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Manoj Naik
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Department of Electronics and Communication, Atria IT, Banalore-24

UNIT V- SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Syllabus: Spread Spectrum Communication Systems: Model of a Spread Spectrum Digital


Communication System, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems, Effect of De-spreading on a
narrowband Interference, Probability of error (statement only), Some applications of DS Spread
Spectrum Signals, Generation of PN Sequences, Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum, CDMA based
on IS-95 (Text 2: 11.3.1, 11.3.2, 11.3.3, 11.3.4, 11.3.5, 11.4.2).

Introduction:

Initially developed for military applications during II world war, that was less sensitive to
intentional interference or jamming by third parties. Spread spectrum technology has
blossomed into one of the fundamental building blocks in current and next-generation
wireless systems.

Problem of radio transmission

Narrow band can be wiped out due to interference. To disrupt the communication,the
adversary needs to do two things,
(a) to detect that a transmission is taking place and
(b) to transmit a jamming signal which is designed to confuse the receiver.

Solution
A spread spectrum system is therefore designed to make these tasks as difficultas
possible.
Firstly, the transmitted signal should be difficult to detect by an adversary/jammer,i.e.,
the signal should have a low probability of intercept (LPI).
Secondly, the signal should be difficult to disturb with a jamming signal, i.e., the
transmitted signal should possess an anti-jamming (AJ) property

Remedy
spread the narrow band signal into a broad band to protect againstinterference

In a digital communication system the primary resources are Bandwidth and Power.
The study of digital communication system deals with efficient utilization of these two
resources, but there are situations where it is necessary to sacrifice their efficient utilization in
order to meet certain other design objectives.

For example to provide a form of secure communication (i.e. the transmitted signal is
not easily detected or recognized by unwanted listeners) the bandwidth of the transmitted

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signal is increased in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to transmit it. This
requirement is catered by a technique known as “Spread Spectrum Modulation”.

The primary advantage of a Spread – Spectrum communication system is itsability to


reject ‘Interference’ whether it be the unintentional or the intentional interference.

The definition of Spread – Spectrum modulation may be stated in two parts.

1. Spread Spectrum is a mean of transmission in which the data sequence occupies a


BW (Bandwidth) in excess of the minimum BW necessary to transmitit.

2. The Spectrum Spreading is accomplished before transmission through the use ofa code
that is independent of the data sequence. The Same code is used in the receiver to
despread the received signal so that the original data sequence may be recovered.

Model of spread spectrum Digital communication:

Fig. Block diagram for spread spectrum Digital communication

Fig: Spread spectrum technique.

b(t) = Data Sequence to be transmitted (Narrow Band);


c(t) = Wide Band code ;
s(t) = c(t) * b(t) – (wide Band)
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PSUEDO-NOISE SEQUENCE:

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Example1
A pseudo random sequence is generated using a feed back shift register oflength m=4. The
chip rate is 107 chips per second. Find the following
a) PN sequence length b) Chip duration of PN sequence c) PN sequenceperiod

Solution

a) Length of PN sequence N = 2m-1= 24-1 =15


b) Chip duration Tc = 1/chip rate =1/107 = 0.1µ sec
c) PN sequence period T = NTc
= 15 x 0.1µ sec = 1.5µ sec
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Example2

A direct sequence spread binary phase shift keying system uses a feedbackshift
register of length 19 for the generation of PN sequence. Calculate the processing gain of
the system.

Solution

Given length of shift register = m =19 Therefore


length of PN sequence N = 2m - 1
= 219 - 1
Processing gain PG = Tb/Tc =N in db =10log10N = 10 log10 (219) = 57db

Example3

A Spread spectrum communication system has the following parameters.


Information bit duration Tb = 1.024 msecs and PN chip duration of 1µsecs. The average
probability of error of system is not to exceed 10-5. calculate a) Length ofshift register b)
Processing gain c) jamming margin
Solution:

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Part A ( 2 Marks)

1. Define constraint length in convolutional codes?


2. What is pseudo noise sequence?
3. What is direct sequence spread spectrum modulation
4. What is frequency hap spread spectrum modulation?
5. What is processing gain?
6. What is jamming margin ?
7. When is the PN sequence called as maximal length sequence?
8. What is meant by processing gain of DS spread spectrum system?
9. What is the period of the maximal length sequence generated using 3 bit shift
register.
10. Define frequency hopping.
11. What are the Advantages of DS-SS system
12. What are the Disadvantages of DS-SS system.
13. What are the Advantages of FH-SS System
14. What are the Disadvantages of FH-SS System

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15. Define synchronization in Spread Spectrum Systems
16. Comparison between DS-SS and FH-SS
17. What are the Application of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
18. State the balance property of random binary sequence.
19. Mention about the run property.
20. What is called jamming effect.
21. What is Anti jamming ?
22. What is slow and fast frequency hopping.
23. What is called multipath Interference?

PART B (12 Marks)

1. What is Spread Spectrum Techniques Explain in detail about Direct


Sequence Spread Spectrum Techniques with necessary diagrams?
i. Concept of Spread Spectrum Techniques
ii. Block Diagram Representation.
iii. Waveform at all stages of the system.
iv. Derivation of processing Gain.

2. What is Frequency Hopping? Explain the different types of frequency hopping


with necessary diagrams.
i. Concept of frequency hopping.
ii. Explanation of slow frequency hopping
iii. Explanation of Fast frequency hopping
iv. Block Diagrams and waveform

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