradually speeding up by chords
• Rallentando – gradually slowing down
• Allargando – getting slower, broadening Principles of Art
• Rubato – literally “robbed time,” rhythm is played - Provides explicit ways in which these elements are
freely for expressive effect used, how they are manipulated, how they interact,
and how they inform the overall composition of the
Dynamics artwork to assist the artist in conveying his intention
- Refers to the loudness or quietness of music’s - It influences the effect achieved by the elements,
dynamics and the linkages of other principles
- When composers indicate an increase or decrease
in loudness, they use the terms crescendo for the Balance
former, and decrescendo or diminuendo for the - Refers to the distribution of the visual elements in
latter view of their placement in relation to each other
Classical Terms used to Refer to the Different Levels: 3 Forms of Balance
• Pianissimo (pp) – very quiet • Symmetrical – elements used on one side are
• Piano (p) – quiet reflected to the other and offers the most stable
• Mezzo-piano (mp) – moderately quiet visual sense
• Mezzo-forte (mf) – moderately loud • Asymmetrical – elements are not the same on each
• Forte (f) – loud side, putting the heaviness on one side
• Fortissimo (ff) – very loud • Radical – there is a central point in the composition,
around which elements and objects are distributed
Melody
- Refers to the linear presentation (horizontal) of Scale and Proportion
pitch - Scale

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o Size in relation to what is normal for the Emphasis and Contrast

figure or object in question - Emphasis allows the attention of the viewer to a
- Proportion focal point, accentuating or drawing attention to
o Size of components or of objects in relation these elements or objects
to one another when taken as a o Can be done through the manipulation of
composition or a unit the elements or through the assistance of
o Can also refer to values such as amounts other principles, especially that of contrast
or number of elements or objects in the - Contrast is the disparity between the elements that
composition figure into the composition
- One of the most common cannons asserted relates o one object may be made stronger
to the proportions of the body: compared to other objects (emphasis)
o For Egyptian Artists: human form follows
a square grid formed by the palm of the Unity and Variety
hand as a unit of measure. 18 units from - Unity: Compositions are intended to imbue a
head to foot = complete standing human sense of accord or completeness from the artwork
fig - Variety: is the principle that aims to retain the
o For Greek Artists: numerical interest by allowing patches or areas that both
relationships or the golden ratio was the excite and allow the eye to rest
key to beauty or perfection. Figure is
divided into 2 unequal segments wherein Harmony
the smaller is the same ratio to the larger - Unity and variety is related to the principle of
segment, and that the longer segment is harmony, in which the elements/objects achieve a
the same ratio in relation to the whole. sense of flow and interconnectedness
Figure can be valued at 1:1.618
- Leonardo da Vinci’s “Vitruvian Man” is an Movement
exploration on the ideas of the Roman architect - Refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes
Vitruvius, in which the human body is an example through the artwork, often guided by areas or
of a classical proportion in architecture. elements that are emphasized
o For da Vinci, man’s body can be used to - These focal pts can be lines, edges, and color
better understand the symmetry that exists within the work of art
in nature and the universe
Rhythm
Proportion can be: - Is created when an element is repeated, creating
• Natural implied movement
o Refers to the realistic size of the visual - Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm as
elements in the artwork, esp figurative depicted in the artwork
artworks
o If it is the accuracy in relation to the real Repetition and Pattern
world that the is after, this is now referred - Repetition: lines, shapes, colors, and other
to as the principle of scale elements may appear in an artwork in a recurring
• Exaggerated manner
o Refers to the unusual size relations of - Pattern: image created out of repetition
visual elements, deliberately exaggerating - With repetition, there is a sense of predictability
the immensity or minuteness of an object that is conveyed, which in turn imbues the feelings
o Element is smaller than expected of security and calmness
(diminutive)
o When something appears to be larger than
what is presumed (monumental)
Combined or Hybrid Art
- In contemporary art, the developments are
• Idealized
mirrored in the multifaceted nature of artworks and
o Most common to those that follow canons
are created
of perfection, the size-relations of elements
- Themes, subjects, and problematique addressed
or objects, which achieve the most ideal
shaped and produced new kinds of articulation in
size-relations
which two or more art forms and styles are
combined

