132kV TRANSMISSION

PROTECTION COMPETENCY
TRAINING

Protection Unit
Engineering Services Training Department
ILSAS
 132KV TRANSMISSION
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
COMPETENCY TRAINING

FEEDER PROTECTION

CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

2
 Lesson Objective

• At the end of the course, the participant will be

able to:-
– Describe the operating principle of a Current
Differential Protection system.
– Explain the communication principle of a Current
Differential Protection system.
– Explain the Basic test conducted to prove that a
Current Differential Protection system is functioning
as required.

3
FEEDER PROTECTION CLASIFICATION

1. Unit Protection

2. Non Unit Protection

4
 UNIT PROTECTION
S/Stn A S/Stn B
CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’
CT ‘A’ Transmission CT ’B’
Line
Defined LZOP
Local Zone of Protection

(LZOP)

Relay ‘A’ Communication Link

Relay ‘B’

S/Stn = Sub Station

CB = Circuit Breaker
CT = Current Transformer
5
 NON UNIT PROTECTION
S/Stn A S/Stn B
CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’
CT ‘A’ Transmission CT ’B’
Line
Overreaching LZOP
Local Zone of Protection (Relay B)

Local Zone of Protection (Relay A)

Relay ‘A’ Relay ‘B’

S/Stn = Sub Station

CB = Circuit Breaker
CT = Current Transformer
6
 Current Differential Principal

• Operates based on Kirchoff Current Summation

Law
• Total current flow IN and OUT of a protected
object is equal to ‘zero’ under healthy conditions
• If total current flow is NOT equal to zero, a fault
is present in the protected object.

7
 Current Differential Principal
(example Stable Condition)

Ia = 1200A Ib = 1200A

CT ‘A’ CT ’B’

CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’
PMU A PMU B
IDiff
trip
area
Relay ‘A’ Communication Link
Relay ‘B’

restraint
Ia = 1200 A Ib = -1200 A
area
Idiff = Ia + Ib
IRestraint = 1200 + (-1200)
= 0A Ibias > I diff : STABLE
Idiff = | Ia + Ib |
Ibias = ( |Ia| + |Ib| ) / 2
Ibias = | Ia | + | Ib | 8
= (1200 + 1200) / 2
2 = 1200A
 Current Differential Principal
(example Fault Condition)

Ia = 6000A Ib = 3000A

CT ‘A’ CT ’B’

CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’
PMU A If = 9000 A PMU B
IDiff
trip
area
Relay ‘A’ Communication Link
Relay ‘B’

restraint
Ia = 6000 A Ib = 3000 A
area
Idiff = Ia + Ib
IRestraint = 6000 + (3000)
= 9000A Ibias < I diff : OPERATE
Idiff = | Ia + Ib |
Ibias = ( |Ia| + |Ib| ) / 2
Ibias = | Ia | + | Ib | 9
= (6000 + 3000) / 2
2 = 4500A
5 STEPS ON HOW DIGITAL CURRENT
DIFFERENTIAL WORKS

10
 Step 1: Digital Current Sampling

50HZ SYSTEM

0 180 360

1st Step
1. Digital Current Sampling at each local end. Secondary
Analog currents are converted to digital samples
(1.2KHz, 24samples per-cycle) 11
 Step 1: Digital Current Sampling

1.2KHZ SAMPLING
FREQ

0 180 360

1st Step
1. Digital Current Sampling at each local end. Secondary
Analog currents are converted to digital samples
(1.2KHz, 24samples per-cycle) 12
 Step 1: Digital Current Sampling

1.2KHZ SAMPLING
FREQ

0 180 360

1st Step
1. Digital Current Sampling at each local end. Secondary
Analog currents are converted to digital samples
(1.2KHz, 24samples per-cycle) 13
 Step 1: Digital Current Sampling

1.2KHZ SAMPLING
FREQ

0 180 360

T2 - 10110011
T1 - 100001111
T0 -10000000
(Numbers contains information on Current Values, magnitude, angle, sampling time,
address, relay health status, comm. Check etc) – may vary among manufacturers.

