Interview Question & Answer

1) International Code & standards

1. ASME B31.1 -Power Piping
2. ASME B31.2 -Fuel Gas Piping
3. ASME B31.3 -Process Piping
4. ASME B31.4 -Pipe line transportation Piping
5. ASME B31.5 -Refrigeration Piping
6. ASME B31.6 -Chemical Plant Piping
7. ASME B31.7 -Nuclear Power Piping
8. ASME B31.8 -Gas transmission & distribution Power Piping
9. ASME B31.9 -Building services Piping
10. ASME B31.10 -Cryogenic Piping
11. ASME B31.11 -slurry Piping
12. ASME B31.12 -Hydrogen Piping

2) Internal Standard
1. ASME SEC - I - Rule for Construction Power Boiler (A-Stamp)
2. ASME SEC - II Part A - Ferrous Material Specification
ASME SEC - II Part B - Non-Ferrous Material Specification
ASME SEC - II Part C - Specification for electrode, filler wire
ASME SEC - II Part D - Material Properties
3. ASME SEC - III NB,NCD,NF - Construction for Nuclear Power Plant
4. ASME SEC - IV - Construction Heating Boiler
5. ASME SEC - V - NDT
6. ASME SEC - VI -
7. ASME SEC - VII -
8. ASME SEC – VIII Div-1 - Rule for Construction of Pressure Vessel (10-3000 PSI)
9. ASME SEC - VIII Div-2 - Rule for Construction of Pressure Vessel (3000-10000 PSI)
10. ASME SEC - VIII Div-3 - Rule for Construction of Pressure Vessel (above 10,000 PSI)
11. ASME SEC - IX - Welding & Brazing Qualification
12. ASME SEC - X - Rule for Construction Power Boiler
13. ASME SEC - XI - Rule for Construction Power Boiler

3) ASME SEC – V Article -1 - NDT General requirements

Article -2 - Radiography
Article -3 -
Article -4 - UT- Weld’s requirements
Article -5 - UT- Material requirements
Article -6 - LPT requirements
Article -7 - MPT General Requirements
Article -8 - EDDY Current requirements
Article -9 - Visual Examination requirements
Article -10 - Leak Test requirements
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4) Q-4 API -1104 – Welding & Piping & other facilities

5) API RP 582 - - Welding Guideline for chemical , Oil
6) ASTM - American Society of Testing Material
7) AWS D 1.1 - Welding of structural items
8) AWS A3.0 - Standard terms & Definitions
9) AWS A4.3 -Method of determination of Diffuse Hydrogen
10) AWS A5.32 - Specification for weld shielding
11) AWS A2.4 - Standard Welding Symbols

12) P – Number P1 (CS) - A105 GR A/B/C

- A106 GR A/B/C
- A53 GR A/B
- A105 GR A/B/C
P – Number P2 - Deleted
P – Number P3 - P1(p=PIPE) - C + 0.5 moly
P – Number P3 - P1 - 0.5Cr + 0.5 moly
P – Number P4 - P11 - 1.25Cr + 0.5 moly
P – Number P4 - P12 - 1Cr + 0.5 moly
P – Number P5A - P22 - 2.25Cr +1 moly
P – Number P5B - P5 - 5Cr + 0.5 moly
P – Number P5B - P9 - 9Cr + 1 moly
P – Number P15E - P91 - 9Cr + 1 moly +V
P – Number P8 - A312 TP304 - 18Cr + 8 Ni
P – Number P8 - A312 TP316 - 16Cr + 10Ni + 2 Moli
P – Number P8 - A312 TP321 - 18Cr + 10 Ni + Ti
P – Number P8 - A312 TP347 - 18Cr + 10 Ni +cb
P – Number P10H -Duplex SS - 22Cr + 5 Ni +3 moli + N
P – Number P43 -Inconel
P – Number P42 -Monel