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- In combined arts, improvisation is often tapped in by using ground pigments blown through
addition to practical and logical considerations of reeds or hollowed-out bones since these
creating an artwork were the readily available materials for
o The artist is challenged to deconstruct an them
idea or stimulus, from which the content, o They also worked with foreshortening and
narrative, technique, art forms, and style contrasting of lights and shadows which
will take form created the illusion of 3D forms and
- Often improvisation or inventiveness is necessary seemingly real representation of animals
to create an artwork - As a safe haven, religious rituals could have
- Example: dance, theatre, installation art, film, possibly transpired within the confined of the caves
video art, documentary, photography, puppetry, o Some believed that there was a linkage
design, and other forms of production between what was drawn and what could
- Hybrid Arts emergence is hinged on frontiers of happen in real life
science and technology
o Referencing and tapping into the fields of
robotics, artificial intelligence,
Neolithic Art
biotechnology, artists, and others whose - Developed when life for the early humans has
works tread under this movement disrupt become more stable. They have learned to
the norms in terms of what is considered cultivate the land and domesticate animals
as art, and even the way people envisage - By 400 BC, there were several monumental and
artistic production architectural structures erected
o Hybrid arts are driven by the expansion of - As the Neolithic Period drew to a close, it was
the imagination and what is possible evident that different elements of civilization
through the “blistering pace of scientific flourished in various parts of the world
and technological development” o Early civilizations emerged and flourished
in river valleys: Nile in Egypt, Indus in
India, Tigris and Euphrates in
Mesopotamia, and Huang Ho River in
LESSON 7: ART IN EARLY China