1st Step
1. Digital Current Sampling at each local end. Secondary
Analog currents are converted to digital samples
(1.2KHz, 24samples per-cycle) 14
 Step 1: Digital Current Sampling
Ia Ib

CT ‘A’ CT ’B’
PMU A PMU B
CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’

Current Values Sampling

Relay ‘A’ Communication Link

Relay ‘B’
IB
87L 87L 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Ia = 1200 A Ib = -1200 A t2
t2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

t1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
t1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

t0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
t0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

1st Step
1. Digital Current Sampling at each local end. Secondary
Analog currents are converted to digital samples
(1.2KHz, 24samples per-cycle)
15
 Step 2: Exchange of Current Vectors
Ia Ib

CT ‘A’ CT ’B’
PMU A PMU B
CB ‘A’ CB ‘B’

Current Values Sampling

Relay ‘A’ Communication Link

Relay ‘B’
87L 87L IB
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Ia = 1200 A Ib = -1200 A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
t2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
t1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
t0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

2nd Step
2. Current Vectors are exchanged between the 2 relays through
communication link 16
 Step 3: Synchronization
Ia Relay A Relay B

T0 T0 (B)
CT ‘A’ TD
TD (A)
PMU A
T0 (B)
CB ‘A’

Relay A sampling Received message from Relay B sampling

Relay B is Synchronized by Td
Relay ‘A’
87L IB
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Ia = 1200 A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
t2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
t1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
t0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

3rd Step
3. Synchronize received current vectors from remote end relay.
Synchronization is done based on calculated communication delay
17
 Step 4: Differential Calculation
4th Step
4. Differential Calculation
– Idiff (Differential Current) Calculation
– Ibias (Bias Current) Calculation

Vector Sum of Sampled current

(current direction taken into calculation)
Idiff = | Ia + Ib |

Ibias = | Ia | + | Ib |
2
Scalar Sum of Sampled current
(only current magnitude taken into
calculation)

18
 Step 5: Trip / Stable Decision

5th Step
5. Tripping Decision
- Compare Differential and Bias values to Differential Curve for
tripping decision

IDiff
trip
area

restraint
area

IRestraint
19
I Diff Pickup Settings
• Is1; Basic Differential Setting
≈ 0.2 amps
– (for sensitivity;
– 20% normally for charging
current compensation, CT error
– High resistance faults)

• Is2; Bias Level Setting ≈ 2

amps
– (for stability; External faults with
High Fault Currents.
– This is achieved by using the
second slope, which is steeper)
– High Through fault current –20CT
Saturation
 Communication - Layout

Protection Equipment Telecomm, ICT Equipment

G.703 G.703 Interface G.703 Interface G.703

converter card card converter
Relay A Relay B
87CD Mux Telecomm Mux 87CD
Network
Electrical
Twisted Pair
Wire

Substation A Substation B

21
 Communication - Layout
2 types of communication network are available
1. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) network
1. New telecomm system
2. Switched Communication Network
3. Switches in SDH system enables communication to be routed through a
different path.

2. PDH (Plei Synchronous Hierarchy) network

1. Old telecomm system
2. Point to Point communication
3. Current Differential communication is a direct route connection
Communication protocol used: 64kbit/s G.703
87L relay – G.703 communication converter – Telecomm Equipment

TNB are currently using SDH in new installation, &

changing PDH to SDH

22
 Communication - Sync
Current
Protection Differential Synchronization
Equipment Telecomm, ICT Equipment
1st Step : Determine Transmission delay

G.703 G.703 Interface G.703 Interface G.703

converter card card converter
Relay A Relay B
87CD Mux Telecomm Mux 87CD
Network
Electrical
Twisted Pair
Wire

