Bernoulli’s Theorem

Statement, Proof & Application.

 Equation of Continuity

It is the relation between velocity & Area of cross section.

Let,
A1 & A2 be the area of cross section at end A & B resp.
V1 & V2 Be the velocity at end A & B resp.
ρ be the density of liquid flowing through the pipe

A B
 The mass of liquid entering the pipe at A is
A= ρA1 v1 (Eq.1)
The mass of liquid leaving the pipe at B is
B= ρ A2 v2 (Eq.2)
From the rate of flow of liquid
A/c to law of conservation of mass
“Mass of liquid entering in to the pipe must be equal to the mass
of liquid leaving the pipe
ρA1v1=ρA2v2
A1v1=A2v2
A v= Constant.
“Volume of rate of flow of liquid remains constant through out
the flow. ”
Bernoulli’s Theorem
 Bernoulli’s Equation(Proof)
Consider an incompressible liquid flowing through pipe
from A to B .
Let,
A1 & A2 be the area of cross section at A & B resp.
P1 & P2 be the pressure at A & B resp.
V1 & V2 Be the Velocity of liquid at A & B resp.
h1 & h2 be the height of A & B above the horizontal plane.
L1 & L2 be the displacement of mass of liquid at A & B resp. in time ‘t’.
ρ be the density of liquid flowing through the pipe.
As A1 >A2 , V1 < V2 & hence P1 > P2 .
 Applications
• Lift on an airplane wing is due to the different air speeds and
pressures on the two surfaces of the wing.
• A ball’s path will curve due to its spin, which results in the air
speeds on the two sides of the ball not being equal.
 Poiseuille’s Equation

• Liquid flows through a horizontal pipe with steady flow.

• The layer of liquid is in contact with wall of pipe remains at rest while its
velocity increase towards the center.
• Means rate of flow of liquid is slowest at the wall near the pipe wall and
fastest in the center of axis.
• Poiseuille’s studied the flow of liquid through the horizontal pipe and
concluded that rate of flow of liquid through pipe varies as
π𝑃𝑟4
V=
8η𝑙
 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Equation

Assumptions
• The flow of liquid is steady and parallel to the axis of tube.
• There is no radial flow i.e pressure over any cross section normal to the
axis of tube is constant.
• The velocity of liquid layer is zero in contact with the wall of tube and
increase uniformly towards axis.
R S
 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Equation
• Lets consider a capillary tube
RS of length l and radius r.
• Consider coaxial cylindrical R S
layer of liquid at distance x from
the axis of tube. r
dv
• Let be the be the velocity
dx
gradient.
x v
• F be the force required to
maintain the flow of liquid.

A/c to Newtons law of viscous force

𝐹 = −ηA
dv l
dx
Where A=2πxl
 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Equation
dv
F = −η2πxl … … … … … … (1)
dx
Let P be the pressure difference between
two ends of capillary tube
⸫ F=P πx2 …………………....(2)
R S

From Eq (1) and (2) r

⸫ −η2πxl dv
dx
=P πx2 x
P
dv =− x dx
2ηl

P
‫ ׬‬dv = − 2ηl ‫ ׬‬x dx
P x2
v= − +c l
2ηl 2
 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Equation
Px2
v= − + c ……………. 3
4ηl
Applying boundary condition at x=r, v=0 we get
Pr2 R S
0= − +c
4ηl
Pr2 r
c=
4ηl
Put in Eq (3)we get x
Px2 Pr2
v= − +
4ηl 4ηl

P ( 2
v= r − x2) ……………. 4
4ηl
This Eq. gives the velocity of liquid layer at
l
distance x from axis of capillary tube.
 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Equation
It shows that , as x increases, velocity decreases
and it becomes zero when x=r. P Q
At x=0 , along axis of capillary tube velocity is
maximum. r
Lets consider another coaxial cylindrical layer
at distance x+dx from the axis of capillary. x x+dx
This two layers form a cylindrical shell of
radius x and thickness dx .
Volume of liquid flowing per unit time through
this shell is given by
dV =𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
dV= v 2πxdx l
 Derivation of Poiseuille’s Equation
dV= v 2πxdx
P ( 2
dV= r − x2) πxdx P Q
2ηl
Pπ ( 2
dV= rx − x3) dx
2ηl
r
Total volume of liquid flowing per unit
time through the capillary tube is x x+dx
obtained by integrating above eq within
limit 0 to r.
Pπ 𝑟
V=
2ηl
‫׬‬0 (r2x − x3) dx
Pπ r2x2 x4 r
V= −
2ηl 2 4 0
Pπ r4 Pπr4 l
V= V=
2ηl 4 8ηl
 Numericals
P=hρg
a1v1=a2v2
dv
F = ηA
dx
Pπr4
V=
8ηl
P 𝑣2
+ +h = constant
ρ𝑔 ρ𝑔
 Numericals
Calculate the coefficient of viscosity of Pπr4
η=
water through a capillary tube of length 8Vl
of 100cm , diameter 2mm under 9.8×102×π× 10 −3 4
η=
pressure at o.1m,volume rate of flow of 100×10−6× 8×100×10−2
liquid is 100cc with density 103 kg/m3 η= 3.84× 10−6 Ns/m2
Given l=100cm=100× 10 − 2 𝑚
D=2mm=> r= 1mm=10 −3 m Calculate the rate of flow of water
through a capillary tube of length of
h=0.1m, ρ= 103 kg/m3 0.3m long and 0.8 mm in diameter. The
η= ? tube is kept 100cm below the surface of
P=hρg water, coefficient of viscosity is 0.00425
= 0.1× 103 ×9.8 Ns/m2
=9.8 × 102 N/m2 Given l= 0.3 m
Pπr4 D=0.8mm=>
V= r= 0.4mm=0.4 × 10 −3 m
8ηl
 Numericals
h=100cm=100× 10 − 2 𝑚 A flat plate of area 10 cm2 separated by
ρ= 103 kg/m3 a layer of glycerin 1mm thick. If the
η= 0.00425 Ns/m2 viscosity coefficient of glycerin is
20dyne.s/cm2 Calculate the force
V=? required to keep the plate moving with
P=hρg velocity of 1 cm/sec.
= 100 × 10 − 2 × 103 ×9.8 Given A= 10 cm2
_
=9.8 × 103 N/m2 dx = 1mm = 1 × 10 1 𝑐𝑚
Pπr4 η= 20 dyne.s/cm2
V=
8ηl dv = 1 cm /s
9.8×103×π× 0.4 × 10 −3 4
F=?
V=
8×0.00425×0.3 dv 1
V=7.727× 10−8 m3/s F = ηA =20×10× _
dx 1×10 1
F=2000 dyne.

.
 Numericals
in a non uniform tube liquid flow with
velocity at a point where cross section is
2×10-4 m2 is 6m/s. what will be the
velocity of liquid at point where cross
section is 5×10-5 m2.
given a1= 2×10-4 m2
v1= 6m/s
a2= 5×10-5 m2
v2= ?
a1v1=a2v2
av
v2= 1 1
a2
= 2×10−4×6
v2=
5×10−5
v2=24 m/s