CIVILIZATIONS Egyptian Art

- It is in the Fertile Ribbon where early Egyptians
Prehistoric Art recognized the integral role of the Nile River to their
- The Stone Age witnessed how humans were able daily lives which led to the belief that the Nile is to
to lead more stable lives and come up with be worshipped as a god
permanent shelters and tools for survival o With this came the notion that art is
- Early humans turned to the creation of paintings something to be associated with religion
and sculptures that depict humans, animals, and - For Egyptians, art should be something religious
their natural habitats and spiritual
o Central to the representation of early - The Egyptian civilization can be divided into three
civilizations would be the establishing of periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom
possible linkages among art, religion, and
life Old Kingdom
- Religion was bound to the afterlife
o Erection of Tombs
Paleolithic Art - Tombs of pharaohs served as a shelter for the next
- Product of climate change journey (afterlife).
- As the climate got colder, part of the early humans’ - They decorated the tombs with everyday objects
instinct is to look for shelters that would provide that would reflect day-to-day activities
warmth so caves became protective havens and o Human figures seen in the tombs where
paved the way for birth of their first attempts to the head is seen; pelvis, leg, and upper
create art torso were prominent; eyes are front view
- The cave paintings would eventually be called the o Inside the tombs, the walls were also
“Hall of Bulls” decorated and carved in very low relief and
- Take Note: the paintings evoke naturalism incised detail
o Some early humans already used their
own version of spray-painting techniques
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o Use of color was evident but may not been - Monuments and sculptures were still linked with
widely used because of its relative death and reverence for the deceased; they started
impermanence having mortuary temples carved out of living rocks
o These temples served as a sanctuary for
Narmer Palette the dead and place of worship for the living
- One of the cosmetic palettes found in Egypt called - During this period, Egypt has established itself as
the a more advanced and powerful civilization
o Palette that used and applied dark colors
around King Narmer’s eyes. Symbol that Amarna Revolution
commemorates the unification of Upper - Led by King Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti
and Lower Egypt marked the beginning of - King Amenhotep wanted to revolutionize the arts
their civilization and religion and changed his name to Akhenaton
- One striking feature of most sculptures is that which signified the shift in religion
regardless of age of death, the ka figures highlight - Most sculptors during this period had curving lines
the prime life of the deceased and full-bodied forms
o There is emphasis to life-like features of
Pyramid of Giza
the face like elongated jaw and thick-lidded
- Are tombs for the Pharaohs with lavish decorations
eyes
- The pyramids are massive in size and constructed
- Most artists created artworks that are natural and
using roughly more than two million limestone
seemingly real, highlighting the features of their
blocks
subjects
o The construction of pyramids highlighted
the ingenuity and advancement of the
Egyptians for their time. Also highlighted Naturalism
the reverence of the people to their - Not only used to depict the pharaoh but also was
pharaoh at the expense of the citizens used for members of the royal family
- The use of naturalism in artworks was short-lived
Middle Kingdom
- Key features: the kingdom is a shift in the political
hierarchy Tomb of Tutankhamen
- Emergence of powerful groups of landlords that - One of the greatest discoveries from the Egyptian
threatened the authority and rule of the pharaoh, civilization
art has taken a back seat during the Middle - He became a king at a very young age and died at
Kingdom 18. Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922
- Art during the Middle Kingdom had some o Coffin was made out of solid gold and he
references from the Old Kingdom, but there were had a gold mask covering his face
some experimentation in terms of style that
transpired during this period
o Portrait sculptures and fresco paintings
that were freely drawn.
LESSON 8: ART OF EMERGING
- To solve the problems of thieves that plunder the
tombs, the Egyptians made rock-cut tombs by
EUROPE
carving out a living rock
- Tombs that are rock cut and still filled with Ancient Greece
chambers and lavishly decorated - Greeks were known to excel in various fields and
Asiatic Tribe aspects of society
- Introduced Bronze Age weapons and horses to the - They value poetry, drama, and philosophy which
Egyptians remain interesting fields of study for the
- After they were overthrown, the Egyptians formed contemporary times
the New Kingdom and it was a time of - Greeks were known to place prime important in the
expansionism through territorial acquisition use of reason
o Man was at the center of society and how
they trained their minds could be the very
New Kingdom foundation of how they lived their lives
- Had references from both of the preceding
- The humanist ideals of the Greeks reflected in
kingdoms
their democratic form of government