Welding electrode
13) What is a SFA Number?
SFA - Welding Filler Materials, SFA is a universal classification system for filler materials.
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SFA NO
SFA 5.1 Carbon Steel Electrodes for SMAW
SFA 5.2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Rods for OFW
SFA 5.4 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Electrodes for SMAW
SFA 5.5 Low Alloy steel electrodes for smaw
SFA 5.6 Copper and Copper Alloy Electrodes for SMAW
SFA 5.7 Copper and Copper Alloy Bare Welding Rods & Electrodes
SFA 5.8 Brazing and Braze Welding Filler Metals
SFA 5.9 Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods
SFA 5.10 Bare Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Electrodes and Rods
SFA 5.11 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Electrodes for SMAW
SFA 5.12
SFA 5.13 Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for GMAW
SFA 5.14 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bare Electrodes and Rods
SFA 5.15
SFA 5.16 Titanium and Titanium Alloy Electrodes and Rods
SFA 5.17

14) What is the naming convention for welding electrodes?

 E – Indicates electrode for arc welding.

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 The first two digits – indicate tensile strength.
 The third digit – indicates the position of the weld.
 0 indicates the classification is not used;
 1 is for all positions;
 2 is for flat and horizontal positions only;
 3 is for flat position only.
 The fourth (or fifth) digit – indicates the type of electrode coating and the type of power supply used;
alternating or direct current, straight or reverse polarity. The types of coating, welding current, and
polarity position designated by the fourth identifying digit of the electrode classification are listed in
Tables 5-4 below.

0
1 Cellulose Potassium ac, dcrp, dcsp
2 Titania sodium ac, dcrp, dcsp
3 Titania sodium ac, dcsp
4 Iron Powder Titania ac, dcsp, dcrp
5 Low hydrogen sodium dcrp
6 Low hydrogen potassium ac, dcrp
7 Iron powder iron oxide ac, dcsp
Iron powder low
8 ac, dcrp, dcsp
hydrogen

15) What is the Tungsten Electrodes

These are Non-consumable welding electrodes for GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) OR TIG (Tungton
Inert Gas ) welding. Tungsten electrodes are of three types & can be identified type of painted end
marks as follows.
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 pure tungsten, (Green )
 tungsten containing 1 thorium ( Yellow) or 2 percent thorium, Red) and
 Tungsten containing 0.3 to 0.5 percent zirconium. ( Brown)

16) WHAT IS F-NUMBER

F Number means Filler Number, where filler is either a solid rod or coated electrode. F Number are
given based on the usability characteristics and metallurgy of the welding filler metal. F-Number is a
numeric designation assigned to a group of filler metals. ASME Section IX Table QW-432 lists the filler
metals into their F-Number. it helps to minimize the quantity of WPS qualifications and welder
performance qualifications (WPQ), as similar welding electrodes can be used without re-qualification,
and hence a potential cost saving. F Number is an essential variable

F - Numbers Electrodes/Welding Rods

F - No. 1 through F - No. 6 Steel and Steel Alloys
F - No. 21 through F - No. 25 Aluminum and aluminum - base alloys
F - No. 31 through F - No. 37 Copper and Copper Alloys
F - No. 41 through F - No. 46 Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Last digit of
electrode
F1 - Number Rutile Electrode 2 E6022
F2- Number Heavy Rutile Electrode 3, 4 E6013, E6014
F3- Number Cellulose Electrode 0,1 E6010, E7010
F4- Number Basic Electrode 5,6,8 E7015, 16, 18, 28
F5- Number SS Electrode E308, 309, 316, 316L
F6- Number Filler Wire - CS ER70 S-2/3/6
F6- Number Filler Wire - SS ER 308, 309, 316
F6- Number Duplex -SS ER2594
F5- Duplex -CS E2594 B2
F43 Inconel ER-Nicrmo-3
E-Nicrmo-3
F6 LTCS ER-80 S-Ni-1
F4 LTCS E-8018-C3

17) What is a rutile electrode?

Last numbers – 2,3,4 (6022, 6013, 6014)
# easy slag removal, # moderate mechanical properties,
# High hydrogen content hence risk of hydrogen cracking.

Rutile is a naturally occurring mineral that is found in many parts of the world. It is mined from
titanium-rich rocks and then processed to remove impurities. The final product is a fine powder that is
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used in welding, glassmaking, and other industrial applications. Rutile welding electrodes contain a high
proportion of titanium oxide (rutile) in the coating. Titanium oxide promotes easy & medium arc
ignition, smooth arc operation and low spatter. They create a large amount of self-releasing slag which
requires little cleaning after welding. These electrodes are general purpose electrodes with good
welding properties.

