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 DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
1. Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized
approach in answering questions or solving problems (Polit and Beck, 2004).

2. Research plays an important role in tertiary education. (Palispis, 2004)

3. Research is a continuous undertaking of making known the unknown (Sanchez, 2002)

4. Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of new information or

concepts (Sanchez, 1999).

5. Research is a very careful investigation of something that purports the contribution of additional or
new knowledge and wisdom (Bassey, as cited by Coleman and Briggs, 2002).

6. Research is a tested approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps in order to
obtain a more adequate solution to a problem (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara and Espina, 1995)

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. The research should be systematic.

2. The research should be objective.

3. The research should be feasible.

4. The research should be empirical.

5. The research should be clear.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results
from a larger sample population.

Quantitative approaches are best used to answer what, when and who questions and are not well suited
to how and why questions.

Mostly, it is concerned with numbers and measurement.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring
it directly (Polit and Beck, 2008).

Attempts to explain the human experience with its dynamic, holistic, and individualistic aspects through
the perspective of the individual himself.

Collects data through methods such as interviews and participative observation.

 ROLE OF THE RESEARCHERS
According to Nieswiadomy (2005):

As principal investigator

As member of research team

As identifier of researchable problems

As evaluator of research findings

As user of research findings

As subject/respondent/participant

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline.

2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field.

3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation.
ROLE OF THE RESEARCHERS

According to Nieswiadomy (2005):

As principal investigator

As member of research team

As identifier of researchable problems

As evaluator of research findings

As user of research findings

As subject/respondent/participant

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline.

2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field.

3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation.
 THE PROCESS AND ETHICS OF
REASERCH
Prieto, et.+al. (2017) mentioned the following are involved in the Research Processes:

1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
4. RESEARCH DESIGN
5. COLLECTING DATA
6. ANALYZING DATA
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT

According to Resnik (2007), Ethical Norms are significant in conducting research studies as explained
in the following:

First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that are
essential to collaborative work.

Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s undertake.

Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.

HONESTY Maintain all communication. Data should not be

faked.
OBJECTIVE Avoid biases in experimental designs, data
analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and
other aspects of research.
INTEGRITY your promises and agreements.
CAREFULNESS Avoid careless errors and negligence.
OPENNESS Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
CONFIDENTIALITY Protect confidential communication.
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION Avoid duplicating publications.
RESPONSIBLE MENTORING Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.
RESPECT COLLEAGUES Treat all peers fairly.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm.
NON-DISCRIMINATION Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on
the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others.
LEGALITY Be informed and obey relevant laws and
institutional
governmental policies
RESPECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all
researchers.
HUMAN SUBJECT Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity,
and
privacy.
 Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be valuated by the researcher
before conducting the study because this may help certain population in area once the study is complet

Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights-They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and
duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.

2. Voluntary Participation- People must not be coerced into participating in research process.

Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures
and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.

3. Anonymity- It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given
nor known.

4. Privacy- It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of
an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without

giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation

of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts that are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,

2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and

3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

References:

Caballero, Jay L., (2019) Quarter 1 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research Retrieved from

https://depedtambayan.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/APPLIED-PRACTICAL-RESEARCH- 1_Q1_Mod1

V2.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0aGDb-Iuiw_mehFdst8aVKWJeIFLTBuJqesEfA3paubCTUHi0nD_Vf1Uw

Pastor, Maria Euleen (2020) Quarter 1– Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research Retrieved from

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/silliman-university/advanced-social

psychology/practical-research-1-quarter-1-module-1-nature-and-inquiry-of-research-version

3/17523594
 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

Seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience by explaining how complex meanings are built
out of simple units of inner experience.

The goal of this study is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject.

Example: What are the common experiences encountered by a person with a spouse who is undergoing
rehabilitation?

2. ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY

Involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities.

The researcher immerses with the people and becomes a part of their culture. “key informants”

The main purpose of this study is the development of cultural theories.

Example: What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in Barangay
Cutcut, Angeles City? (Dela cruz, 1994)

3. HISTORICAL STUDY

Concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past events.

Also involves relating their implications to the present and future time.

Example: What were the roles of women in the Katipunan?

Documents, Relics and artifacts, oral reports

The validity of materials used in the study are assessed:

Internal criticism- this involves establishing the authenticity or originality of the materials by looking at
the consistency of information.

External criticism- this is based on the analysis of the material: the ink and the type of paper used, the
layout and physical appearance, and as well as the age and texture of the material itself.

4. CASE STUDY

It is an in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution.

Also involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group, or situation
over a period of time.
It provides information on where to draw conclusions about the impact of a significant event in a
person’s life (Sanchez, 2002).

Example: “How do cancer survivors look at life?”

5. GROUNDED THEORY STUDY

This method involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, properties,
and hypotheses that state relations between these categories and properties emerge.

The hypotheses are tentative and suggestive, and are not tested in the study.