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o This level of freedom was also reflected in - The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be
their artworks, architecture, literature, and seen in most Roman artworks
philosophy o Since some argue that the Romans are
- They are passionate about natural phenomenon copying Greek art, it eventually made
and believed that nature should be in perfect order them produce artworks that are often
- These principles, belief systems, and ideologies looking stern, harsh, and strong
are at the core of Greek art and architecture - They invokes the principle of realism in most of
their works, highlighting the features of human
4 Periods of the Development of Greek beings
Art - They are also known to be master builders, which
earned their reputation for grand monuments and
Geometric Period architectural infrastructures
- Was a time when Greece was starting to get back - One of their architectural achievements would be
from the onslaught of their Dark Ages the Colosseum which is an amphitheater that was
- Geometric shapes and patterns have taken the planned and constructed during the reign of
spotlight in most of their works Emperor Vespasian
Archaic Period o Main use: entertainment purposes like
- Placed importance on human figures public events and gladiator games
- Primary result of Greece’s trading activities with o It is a concrete manifestation of Roman
other civilizations builders’ craftmanship which focused on
logical organization of the entire edifice
Classical Period - Writers of comedy like Platus and Terence have
- Peak of Greek sculpture and architecture patterned their works to those of Greek works
- Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples - Roman audience was not enthusiastic about
and focusing on creating artworks theatrical works unlike their Greek counterparts,
most plays had to be included in the Roman games
Hellenistic Period
- The time of Alexander the Great was called the
Hellenistic Period Middle Ages
- Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions - It is the period between the decline of the Roman
and depicting reality Empire and Renaissance
- Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize - Period that is characterized by ignorance and
balance while showcasing dynamic poses and a darkness
number of emotions evoked by the subjects - The Church was the central figure and authority of
o Lacoon and His Sons is one of the most the priod
famous sculptures o Since the church was the most important
figure, the most important products of the
Origins of theatre and drama can be traced during this early Middle Ages would have to be copies
civilization. It was the followers of Dionysus (god of fertility) of the Christian Scriptures
that started the Greek theatre. These followers would ▪ Copies of the scriptures were done
dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to their by hand; also done with
god. They devised a more structured form of drama illustrations and decorations which
involving dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek highlight the religious focus of the
mythologies. Then, the Greeks organized theatrical period
contests where the performance were held in front of large - Great cathedrals were also built
citizens. o These cathedrals can be categorized into
2 periods:
Ancient Rome ▪ Romanesque (1050-1200),
inspired by the old Roman Empire
- The Roman Republic established around 500 BCE
▪ Gothic (1200-1500), had more
- This civilization transformed into one of Western
northern flavor from the Goths –
Europe’s mightiest empire as they had expanded
vulgar and barbarian
and covered many territories, they interacted with
neighboring civilizations, esp with the Greeks
- The civilization came of age during the Hellenistic Renaissance Art
Period - Artists valued the “individual” as a subject of arts
- Romans were fond of the Greels and their
achievements in the arts

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- Influence of humanism shifted the focus on some - Music also flourished because people believed that
artworks during this period to empower the music could serve as powerful tool to communicate
individual messages that can evoke certain feelings among
- Most artworks emphasized naturalism, which was its listeners
also an influence of humanism since there was a o Baroque Music was able to clearly
great emphasis on the proportionality of the human distinguish loud from soft and solo from
body ensemble
- Artists also added perspective of depth wherein o Composers come from Italy (Vivaldi,
spaces were explored in different artworks Corelli, and Monteverdi)
o This technique provided a 3D perspective o Bach and Handel – well-known Baroque
of most Renaissance paintings composers from Germany
- Artists also gave importance to non-religious - Since Baroque composers tried to evoke certain
themes or subjects emotions from their audience, they began to make
o This was also brought by the privatization more complex musical compositions and
of the art during the period but most performances
artworks remained religious in its focus o It can be noted that this kind of music was
and theme limited only to powerful institutions like the
- There was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays Church and individuals like the patrons and
and were performed during special occasions at eventually, such performances would be
the courts of Italian princes and were done in such made accessible to the middle class and
a way that showcases grand and lavish the masses.
entertainment for the audience
They also invested in elaborate stages and
-
costumes for the actors
Neoclassicism
- It led to Italy’s opera, which have greatly influenced - There is a debate among historians as to the
their tradition of popular theatre beginnings of modern art where there are accounts
that would attribute for the emergence of this kind
of art during the French Revolution in 1789 but
Mannerism other historians claim that it was the year 1863
- Period in art history that is a product of the when there was an emergence of modern painting
Renaissance Period exhibitions
- As the Renaissance ended, artists started directly - Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that
copying subjects from existing works of art transpired during the late 18th and early 19th
- Most artworks during this period displayed centuries.
distorted figures, 2D spaces, discordant hues and - It was the dominant art movement that time which
colors, and lack of defined focal point basically aimed to receive and rekindle the
influences of Greek and Roman into art and
architecture
Baroque and the Rococo - Human reason and keeping society in order are the
- The term baroque is derived from the Portuguese principles that were also the dominant principles
term barocco which is translated as “irregularly during the Enlightenment Period
shaped pear” (1600-1750) - Some say that this movement was a reaction to the
o This is a suitable description that Rome artworks produced during the Baroque Period
was the birthplace of the Baroque Period, o There was a call to veer away from such
according to some historians was a extravagance in terms of style and form of
response to Protestantism the Baroque Period
- Artists developed different styles and techniques
from their Renaissance predecessors as most
artists use colorful palettes and ornamentation in Romanticism
their works - Art movement that used the central themes of
- Italy strengthened not only their religion but also Neoclassicist artworks as a springboard
their aspects like politics and art - Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements into
- Expansion was the central theme of this period their work
and became very evident in the artworks produced - Revolutionary movements became the focal point
- Motion and space were taken into consideration by of most Romantic works
artists like the use of dramatic lighting and the
concept of time