18) What is a cellulosic electrode?

# Last numbers – 0,1 (6010, 2010) # Storage temp -40-50◦ C
# Gives deep penetration in all positions, # suitable for vertical down weld,
# Good mechanical properties,
# High hydrogen content hence risk of hydrogen cracking.
The coatings have a high moisture content which means the resulting weld metal contains a high
dissolved hydrogen content. It is therefore necessary to employ special methods of welding and to
operate at elevated temperatures of 100–250 °C even when welding relatively thin materials (> 8–10
mm).

19) What is a Basic Electrode?

Last numbers – 5,6,8 (7015, 7016, 7018, 6018)
# low hydrogen weld metal # difficult to slag removal
# require High current, speed # Poor bead profile
Basic electrodes offer an arc with medium penetration and excellent mechanical properties. The coating
is low-hydrogen iron powder, TiO2, CaCO3, and CaF2 (calcium fluoride). The coating is of medium
thickness, and the addition of iron powder increases deposition

20) What factors are taken into account when selecting and design a joint for welding
Strength, accessibility of welding, minimize distortion, cost of welding, accessibility for inspection

21) What are the criteria for welding electrode selection?

Welding consumable shall be selected based on their
Mechanical property Compatibility with base material
Suitability for intended service, consideration of polarity, position and
duration of welding

22) What is carbon equivalent?

It gives information regarding hardenability of the structure.
Used to determine preheat
Carbon E. V up to 0.45 ----10⁰C
Carbon E. V 0.45 to 0.6 ----100-200⁰C
Carbon E. V greater than 0.6 ----200-350⁰C

CE = C+MN/6 + (CR+MO+V)/5 + ( NI+CU)/15

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Low Heat Input – High Hardness, High toughness

High Heat Input – Low Hardness, low toughness

23) Why preheating not required in Austenitic stainless steel

To avoid sensitization संवेदना

Sensitization is a process of formation of chromium carbide when material is exposed to a specific
range of temperatures for a sufficient time. austenitic stainless steels commonly become sensitized
between 482 – 815 ⁰C (900°F – 1500°F) The phenomenon like this is called sensitization.

24) What is the purpose of shielding gas?

#Stabilize arc root #ensure smooth transfer of molten metal from wire to weld pool
#Prevent oxidation

25) What do you mean by Low hydrogen electrode.

To avoid hydrogen cracking/ delayed cracking/Cold cracking occurred due to deposition of hydrogen in
molten metal low hydrogen electrodes are used.
Hydrogen entrapped in molten metal become active below 300 ⁰C means starts vibrating & escaping
from metal. First he tries to share or absorb electron from adjacent atom to become stable. If he didn’t
get electrons or stability he tries escape by vibrating After 42 to 72 hrs. delayed cracks or hydrogen
cracks are coming in following cases
 If hardness increase more than 400.
 If hydrogen percentage found more than 18 ml per 100 gm in weld metal.
 If internal Stress increased
How do you take care of low hydrogen electrode?
 Store Low hydrogen electrode in less than 50%RH humidity.
 Open box at the time of use
 If opened earlier then bake electrodes as per manufacturer’s procedure.
Electrodes of the low-hydrogen classifications E6018 [E4318], E7015 [E4915], E7016 [E4916], E7018
[E4918], E7018M [E4918M], E7028 [E4928], and E7048 [E4948]) are made with inorganic coverings that
contain minimal moisture 0.6% or less.

26) Why crater cracks are occurred?