Substation A Substation B

23
 Communication - Sync
Current Differential Synchronization
1st Step : Determine Transmission delay

Relay A Relay B
Time Stamp
message from
t0 Relay A

Td (send) Time stamp

Tp message from
t1
Relay A is sent
Td (receive) back
t2
Time Stamp
message from
Relay A

Td = Transmission Delay time (one way)

Td = Tp / 2
(Relay assumes send and receive communication path is the same)
24
 Communication - Sync
Current Differential Synchronization
1st Step : Determine Transmission delay
(EXAMPLE: Tp=4ms; Td (send)=Td (receive) = 2ms)
Relay A Relay B

(0 < 0°) t0

Td (send)
Tp t1 (0.587 < 36°)
Td (receive)
(0.951 < 72°) t2

1
FOR 50Hz System

50 Cycle =1s
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 360
330
1 Cycle = 20 ms
1 Cycle = 3600
20 ms = 3600
-1 1ms = 180
25
 Communication - Sync
Current Differential Synchronization
•2ND Step :
•All received messages will be adjusted by Td.
•Once messages are synchronized, differential calculation can be done

• Time stamps are continuously exchanged between the 2 relays.

• Therefore the transmission delay (Td) will be monitored all the time.

26
 Communication – Sync
Current Differential Synchronization
EXAMPLE:
STEP 1:
Relay A Relay B DETERMINE
TRANSMISSION
DELAY (TD)
0.00 ms t0

Tp = 4.00 ms
Td = 4/2 = 2ms

4.00 ms t2

RELAY A

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 360

330

RELAY B

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

360

TD = 2ms
27
 Communication – Sync
Current Differential Synchronization
EXAMPLE:
STEP 1:
Relay A Relay B DETERMINE
TRANSMISSION
DELAY (TD)
(0 < 0°) t0
RELAY A

(0.587 < 36°) t1 0 60 90 120 150 180 270 360

(0.587 < 36°)
30 210 240 300 330

STEP 2:
(0.951 < 72°) t2 SYNCHRONIZE &
RELAY B DIFF
CALCULATION
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
360

Td adjustment.
Relay A will now sync value from Relay B with Td=2ms (360)

I diff & I bias

TD = 2ms calculation
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 Communication – Asymmetrical Delay

Asymmetrical Communication Delay : Td (send) ≠ Td (receive)

• Different Send and Receive route
• Causes mismatch in current vector synchronization
• Increase in Idiff value (phase shift) which leads to unstable current
differential relay.

29
 Communication – Asymmetrical Delay
Example 1: Different send and receive communication route
Determine Trip / Stable?
Relay A Relay B Td (send) ≠ Td
(receive)
Td (send) = 2 ms
(0 < 0°) t0
Td (receive) = 5 ms
Td (send) = 2ms Tp = 7 ms
(0.587 < 36°) t1 (-0.587 < 36°) Td (calculated by relay) =
(0.891 < 63°) t2 7/2 = 3.5 ms
Td = Tp/2 = 3.5ms (this value is equal for both
Tp = 7ms ends)
Td (receive) = 5ms
* mismatch of 1.5 ms
between the Td (calculated
(0.809 < 126°) t3*
by relay) and Td (send)
T asym = 5 - 3.5 = 1.5ms (270) and Td (receive)

Relay A Relay B I diff I bias

0.891 < 63° -0.587 < 36° 0.891-0.587 (0.891+0.587)/2
= 0.304 A = 0.739 A

30
Idiff < Ibias: STABLE!!
 Communication – Asymmetrical Delay
Example 2: Different send and receive communication route
Determine Trip / Stable?
Relay A Relay B
Td (send) ≠ Td
(receive)
Td (send) = 1 ms
(0 < 0°) t0 Td (receive) = 5 ms
Td (send) = 1ms Tp = ? ms
(-0.587 < 36°) Td (calculated by relay) =
(0.587 < 36°) t1
( ) t2
?? ms
Td = ms
Tp = ?ms
Td (receive) = 5ms

(0.809 < 126°) t3*

T asym = ms ( 0)