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Major and central themes: emphasis on the

-
goodness of mankind, justice, equality, and social
Neo-Impressionism
order. - As a movement, it is considered as a response to
- Most artists also emphasized emotions and empirical realism of impressionism.
feelings of man - Most painters who subscribe to such movement
rely on a systematic and scientific techniques that
have a predetermined visual effects on the art and
Realism how the audience perceive the art.
- As a style, it focuses on the accuracy of details that - Georges Seurat is the leading figure who recorded
depicts and somehow mirrors reality optical sensations on a more scientific manner
- Emphasis is placed in observable traits that can o His color theories paved the way for the
concretize through artworks techniques called pointillism
- Heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture - Pointillism
- As a modern movement, veered away from o Art technique that utilizes discrete dots and
traditional forms of art in a way that it revolutionized dashes of pure color. These elements are
themes and techniques in painting. believed to blend with the viewer’s
- This movement also expanded and widened perspective
existing notions of what can be considered as art - Other artists: Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien
since artists worked within the context of Luce, and Camille Pissarro
revolutions and social change, artistic works began
to depict real-life events
- This movement also reexamined existing belief
Art Nouveau
systems and traditions - Between 1890-1910, countries from Europe and
the United States witnessed the emergence and
flourishing of a new art style
Impressionism - Ornamental style of art was a break from the
- The movement started in France, which led to a conservative historicism which was the prevailing
break from the tradition in European painting and dominant theme of most Western artworks
- A style of painting that emerged in the mid to late - This ornamental style uses long and organic lines
1800s that are concretely manifested in architecture,
- Artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve jewelry and glass design, etc.
a more distinct representation of color - The defining characteristic of it is the asymmetrical
o The distinctive characteristic of this style is line that usually is in the form of insect wings or
that it allows the artist to emphasize the flower stalks
immediate impression he has of a - The line is done in such a graceful and elegant
particular event or scene manner that somehow evokes a certain power
- Impression is communicated by the artist through
his work and can be seen through the
brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights
Fauvism
and shadows used by the artist - Style of painting that emerged in France around the
turn of the 20th century.
- They used pure and vibrant colors by applying
Post-Impressionism straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas.
- Art movement that emerged in France which is a - It is done produce a sense of explosion of colors
result of the influence and rejection of in the canvas.
Impressionism. o Fauves, like the impressionists, are
- Most artists started off as impressionists but later painted directly from nature.
on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of - Difference: how the fauves have this strong and
impressionism. expressive reaction to how they portray their
- Led to the development of individual style that gave subjects. Most fauves works reject the
emphasis to defining form with the use of broken conservative and traditional renderings of 3D
colors and short brush stroke space.
- Famous artists: Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, o Artists introduced and promoted a picture
Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh space that is defined by the movement of
o Their artworks became the framework of color.
the contemporary techniques and trends
during the 20th century.