Mostly crater crack observed in GTAW welding. Reason behind this is poor
i.e before starting and after immediate end of weld preflow & post flow of argon must be given for 7-8
mm. which allows proper cooling & avoide oxidation.
27) When excessive heating occurred in welding in SMAW?
Reasons of increasing heat input
 Increase in waving (good engineering practice, Weaving shall be 3 times of electrode dia)
 Slow travel speed.
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Heat input is supplementary variable. Excessive heat input decreases toughness or impact properties.
(ref Sec –ix 409.1, appendix –H)
Heat input = (current x voltage)/ travel speed x 1000
(max limit of H. input 3 k joule/mm)

28) What is essential and non essential variable in welding? ( Ref QG-105)
 Essential variables are those that have a significant influence on the mechanical properties (other
than toughness), Before using a procedure specification whose essential variables have been
revised and fall outside their qualified range, the WPS must be requalified. E.g. P-Number, F-
Numbar, A-Number, Thickness, Preheat, PWHT etc
 Nonessential variables are those that do not have a significant influence on tensile strength or
ductility of the completed weld. A WPS may be revised if change occurred in nonessential variable
but does not require requalification ( ref QG-105.4)e.g weld geometry, electrode dia. Position, manual,
automatic, etc
 Supplementary Essential Variables. are variables in which a change will affect the toughness
properties of the joint, heat-affected zone, or base material. Supplementary essential variables
become additional essential variables. when the referencing code/ standard requires toughness
testing for procedure qualification. When procedure qualification does not require the addition of
toughness testing, supplementary essential variables are not applicable. E.g Base metal Group
number, filler wire classification, heat input, polarity, multi/single pass etc.

29) What is WPS ( Welding procedure Specification) (Ref QW-201.1-a)

 (a)WPS ( Welding procedure Specification) is a written qualified welding procedure prepared to
provide direction to welder for making production welds as per Code requirements.
 (b) Contents of the WPS. The completed WPS shall describe the entire essential, nonessential, and,
when required, supplementary essential variables for each welding process used in the WPS. These
variables are listed for each process in QW-250
 (c) Changes to the WPS. Changes may be made in the nonessential variables of a WPS to suit
production requirements without requalification but must be documented with new revision of
WPS. ( ref QG-105.4)
 Changes in essential or supplementary essential variables require requalification of the WPS
 When toughness testing is required for WPS qualification by the referencing code/standard the
supplementary essential variables become additional essential variables, and requires
requalification of the WPS.

30) What is PQR (Procedure Qualification Record) (Ref. QW-200.2)

 (a) Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). The PQR is a record of variables recorded during the
welding of the test coupons and the test results of the tested specimens.
 (b) Contents of the PQR. -PQR shall document all essential and, when required, supplementary
essential variables as per QW-250 , and test results of the test coupon. Nonessential variables may
or may not be recorded at the organization's option.
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 (c) Changes to the PQR. Changes to the PQR are not permitted except as described below. Editorial
corrections or addenda to the PQR are permitted. An example of an editorial correction is an
incorrect P‐Number, F‐Number, or A‐Number that was assigned to a particular base metal or filler
metal. An example of an addendum would be a change resulting from a Code change. For example,
Section IX may assign a new F‐Number to a filler metal or PQR certifies that test weld performed in
accordance with WPS meeting code requirements and summarizing specific test results.( Tensile,
Bend , impact etc) Must contain essential variable and supplementary essential variables if
required. Not need to write non essential variables. All changes to a PQR require recertification
(including date) by the organization.

31) How can you verify that the received electrode has the chemical composition as per MTC?
 By verifying chemical composition of MTC with ASME Sec –II C.
 Or by physically verifying chemical analysis of electrodes by PMI (positive Material
Identification)
 By verifying heat no, Lot no.

32) What is PMI?

 Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a fast and NDT method for verifying the chemical
composition of metals and alloys and also verify that proper standards and specifications of
material.
 working principle of PMI machine-X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) instruments work by exposing a
sample to a beam of X-rays. The atoms of the sample absorb energy from the X-rays, become
temporarily excited and then emit secondary X-rays. Each chemical element emits x-rays at a
unique energy.
 PMI equipment can be classified into types: portable (handheld), mobile, and non-portable
equipment. Portable Spark or Laser OES optical emission spectrometry .
 portable (handheld) mobile equipment, and examples of handheld and mobile equipment
are x-ray fluorescence (XRF), laser-induced break-down spectroscopy (LIBS),
The surface of the alloy is excited through electrical stimulation and the resulting waves of
the light spectrum are analyzed to identify content /elements such as Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe,
Cu, Zn, Ni, Se, Nb, Mo. Interesting to know is that the exposure of radiation is sufficiently
low, so that extra safety measures are not required.
 Portable PMI Limitations X-ray fluorescence cannot be used to sort out low /light weight
elements like sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. PMI cannot easily detect non-metals and non-
metals.
What is the Optical emission spectrometers (OES) ?
 Optical emission spectrometry involves applying electrical energy in the form of spark
generated between an electrode and a metal sample, whereby the vaporized atoms are
brought to a high energy state within a so-called "discharge plasma". Spectral lines.
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 All relevant elements can directly be analyzed simultaneously.
 Mass Spectrometers. Mass spectrometers determine the chemical composition of a sample
by measuring, as the name suggests, the mass of the molecules that make up the sample