Example: “Ten school counselors were given structured interviews to help determine how their
professional identity is formed.”

6. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS

This type of research are the life accounts of individuals based on their personal experiences.

The purpose of the study is to extract meaningful context from these experiences.

The common types of narrative analysis are as follows:

A. Psychological – this involves analyzing the story in terms of internal thoughts and motivations.
B. Biographical – this takes the individual’s society and factors like gender and class into account.
C. Discourse analysis – this studies the approach in which language is used in texts and contexts.

7. CRITICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Seeks to bring about the change and empower individuals by describing and critiquing the social,
cultural, and psychological perspectives on present-day contexts.

It ultimately challenges the current norm, especially on power distributions, building upon the initial
appraisal of the said present day perspectives.

8. POSTMODERN RESEARCH

Opposed to traditional forms of qualitative analysis, the approach of this type of research seeks to
analyze the facts that have been established as truths, the ability of research and science to discover
truth, and all generalizations and typologies.

9. BASIC INTERPRETATIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY

Used when a researcher is interested in identifying how individuals give meaning to a situation or
phenomenon.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Conducted in a systematic and rigorous way.

More flexible than quantitative research.

Focuses on gathering information from people who can provide the richest insights into the
phenomenon or interest.

Collection of data is continuous until saturation.

Data collection examines everyday life in its natural context or in an uncontrolled naturalistic setting.

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES

STRENGTHS:

1. The study requires few cases or participants.

2. It is useful for describing complex phenomena.

3. Issues can be examined in detail and in depth.

4. Interviews are not restricted to specific questions and can be guided or redirected by the researcher.

5. Subtleties and complexities about the research subjects or topic are often missed by more positivistic
inquiries.

6. It provides individual case information.

7. It provides understanding and description of people’s personal experiences of phenomena.

8. It can describe in detail the phenomena as they are situated and embedded in local contexts.

9. The researcher usually identifies contextual and setting factors as they relate to the phenomenon of
interest.

10. Data usually collected in naturalistic settings in qualitative research.

11. Qualitative approaches are especially responsive to local situations, conditions, and stakeholders’
needs.

12. Qualitative data in the words and categories of participants lend themselves to exploring how and
why particular phenomena occur.

13. You can use an important case to vividly demonstrate a phenomenon to the readers.
WEAKNESSES:

1. The knowledge produced might not be applicable to other people or other settings.

2. Inflexibility is more difficult to maintain, assess, and demonstrate.

3. It is sometimes not as well understood and accepted as quantitative research within the scientific
community.

4. The researcher’s presence during data gathering which is often unavoidable in qualitative research,
can affect the subjects’ responses.

5. Issues and anonymity and confidentiality can present problems when presenting findings.

6. It is difficult to make quantitative predictions.

7. It is more difficult to test hypotheses and theories with large participants pools.

8. It might have lower credibility with some administrators and commissioners of programs.

9. Generally takes more time to collect the data compared to quantitative research.

10.Data analysis is often time-consuming.

11.The results are more easily influenced by the researcher’s personal biases and idiosyncrasies.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH

GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH

1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research method that seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by
generating credible theories.

Systematic process that involves formulating hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data and
other scientific methods, finally coming with a theory.

2. RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES

Seeks to define the purpose of human existence by tapping into historical facts and future possibilities.

This form of research derive explanations from human experiences that cannot be simply measured by
facts and figures alone.

3. ARTISTIC RESEARCH

Provides alternative approaches to established concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes

for fundamental and theoretical ones.

The main purpose of this form of research is to expound on the current accepted concepts and open
them to further interpretation.

RESEARCH DESIGN
Enables the researcher to organize the components of his or her research in an orderly and coherent
manner.

The research problem determines the research design that will be used in the study.

Clearly identify hypothesis that are significant to the problem.

Determine the data necessary to test the hypothesis and explain how the data will be obtained.

Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data gathered in order to evaluate the
hypothesis of the study.

1. ACTION RESEARCH

Follows a cyclical process

Pragmatic and solution-driven, and any information gathered is used to identify and implement a
solution to the problem.
Appropriate for community-based situations.

2. CAUSAL DESIGN

Explores how a specific change impacts a certain situation.

Employs hypothesis that seek to establish a cause-effect relationship between variables.

3. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Answers who, what, when, where, and how questions related to a particular research problem.

Used to obtain information about the present situation to gain an understanding of a certain
phenomena.

4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The researcher controls the factors and variables related to a certain phenomena and tries to change or
manipulate one or several factors to determine the possible effects.

5. EXPLORATORY DESIGN

Focuses on topics or problems which have had little or no studies done about them.

To gain information and insight that can be used for later researches.

6. COHORT DESIGN

Identifies group of people sharing common characteristics who are then studied for a period of time.

7. CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN

Looks into a large group of people-- composed of individuals with varied characteristics.

Seeks to determine how these individuals are affected by certain variable or change and gathers data at
a specific period of time.

8. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN

Follows a group of people over a long period of time.

Observations are made up on the group to track changes over time and identify factors that may have
caused them.

Explores causal relationships over time and determines how long these relationships last and extent of
their effects on the group being studied.

9. SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
This research is carried out in stages to gather sufficient data to test the hypothesis.

Often combine with a cross-sectional study.

10. MIXED-METHOD DESIGN

Combines aspects of various research designs and methods.

Primarily, combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to gain a complete picture of the
research problem.

RESEARCH METHOD
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results
from a larger sample population.

Quantitative approaches are best used to answer what, when and who questions and are not well suited
to how and why questions.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring
it directly (Polit and Beck, 2008).

Attempts to explain the human experience with its dynamic, holistic, and individualistic aspects through
the perspective of the individual himself.

Collects data through methods such as interviews and participative observation

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Aims to characterize trends and patterns Involves processes, feelings, and motives
Questionnaires or schedules Unstructured or semi-structured instruments
Large sample sizes Small sample sizes chosen purposely
Has high output replicability Has high validity
Used to gain greater understanding of group Used to gain greater understanding of
similarities individual
differences
Used structured processes Use more flexible processes
Methods include census, survey, experiments, Methods include field research, case study,
and and
secondary analysis secondary analysis
 WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE
WHAT IS A RESEARCH TITLE?

The most important element that defines the research problem.

It is usually read first and the most read part of the research.

It contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the purpose of your research paper.

It can be revised any and many times as the research develops and reach its final phase. It becomes final
on its final defense before the panel of judges.

“THE RESEARCH TITLE DOES NOT NEED TO BE ENTERTAINING BUT INFORMATIVE”

A PART OF A RESEARCH TITLE HAS THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (“What?”)

The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. (“Where?”)

The population like the respondents’ interviewees. (“Who”?)

The time period of the study during which the data are to be collected. (“When”?)

EXAMPLE:

Subject matter: The Academic Motivation of the Students and its Effect on their Academic Performance

Population: to senior high school students

Place or locale: at College of St. Catherine Quezon City

Time period: during the first semester, school year 2022-2023

RULES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

Interest in the subject matter

Interest in a subject drives you to research, investigate, or inquire about it with full motivation,
enthusiasm, and energy.

Availability of information
Information will serve as evidence to support your claims about your subject matter from varied forms
of literature like books, journals, and newspapers, among others, is a part and parcel of any research
work

Timeliness and relevance of the topic

How relevant is the topic?

It yields results that are useful in society.

Related to the present (Except for pure or historical research).

Limitations on the subject

Connect your choice with course requirements. You need to decide on one topic to finish your course.

Personal resources

Do an assessment on your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental
capacity, needed facilities, and time schedule to enable you to complete your research. You must raise
an amount of money needed to spend on questionnaire printing and interview trips.
 AN INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Part where you start to convey a lot of information to your readers.

It discusses four relevant ideas:

1. TOPIC: define and elaborate using methods of paragraph development like classification and giving
examples.

2. IMPORTANCE: cite the role that the topic plays in your life and the benefits you derive from it.

3. REASONS: emphasize what motivated you to choose the topic.

4. PURPOSE: discusses the objective of the study.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Includes a review of the area being studied, previous studies related to the topic, and relevant history of
the topic under study.

This part describes as clearly as possible the problem intended to be addressed and refer to the relevant
literature in the field.

It is an overview of factors which have led to the problem, comprise the problem, and historical
significance related to the problem.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The foundation of the research. These are highly related theories and principles that were established
and proven by authorities.

It refers to the set of interrelated construct and definitions that presents a systematic view of the
phenomena.

WHAT MUST BE OBTAINED FROM A THEORY?

The name/s of author/s of the theory must be taken including the place and time / year when he or she
postulated such principle or generalization.

The part of the theory that is relevant to your study.

Synthesis by relating it to your study.

 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A general statement of the whole problem followed by the specific questions or sub-problems into
which general problem is broken up.

List of questions that you intend to answer to be able to achieve the goal of your study.

HYPOTHESIS

Statement that defines the testable relationship you expect to see from examining the variables in your
study.

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho)

States that there is no relationship between variables

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha)

States that there is a relationship between variables

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

This discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the place where the study is
conducted.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

States the coverage and the limitations of the study.

The population in which the respondents were selected. The period of the study. This is the time, either
months or years, during which the data were gathered.

Also includes the weaknesses of the study beyond the control of the researcher.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Details the contribution or benefit that your study provides to different people and how they are going
to be benefited.

The rationale, timeliness and/or relevance of your study.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Unfamiliar words that are used in the study which needs to be defined for better understanding.

Terms should be defined operationally, that is how they are used in the study.

Reference:

Gonzaga, I. (2015) Chapter 1 of a Research Paper. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/sabsgonzaga/chapter-1-of-a-
research-paper