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Cubism
- 1907-1914
- French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
introduced a new visual art style called cubism
o This style would later have a huge
influence on artists during the 20th century
- Cubists highlighted the 2D surface of the picture
plane
- Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the
dominant techniques like the use of perspective,
foreshortening, and modeling.
- Cubism also rejected the existing and prevailing
notion that art should imitate nature
- Cubists emphasized that they are not in any way
obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space
o They presented a new depiction of reality
that may appear fragmented objects

Futurism
th
- Early 20 century art movement that started in Italy
- Highlighted speed, energy, dynamism, and power
of machines.
- Common themes: restlessness and the fast-pace
of modern life
- The movement’s influence branched out to Russia
and the greatest impact of futurism is evident in
poetry and visual arts.
Filippon Tommaso Marinetti
- Coined the term futurism
o To reflect his purpose of disregarding the
traditional methods of art in the past
o Believed that art should embrace and
embody change, innovation, creativity, and
originality

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Optic Art Early 1960s and onwards

CAUGHT IN BETWEEN: MODERN AND Relied on illusions
CONTEMPORARY ART
Kinetic Art
Harnessed the current and direction of wind,
Defining Contemporary
components of the artwork which were
Contemporary = New, Modern, Latest
predominantly sculptural, most were mobiles and
even motor-driven machines.
Contemporary Art = Hard to explain as
Contemporary and Modern art are different but it is
Theo Jansen was the most recent artist to gain
the latest form of Art which we are currently using
attention with kinetic art

Modern Art Gutai 1950s-1970s

Saw the digression of artists away from past Means embodiment or concreteness, it preceded the
conventions and traditions and toward freedom. later forms of performance and conceptual art.
“Anything goes” Gutai Art Association or Gutai Group was Yoshihara
Jiro in 1952
Compared to the dense taxonomy of modern art,
contemporary art had fewer -isms
Minimalism
Could be because contemporary art is still being Cropped up the early 1960s in New York, testing the
unfolded boundaries of various media.

Effectively this can be traced from the 1970s to Seen as an extreme type of abstraction that favored
present, reason behind this cut off is because: geometric shapes, color fields, and the use of
objects and materials that had an “industrial” the
1. 1970 saw emergence of “postmodernism” sparse.
2. The 1970s saw the decline of the clearer identified
artistic movements. Pop Art 1950s - 1960s
First emerged in 1950 but got foothold in 1960
Social Context: In Between Modern Draw inspiration, sources, and even materials from
and Contemporary Act commercial culture, making it one of the most
Contemporary Art was heavily driven by ideas and identifiable and relatable movements in art history.
theories
Postmodernism
Movements of Art Encroaches on other smaller movements that
Abstract expressionism 1940s-1960s included conceptual art, neo-expressionism, feminist
Took basic tenets of abstraction and combined with it art, and the young british artists of the 1990s.
the gestural techniques, mark-making and a rugged
spontaneity in its visual articulation. Contemporary Art
Contemporary Art is the most socially aware and
Two major styles emerged from this involved form of art
 Action - action, showed physicality,
direction and most often spontaneity of
the actions. Contemporary Art Movements
 Color Fields - Focused on emotional
power of colors Neo-Pop Art 1980
Appropriated some of the first ideas of Dada in which
ready-made materials were used for the artwork.

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Not only referenced popular culture but also Context and symbolisms are also considered to
criticized and evaluated it. interpret and analyze verbal or written works.

Photorealism To understand art one must have an understanding

Painstaking attention to details is aimed of visual elements (Principle of design)

Had precision to the point that is starts to look like it

Style
is a photo without direct reference to the artist who
Distinctive handling of elements and media
created it
associated with the work of an individual artist,
school, movement or etc
Conceptualism
Fought against the idea that art is a commodity
Form
Idea or concept is the most important aspect of the What Audience sees, or the totality of artwork
work including textures, colors, shapes.

Performance Art Content

Related to conceptual art Not only form and style but also includes underlying
messages.
Began as a movement in the 1960s

Idea or message was the heart instead of Improvisation

entertaining audience Doing something without prior preparation

Installation Art Became integral part of the arts

Immersive work where the environment or the space
in which the viewer steps into or interacts with is Reaction against the stiffness in the arts during the
transformed or altered. twentieth century.