Welding Defects

33) What id defect, Discontinuity?

Discontinuity: a lack of continuity. Intentional. or unintentional interruption in the physical structure. of
a material or component. Discontinuity may be accepted or not accepted
defect, one or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet
specified code /standard. Defects are always not accepted.
34) What are common weld defects?
Lack Of Penetration or Incomplete Penetration. Lack Of Fusion or Incomplete Fusion.
Undercut. Spatter.
Slag Inclusions. Cracks.
Porosity. Overlap.

35) What are the reasons of solidification of cracking?

 Excessive weaving
 Excessive sulfur

36) What are the reasons of porosity?

 Poor welding technique
 Excessive wind
 Excessive moisture
 Contamination of electrode or parent metal

Welding Joints & Positions

37) Nomenclature of weld joint

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38) What are the 5 types of welding joints?

Depending on the shape & geometry, weld joints are divided in five types of joints Butt, lap joint,
corner Joint, edge Joint, tee joint
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39) Welding positions

40) What is a Fillet weld and its type

A fillet weld consists of the legs, the toes, the face, the throat, and the root . The throat of a fillet weld,
which is used in calculating its strength, is defined as the distance between the root and face of the
weld. The leg of a fillet weld is used to specify its size in the weld symbol.

41) UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY

42) What is offset in welding? (ASME SEC VIII UW-33)

An offset is the distance between the center line of the main pipe and the ends of the branch being

placed.
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43) Acceptance criteria ASME SEC VIII DIV-1

 For RT Mandatory Appendix – 4
 For MT Mandatory Appendix - 6
 For PT Mandatory Appendix - 8
 For UT Mandatory Appendix - 12

PWHT
44) What is the purpose of PWHT?
Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) refers to any heat treatment performed after machining/welding
such as stress reliving, solution annealing etc to improve the mechanical and chemical properties or
relive residual stresses, which cause distortions in the structure. manage hardness, and improve
mechanical strength. Materials with higher carbon content , higher alloy content and greater cross-
sectional thickness typically require PWHT after welding.

45) What is the time and temperature for PWHT?

The PWHT temperature shall be 740-770°C and the soaking time shall be 2.5 minutes per mm of weld
thickness, subject to a minimum of one hour.

46) Is PWHT required for stainless steel?

Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) is not always required for stainless steel. The need for PWHT
depends on the type of stainless steel, the welding procedure, and the service conditions of the
component.
47) Which type of steel Cannot be heat treated?
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In summary, high carbon steel cannot be heat treated because it is already very hard and brittle, and
heat treatment may make it even harder and more brittle. Instead, it can only be tempered to improve
its toughness.

48) What is the ASME section for PWHT?

The PWHT specifications for materials used is ASME Section VIII Div. 1, Tables UCS-56-1 through UCS-56-

49) What are the 3 stages of heat treatment process?

Heating - First stage in which any structure of an alloy is heated at a specific temperature. ...
Soaking - A second stage in which the heated metal completely changes its structure due to soaking. ...
Cooling - The third stage is cooling where the structure of the soaked metal is cooled either by
quenching or by still air.

50) What are the 5 purposes of heat treatment?

The Purpose of Heat Treating To improve the mechanical properties of a material that include hardness,
tensile strength, yield strength, shock resistance, ductility, and resistance to corrosion and creep
rupture. To improve machinability and reduce brittleness.

51) What are the 2 main types of heat transfer?

