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Session 08 Week - 4 Oct - 22 (Last Rev 12.05.23)

This document discusses calculating tensile and compressive forces in simple structures. It provides examples of calculating compressive load based on total load and area of load application. It also discusses tensile load capacity testing and provides an example of calculating tensile load per square centimeter based on total load and cross-sectional area.

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26 views42 pages

Session 08 Week - 4 Oct - 22 (Last Rev 12.05.23)

This document discusses calculating tensile and compressive forces in simple structures. It provides examples of calculating compressive load based on total load and area of load application. It also discusses tensile load capacity testing and provides an example of calculating tensile load per square centimeter based on total load and cross-sectional area.

Uploaded by

nafiul.pbgs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BSc (Hons) Construction Management with

Foundation Year
CMA3004 Module 5 - Building Design and Building Science
Week 3 (session 1): Calculate tensile and compression forces in simple structures
Module Leader: Dr. Alberto Urrutia-Moldes
Lecturer name:
Learning outcomes Session 8:
4. Scientific principles of construction materials
This will include:

4.4. Calculate tensile and compression forces in simple


structures.
Recap Quiz
Which types of loads are
present in a building?
Permanent Loads: Load from the
weight of the building itself
+
Internal Variable loads:
Load from contents inside the
building
+
External variable loads such as

wind,
snow accumulation,
or earthquakes.
Which types of
deformations can be
caused by loads?
Loads forces
in structures

Deformations
of structures
What is a uniformly
distributed load?
What are the main factors
affecting human comfort and The
built environment?
Factors affecting human comfort and The built environment

Bluyssen, P., 2009. The indoor environment handbook: how to make buildings healthy and comfortable. Routledge.
4.0 Understanding of the scientific principles of
construction materials through simple calculations

4.4. Calculate tensile and compression forces in simple


structures and trusses.
Calculating Compressive Load
Action and Reaction of Compressive Loads

Action on top & reaction Action and reaction in any


on the base horizontal section of the
element
If we analyse any section
of the element (column)
perpendicular to the
direction of the load, the
total load will be
distributed equally on the
whole surface of that
section. Therefore, each
square centimetre of the
section will receive a load
equal to the total load
divided by the total square
centimetres of the section
As a reaction, in a static
situation (no movement as a
result), the opposite side of
the section of the element
will respond generating a
force of equal magnitude to
the load, but in opposite
direction. Therefore, each
square centimetre of the
section will receive, as a
result, a reaction equal to
the load per cm2, but in
opposite direction.
Let’s see a
basic demonstration of
load distribution
What did we witness?
1. The load distributes equally on each nail
2. The bigger the base (number of nails) the lower the load (pressure) the
balloon put on each mail
3. The exact amount of load exerted by the person towards the nails is
exerted by the nails toward the person. (that is why the nail bed doesn’t
move downward while being loaded (static equilibrium)
Compressive = Load
load Area of load application
Compressive load =
1000 kg
= 0.625 (kg/cm2)
(40 cm x 40 cm)
0.625 kg
Compressive load =
1000 kg
= 0.625 (kg/cm2)
(40 cm x 40 cm)
Compressive load =
1000 kg
0.625 kg = 0.625 (kg/cm2)
(40 cm x 40 cm)
A constant size of the element means a constant distribution of loads.
If the size of the element increase, the loads distribute on a wider surface, therefore, the
load per square centimetre decrease
Load Load
Individual Formative activity
(10 min)
• We have a structure consistent in a 3x2m
slab supported by four 20x20cm columns.
• The slab is supporting a load of 11000kg at
the centre point, so each column is
receiving the same amount of load
• Columns transfer the load to isolated
footings
• Isolated footing dimensions are
100x100x40cm LxWxH
• The mass of the structure is negligible

How much is the compressive load below 0.4 m

each isolated footing?


Compressive =
=
load
Formative activity (10 min) :
Consider the following data:
Weight of the beam: 2,500 kg
Weight of each column: 3,500 kg
Diameter of columns at the base: 40 cm

Please, determine what compressive load the soil must resist


to prevent the columns from sinking into the ground.

Please feel free to work in groups or individually

You have 5 minutes to find the answer.

Be ready to explain how you find the solution.


Solution:
Consider the following data:
Weight of the beam: 2,500 kg
Weight of each column: 3,500 kg
Diameter of columns at the base: 40 cm

Please, determine what compressive load the soil must resist to prevent
the columns from sinking into the ground.
Answer:
Each column transfer 3,500kg + (2,500kg/2)= 4,750kg
4,750kg are distributed in a diameter of 40cm
A diameter of 40cm have a surface (area) of:
A=πr2 => A= 3.14 x (20cm x 20cm) => A=1,256.6 cm2
So if 4,750 kg are distributed in 1,256.6 cm2, then the soil
have to resist:
Compressive load= 4,750 kg / 1,256.6 cm2 = 3.78 kg/cm2
How is tensile load capacity tested?
State
How4:3:
Initial
State The
2:
does tensile
state:
The The specimen
tensile
steel tensile has
specimen
behave been
specimen
has
underloaded throughout
been
has not beenitstillplastic deformation zone and it has reached
loaded
tensile
the maximum load bearable. From here on the specimen will suffer more deformation without no
loaded,
within
its elastic
load? its
soelastic
limit,
it has sozone,
its
any
original
additional load till fracture
additional
so it will
lengthmaintain
load
and will
shape
their
produce
original zisedeformation
permanent and shape if load is eliminated

PLASTIC
DEFORMATION ZONE
LIMIT OF ELASTIC
DEFORMATION
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
ZONE
If we apply a force of 5000 kg (as shown in
the picture), to a steel solid bar which is
3cm thick and has a circular cross-
sectional area,

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

Then, the load per square centimetre of


the bar’s section is calculated as:
Tensile Load
=
load Area of load application
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

𝑟 = 1,5 cm
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 So, 𝐴 = 3.14 x (1.5 cm x 1.5 cm)
𝐴 = 3.14 x 2.25 cm2
𝐴 = 7.065 cm2
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5000𝑘𝑔/ 7.065 cm2
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 707.7 𝑘𝑔/cm2
Formative Activity
The person in the picture have a weight of 90kg
The weight of cloths + equipment + water bouquet is 30kg
He is suspended by a rope which has a diameter of 1.5cm

Which is the minimum tensile load the rope has to resist for
the worker not to fall?

Please feel free to work in groups or individually

You have 5 minutes to find the answer.

Be ready to explain how you find the solution.


Solution
The person in the picture has a weight of 90kg
The weight of clothes + equipment + water bouquet is 30kg
He is suspended by a rope which has a diameter of 1.5cm

Which is the minimum tensile load the rope has to resist for
the worker not to fall?

So:
Tensile load = Total load / Area , where Area=(πr2)

Tensile load = (90kg+ 30kg) / 3.14x 0.75cm x 0.75cm

Tensile load = 67.94 kg/cm2


Summative Assessment
• You will have to Identify an Using key technical terminology, you will
existing low-rise housing produce a clear and concise report which
building as a case study will be broken down into the following
sections:
• You will have to inspect the
building, taking notes and  The construction systems
pictures of the relevant  Structural and non-structural elements
elements and materials  Technologies
• You are required to write a  Materials used in its structure
3000-word report regarding the  Pathologies and material failures
material characteristics of the
selected building
Summative task
Please use any
remainder class time
to start your essay!
Questions

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