Cadillac Ranch is a well known example of a public Call for liberation from monotony that aims to
installation rekindle the creative springs of people in the arts.

Earth Art In the 1960's art improvisation took form in the

Spin-off to installation art galleries around New York City called “Happenings”
which later paved the way for modern body art and
Natural environment or a specific site or space is performance art.
transformed by artists.
Georges Mathieu Started “action painting” where
process is more important than the finished product.
Street Art
Appropriation
Related to Graffiti art Promote the idea that the authorship relies on the
viewer.
By-product of the rise of graffiti in the 1980s

SOULMAKING, APPROPRIATION AND Appropriation Artists can take as much as they want
IMPROVISATION from an existing artwork.
Soulmaking Problem arises when the appropriation artist would
Making and Deriving Meaning from Art get bits and pieces from other works and incorporate
these elements into his own work.

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Ukiyo-E was a form of art in Japan where it is crafted

through woodcut prints.
Forgery
Classified into 2:
 Outright Copies of existing works and Philippine Art
 pastiches. Used art not only for daily activities but also for
religious rituals and practices.

ART IN ASIA Pottery, weaving, carving, and the use of metalwork

Chinese Art and jewelry were art forms most used by Filipinos.
The Zhou Dynasty was considered a golden age
Pottery is said to be one of the earliest art forms
which means that culture, particularly art flourished
used by the Early Filipino People
tremendously during this period.
Latest Artifact related to pottery is Manunggal Jar
Metal works befitting the royal family were produced
found in Palawan which is a representation of the
in abundance.
early Filipinos’ Religious Belief
Jade was also a popular choice of material for
Weaving was also one of the earliest forms of art
artworks.
Cordilleras were known for their colorful woven cloth
Confucianism was the dominant way of life
which have both religious and practical value
subscribed to by the general public.
T’boli People were known for then woven abaca
Chinese paintings had many many vanishing points
cloth called t’nalak used for ornaments.
because they aimed to give the audience multiple
perspectives on the subject.
Woodcarving from Palawan also depicts animals like
birds which are a representation of their religious
Porcelain is one of the commonly used items to
beliefs.
make decorative ornaments such as vases and jars.
Mindanao is known for Okir which are designs
Departed were placed in either gold or bronze
applied to their woodcarving where their common
vessels, depending on the social status.
subject includes sarimanok, naga, and the pako
Japanese Art rabong.
Modern vulture mixing pot
Sarimanok is a stylized design of a mythical bird
Korean and Chinese influences evident in Japanese either standing on a fish or holding a piece of fish on
artworks its beak.

Haniwa is a ceramic figure made up of clay placed Story: Sultan of Lanao had a daughter
beside burial spots for reasons unknown in Japan named who was unhappy and had a birthday
coming up, during the party a rooster crashed
Native religion of Japan is shintoism but this did not it and the princess ran off with the rooster, the
show in their art sultan carved a manok in remembrance of
Sari and called it sarimanok.
Buddhism did however flourish in their art hence
structures of the buddha were produced and temples. Jewelry was used as amulets for protection to drive
away evil spirits.
Art in essence became an expression of worship for
the Japanese
Naga – S-Shape serpent or mythical dragon

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Pako Rabong – Growing Fern with a broad base

During the 16th century Spaniards used art as a way

to propagate christian faith. Churches eventually
became the sole patron of the arts.

Spoliarium was a famous artwork by Juan Luna that

stood against the colonizers.

Americans propagated their culture and beliefs

through the implementation of Schools.

A debate emerged as to whether art should be done

as “proletarian art” or “art for art’s sake”

1960 Art was used with aggressive undertones as

most artworks were created in retaliation or of
protest against the government’s suppression of
freedom of speech and expression.

Eventually photography has evolved into an art form,

which highlights various artistic expressions evident
in a variety of events, scenes, and activities.

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