Heat can be transferred in three ways: by conduction, by convection, and by radiation.
Conduction is the transfer of energy from one molecule to another by direct contact. ...
Convection is the movement of heat by a fluid such as water or air. ...
Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

HEAT TREATMENT
52) Why is stainless steel not necessary for PWHT?
Many tons of both cast and wrought Stainless steels have been placed in service without PWHT and
have performed satisfactorily. This is likely due to the happy coincidence of good welding techniques
(minimal heat input), small welds, and exposure to media which do not cause intergranular corrosion.

53) What are the common heat treatment methods ?

Metal heat treatment processes can be roughly divided into three categories: Integral heat treatment,
surface heat treatment and chemical heat treatment. Depending on the heating medium, heating
temperature and cooling method. Each category can be divided into
# Annealing. # Normalizing. # Hardening.
# Stress relieving. # Tempering. #Carburization.
# Ageing.
54) What is heat treatment annealing?
Annealing is a heat treatment process that heat steel to a temperature below (typically 10–20°C below)
the lower critical temperature (Ac1) . After heating, the steel is cooled to room temperature in still air.
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It changes the physical and chemical properties of a material. it increase ductility and reduce the
hardness to make it more workable.

55) Does annealing increase size?

As the annealing temperature increases, the degree of activated dislocations will increase, which results
in a gradual decrease in dislocation density. Also, the grain sizes become larger.

56) What are the 3 stages of annealing?

There are three main stages to an annealing process.
 Recovery stage.
 Recrystallization stage.
 Grain growth stage.

57) What are the advantages of annealing?
The Benefits of Annealing
# Increased ductility. # Increased toughness.
# Increased machinability and formability. # Reduced hardness to match acceptable levels.
# Reduced or completely eliminated internal stresses.# Improved homogeneity.
# Improved appearance. # Better chemical and wear resistance.

58) What is meant by normalizing process?

Normalizing is a process in which a metal is heated to a temperature below its melting point (750-980 °C
(1320-1796 °F). and The material is kept at the austenite temperature for 1-2 hours until all the ferrite
converts into austenite. and then allowed to cool in air in order to provide uniformity in grain size,
improve ductility, improve toughness & relieve stress. The exact heat applied for treatment will vary
and is determined based on the amount of carbon content in the metal.
the cooling time in normalizing is drastically reduced as compared to annealing. Soaking periods for
normalizing are usually one hour per 25 mm of thickness of the work piece but not less than 2 hours at
the soaking temperature

59) What are the 3 stages of Normalization?

The database normalization process is further categorized into the following types: First Normal Form (1
NF) Second Normal Form (2 NF) Third Normal Form (3 NF)

60) What is annealing and normalizing?

The main difference between annealing and normalizing is that annealing allows the material to cool at
a controlled rate in a furnace. Normalizing allows the material to cool by placing it in a room
temperature environment and exposing it to the air in that environment
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Normalizing Annealing
heated to a temperature below its melting point heat steel to a temperature below (typically
(750-980 °C (1320-1796 °F). and The material is 10–20°C below) the lower critical temperature
kept at the austenite temperature for 1-2 (Ac1) .
hours until all the ferrite converts into austenite.
and then allowed to cool in air cooled to room temp. in still air
categorized into the following types: There are three main stages to an annealing
First Normal Form (1 NF) process.
Second Normal Form (2 NF)  Recovery stage.
Third Normal Form (3 NF)  Recrystallization stage.
 Grain growth stage.

The Benefits of Normalizing The Benefits of Annealing

# provide uniformity in grain size, # Increased ductility.
# improve ductility, # Increased toughness.
# improve toughness # Increased machinability and formability.
# relieves stress. # Reduced hardness to match acceptable
levels.
# Reduced or completely eliminated internal
stresses.# Improved homogeneity.
# Improved appearance.
# Better chemical and wear resistance.

61) What is hardening and types of hardening?

Each metal hardening process includes three main steps: heating, soaking and cooling the metal. Metal
hardening is a process that strengthens and increases the durability of metals by increasing the
hardness of the material. There are several different types of metal hardening processes that can be
used to achieve this, including heat treatment and surface hardening.
Hardening involves controlled heating to a critical temperature dictated by the type of steel (in the
range 760-1300 C) followed by controlled cooling. Dependant on the type of material, appropiate
cooling rates vary from very fast (water quench) to very slow (air cool).

