Name: …………………………………………………………………………………

1. Lily draws a diagram of the rock cycle.

igneous
rock

A
magma

sediment
B

metamorphic
rock

sedimentary
rock

(a) Circle process A.

burial erosion heating melting

[1]

(b) Circle process B.

cooling erosion melting solidification

[1]
(c) Describe the processes of sedimentation and metamorphism.

sedimentation

metamorphism

[2]

2. Hassan collects information about different igneous rocks.

igneous crystal size

colour
rock in mm

A 10.2 grey
B 8.4 black
C 15.2 grey
D 0.5 black
E no crystals grey
F no crystals black

(a) Which igneous rocks have crystal sizes larger than 8 mm and are grey
in colour?
[1]

(b) Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock.

Molten rock that cools the slowest has the biggest

crystals. Complete the sentences.

The igneous rock that cooled the slowest is .

The igneous rock E has no crystals because

.
[2]
3. (a) Complete the rock cycle diagram by writing the names of the three types of
rock in the correct boxes.

........................................

molten rock cooling and weathering and erosion

crystallising followed by high pressure

........................................ ........................................

heating and high pressure

[2]

b. Fossils of dead animals are sometimes found in rocks.

Describe how fossils are formed.

[2]
4. The diagrams show a section through the soil of a grassland and a
desert.

humus and minerals

clay and sand

small rocks and stones

desert soil
grassland soil

(a) Write down a similarity between the grassland soil and the desert soil.

[1]

(b) Suggest why plants found in the grassland soil do not grow in the desert soil.

[1]

5. Chen investigates the water content of different

soils. Chen:

a. step 1 – measures the mass of an empty evaporating basin

b. step 2 – puts some soil into the evaporating basin
c. step 3 – measures the mass of the soil and evaporating basin
d. step 4 – heats the soil and evaporating basin for 30 minutes
e. step 5 – lets the soil and evaporating basin cool down
f. step 6 – measures the mass of the dry soil and evaporating basin.
(a) Write down the name of the equipment Chen uses to measure mass in steps
1, 3 and 6.
[1]
(b) Complete the diagram by labelling the equipment Chen uses in step 4.

....................................
soil

gauze
tripod

....................................
laboratory mat

[2]

(c) Look at the table of results.

mass in g
step 1 – mass of empty evaporating basin 25.15
step 3 – mass of soil and evaporating basin 30.25
step 6 – mass of dry soil and evaporating basin 29.26

Calculate the mass of soil in step 3.

mass = g [1]

(d) Explain why the mass decreases between step 3 and step 6.

[1]

6. There are three types of rock found on the Earth’s surface.

a. Two of these types of rock are igneous and sedimentary.

Name the other type of rock.

[1]

(b) Look at the information.

 granite is specked gabbro is black
black and white with crystals

sandstone has layers schist has layers

made of grains of sand and crystals

Which rock is sedimentary?

[1]

7. Oliver wants to find out if adding sand to soil helps beans grow. In

his investigation Oliver:

a. adds a different mass of sand to the soil in five pots

b. keeps the five pots in the same conditions
c. adds 10 bean seeds to each pot of soil
d. adds water to the pots each day
e. measures the length of the bean roots after 25 days
f. calculates the mean length of the roots for each pot.

Here are his results.

mass of sand added to pot mean length of roots

in g in cm
0 5.8
2 4.8
4 3.6
6 2.6
8 1.4

(a) Complete the graph by:

 plotting the last two points

  drawing a line of best fit.

4
mean length 3
of roots
in cm 2

1
0

0 2 4 6 8
mass of sand
added to pot
in g
[2]

(b) Write down a conclusion for his results.

[1]

(c) Soils may be classified by the amount of sand and clay they contain. Name

one other substance used to classify soils.

[1]

(d) Look at the model of sand and clay particles.

sand clay

Tick (✓) the boxes next to the two correct statements.

sand particles are larger than clay particles

clay has larger air spaces between the particles than sand particles

sand lets water move between the particles

 clay particles do not stick together

[2]

8. There are three types of rock found in the Earth’s

crust. These are igneous, metamorphic and

sedimentary rock.

Look at the table that shows some information about three rock samples.

sample description of sample type of rock

X soft white rock found in layers ………………………………..

dark grey rock that is very hard
Y and contains crystals ………………………………..
very hard grey rock that contains
Z minerals and distorted crystals ………………………………..

(a) Complete the table by identifying the type of rock for each rock sample. [2]

(b) Complete the sentence.

Wind and rain break rocks into smaller pieces and transport them away.
This process is called . [1]

(c) The smaller pieces of rock are changed into sedimentary rock.

Describe how this happens.

[2]

9. Look at the pie chart showing the different components

of a soil. organic matter

 gases
A

water

sand

(a) Which component has the lowest percentage in this soil?

[1]

(b) The name of component A is missing from the pie chart.

What is the name of this component?

[1]

10. Soils contain water and organic plant material.

(a) What is the name of the organic plant material found in soil?

[1]

(c) Write down two other parts of soil.

and [2]

(a) There are three types of rock found on the Earth’s

surface. One of the types of rock is called sedimentary.

Name the other two types of rock. 1

2
[2]
b. Look at the table. It shows the description of some rocks.

rock description
(b) This rock is found in layers and is very crumbly.
(c) This rock is very hard and contains crystals.
(d) This rock is black and very shiny.
(e) This rock is soft and contains very small particles.

Which two rocks are sedimentary?

[1
]

(c) Aiko finds this fossil in some sedimentary rock.

Describe how fossils are formed in sedimentary rock.

[2]

11. The diagram shows a simple rock cycle.

 sedimentary

process B
process A
process C

igneous metamorphic

process E

process F process D

magma

Look at the table.

It shows descriptions of some of the processes in the rock cycle.

Complete the table.

process description

A erosion and sedimentation

B heat and pressure

F
 [4]

12. Soils are a mixture of clay, sand and an organic content called humus.

Chen investigates the drainage of some dry soils.

Chen:

 places 20 g of dry soil W into the equipment shown

filter funnel

filter paper

20 g dry soil

measuring cylinder

3
(c) pours 50 cm of water onto the dry soil
(d) measures the volume of water that drains into the measuring cylinder in one minute.
(e) repeats the experiment for each of the dry soils, X, Y and Z.

Chen’s results are shown in this table.

percentage of volume of water collected

soil after one minute
3
clay sand humus in cm

W 20 70 10 30

X 15 75 10 36

Y 70 20 10 10

Z 50 40 10

a. Look at the diagram.

It shows the measuring cylinder of water collected for soil Z.

 3
cm
25
20

15

10

Write down, in Chen’s results table, the volume of water collected for soil Z. [1]

3
(b) Explain why the volume of water added to the dry soil is always 50 cm .

[1]

c. Write down the dependent variable in this investigation.

[1]

d. Which soil has the best drainage? Circle

the correct answer.

W X Y Z

[1]

e. Chen repeats the investigation with a dry soil containing 90% sand and 10% humus.

Predict the volume of water collected.

3
cm [1]
13. Safia investigates some samples of

rock. Look at her table of results.

rock description
A very hard and contains crystals
B soft and crumbly
C hard and contains distorted fossils
D glassy appearance with no grains
E low density and contains gas bubbles
F found in layers with grains

a. Which two of these rocks are sedimentary?

and [2]

(b) Suggest two reasons why rock C contains distorted fossils.

Use ideas about the formation of rock C.

[2]

C. Rock E is an igneous rock.

Describe how igneous rocks are formed.

[1]

(d) Suggest why igneous rocks do not contain fossils.

[1]