Relay A Relay B I diff I bias

31
STABLE / TRIP??
 Communication Delay
• Communication Delay influences Current Differential operating
time.
• If communication delay is too large (>10msec), relay operating
time (trip time) will be increased above 30 msec.
• According to requirements, maximum protection relay operating
time is 30 msec for all voltage levels.
• Maximum allowable communication delay for different relays are:-
1. Siemens 7SD522 – 10 msec
2. Areva P545 – 10 msec
3. ABB REL551 / REL561 – 12 msec
4. Toshiba GRL100 – 10 msec
5. NR RCS 931 – 10ms

32
 CD REQUIREMENTS:
• CT REQUIREMENT
– MUST MATCH RATIO (Both End) for Actual CT & Internal CT
(OR INTERNAL CORRECTION RATIO – DIGITAL)\
– CONSISTANT STAR POINT DIRECTION (FACING
PROTECTED OBJECT, AT MK, RELAY)
• COMMUNICATION
– (DIRECT FIBER / G.703 CONVERTER VIA MULTIPLEXER)
• RELAY MATCH
– (SAME MODEL & VERSION – SOME RELAY WITH SAME
MODEL CAN SUPPORT LOWER VERSION)
• COMMUNICATION DELAY
– Td (send) MUST = Td (receive)
– Td SHOULD be very small (<10ms)
33
 Testing - Commissioning
• Local Injection
– Functional test relay (including binary input/output
contact)
– Operational test
– To temporary change configuration (example):
• LFCB:
– Set Loop back (2-11; 4-9)
– Address: set to 00 (Local & Remote)
• SIEMENS:
– Set Tagging to Test Diff

• End to End Test

– Secondary Injection (Stability)
34
– Primary Stability (Injection / On-Load)
CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL TEST
(MAINTENANCE – AMG)

35
 CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL TEST
(COMMISSIONING)
1. Differential Level Pickup Testing – check
the pickup level tolerance
2. Differential Operating Time Test – check
operating time tolerance
3. Differential Stability Test – check CT
polarity and stability of relay
4. Check Diff & Bias Current value after
commissioning
36
 Relay Test Set-up –
(secondary stability)
Satellite signal for GPS

PMU A PMU B

7SD523 7SD523

Communication
Comm. medium Comm.
Converter Converter
CMC CMC

• In zone and Out zone faults are simulated using the Secondary Test
Set.
• Current values are injected at both ends simultaneously using GPS
synchronization (Injection point at TTB – if available)
• Relay’s stability and CT polarity are checked during this test.
37
GPS Stability – state seq

38
 GPS Stability – State Sequencer

PMU A

PMU B

39
 Testing on CD
• Ramping on pickup (Idiff, Ibias)

40
 CD With Backup Distance
• CD as Main Protection (Inst) & Dist as Backup (300ms)
• Distance Zone 1 function defeated
• Zone 2&3 still active: Timer Zone 2: 300ms, Zone 3 3s

• When Comm. Fail detected, CD will send signal to Distance Relay

and this will RELEASE Distance Zone 1 Timer (Inst)
• AR however will still be Lockout during this operation.
• Selection of CD contact must use the inst function of blocking

41
ISSUES CONCERNING CD SCHEME

• CT
– (Wrong Ratio cause un-stable,
– Star Point, Internal CT Setting inside relay)
• Wrong Setting & Configuration Application
• Relay Blocking due to Comm. Fail
– (Failure on Fiber, Mux, ICT Comp, Comm.
Converter, CD Relay, Twisted Pair)
• Mal-operation due to Asymmetrical Delay
42
 Troubleshooting Comm. Fail
• Inform KU, PN
• Refer relay technical manual
• Joint check with ICT
– ICT to check from their Mux (End to End), Outage
– Protection to check physical connection, Relay
• Example:
– SIEMENS 7SD522:
• Asymmetrical delay monitoring
– (If PI1asym tagging ON means detect asymmetrical delay

43