62) What is hardening or tempering?

The main difference between tempering and hardening is that tempering improves the ductility of steel
while hardening increases its hardness. Hardening makes the steel more brittle, and less tough, while
tempering increases its toughness while reducing its hardness.

63) What is called tempering?

Tempering is a type of heat treatment used to increase the toughness of certain metals, most
commonly iron-based alloys like steel. The metal being treated, using this process, is heated under its
critical point temperature and then air-cooled.

64) What are the names of two types of hardening?

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Some common types of hardening include strain hardening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation
hardening, and quenching and tempering

65) Which surface is hardening?

surface hardening, treatment of steel by heat or mechanical means to increase the hardness of the
outer surface while the core remains relatively soft.

66) What does stress relieving mean?

Stress relieving is a form of post weld heat treatment. In stress relieving we heat normally between 550
and 650°C for steel parts with uniform heating rate (controlled heating) to temperature below the
austenitic transformation range. hold it at this temperature for a specified amount of time in order to
reduce or eliminate residual stresses; and then cool it at a slow enough rate to prevent stresses from
redeveloping.
However stress relieving does not change the material properties as does annealing and
normalizing. On the other hand, recrystallization that alters the physical and sometimes chemical
properties of a material to increase its ductility and to make it more workable.
The Stress Relieving Heat Treatment Process for most carbon steel and cast iron parts, stress-relief, we
take them through controlled cooling.

67) What do you mean by tempering?

tempering is typically used on steels that have been hardened,Tempering is a heat treatment technique
applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater toughness by decreasing the
hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility,
thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal.

68) What is tempering temperature?

The suitable temperature varies depending on the type of steel and the desired change in properties.
For example, tool steels are tempered at around 200-300°C, spring steels at 300-400° and structural
steels at 450-650°C.19

NACE
69) What is NACE full form?
The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)

70) What are NACE materials?

NACE material is a type of material that meets the requirements of NACE MR0175, a document
published by the NACE that provides guidelines for metallic materials exposed to H2S in oil and gas
production environments.

71) What is NACE carbon steel?

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In standard NACE MR0175 carbon steel pipes and fittings material used in petroleum industry usually
contain carbon less than 0.8%. Carbon and low alloy steels includes plate, pipe, pipe fitting that
complied with NACE MR0175, with stated exceptions, further SSC testing is not required.

72) Where is NACE required?

The NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 standard lists prequalified materials for use in upstream oilfield
equipment where sulfide-induced stress corrosion cracking may be a risk in sour environments, i.e., in
oil/gas/seawater mixtures where hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present.

73) Calibration of welding machine – 6 Month Ref -50504BSEN, BS7570

74) What happen if root welded without purging or back gauging in SS?
Chromium will became active in temp range of 400-800 ⁰C. it combines with carbon and forms
chromium carbide. While cooling if purging not given molten metal of other side will came in contact
with
75) What is the purpose of purging in welding?
Weld purging is a process where oxygen is evacuated from a pipe, tank, or chamber using a noble gas
such as argon or nitrogen. This process prevents oxygen from entering the weld pool, which can cause
poor quality and loss of corrosion resistance.
inert gas purging promotes the strength to the metal and weld joint and helps increase specific
properties of the weld.

76) Why purging is not required in CS welding?

For Stainless steel we do purging ( Inert gas like Argon ) to avoid the oxidation at the root. Stainless steel
is more susseptable to oxidation than carbon steel. for carbon steel root is not so much suseptable to
oxidation , hence we don't use purging gas like Argon

77) What is the major problem in welding of stainless steel?

The main problem when welding this type of stainless steel is poor HAZ toughness. Excessive grain
coarsening can lead to cracking in highly restrained joints and thick section material. When welding thin
section material, (less than 6mm) no special precautions are necessary.

78) Welder qualification diameter limit?

 Interview Question & Answer
ASME SEC IX –QW452.3

79) Thickness of weld metal qualifies?

ASME SEC IX –QW452.1 (b)
Interview Question & Answer