SADLER MATHEMATICS

METHODS UNIT 3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 7 Calculus of trigonometric functions

Exercise 7A

Question 1

dy
= 5x4 − 2 x
dx

Question 2

dy
= 3x 2
dx

Question 3

dy
= sin x
dx

Question 4

dy
= cos x − (− sin x)
dx
= cos x + sin x

Question 5

dy
=
− sin x − cos x
dx

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 1

 Question 6

dy 1
= 1−
dx cos 2 x
cos 2 x − 1
=
cos 2 x
− sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x
= − tan 2 x

Question 7

dy
=( x + 1) × 2 + (2 x − 3) × 1
dx
= 2x + 2 + 2x − 3
= 4x −1

Question 8

dy
= 5 x 2 × (−5) + (1 − 5 x) × 10 x
dx
=
−25 x 2 + 10 x − 50 x 2
=
−75 x 2 + 10 x

Question 9

dy
= 6 cos x
dx

Question 10

dy
= 4(− sin x)
dx
= −4sin x

Question 11

dy
= x(cos x) + sin x
dx
= x cos x + sin x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 2

 Question 12

dy
=x 2 (− sin x) + cos x × 2 x
dx
= 2 x cos x − x 2 sin x

Question 13

dy (3 x 2 − 1) × 1 − x(6 x)
=
dx (3 x 2 − 1) 2
3x 2 − 1 − 6 x 2
=
(3 x 2 − 1) 2
−3 x 2 − 1
=
(3 x 2 − 1) 2
(3 x 2 + 1)
= −
(3 x 2 − 1) 2

Question 14

dy ( x 2 − 1) × 2 x − ( x 2 + 1) × 2 x
=
dx ( x 2 − 1) 2
2 x3 − 2 x − 2 x3 − 2 x
=
( x 2 − 1) 2
4x
= − 2
( x − 1) 2

Question 15

dy x(− sin x) − cos x × 1

=
dx x2
− x sin x − cos x
=
x2
−( x sin x + cos x)
=
x2
x sin x + cos x
= −
x2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 3

 Question 16

dy x(cos x) − sin x × 1
=
dx x2
x cos x − sin x
=
x2

Question 17

dy sin x × 1 − x cos x
=
dx sin 2 x
sin x − x cos x
=
sin 2 x

Question 18

dy cos x × 1 − x(− sin x)

=
dx cos 2 x
cos x + x sin x
=
cos 2 x

Question 19

dy dy du
= × =
u x2 + 1
dx du dx
du
6=
u × 2x 2x
dx
= 12 x( x 2 + 1)

Question 20

dy dy du
= × =
u x2 −1
dx du dx
1 − 12 du
=u × 2x 2x
2 dx
x
=
x −1
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 4

 Question 21

dy dy du
= × u 6x
dx du dx
du
=
cos u×6 6
dx
= 6 cos 6 x

Question 22

dy dy du
= × =
u 2x + 3
dx du dx
du
=
− sin u × 2 =
2
dx
=
−2sin(2 x + 3)

Question 23

= =
y sin 2
x (sin x) 2
dy
= 2sin x cos x
dx

Question 24

dy
= 3sin 2 x cos x
dx

Question 25

dy
= 5cos 4 x(− sin x)
dx
= −5cos 4 x sin x

Question 26

dy
= − sin 3 x × 3
dx
= −3sin 3 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 5

 Question 27

dy
= 3cos(3 x − 7)
dx

Question 28

dy
=
2(− sin(2 x + 5))
dx
=
−2sin(2 x + 5)

Question 29

dy
=−3(− sin x)
dx
= 3sin x

Question 30

dy
=3 + 2(− sin x)
dx
= 3 − 2sin x

Question 31

dy
= 2 cos 2 x
dx

Question 32

dy
= 2 x − (− sin x)
dx
= 2 x + sin x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 6

 Question 33

dy x 2 (cos x) − (1 + sin x) × 2 x
=
dx x4
x 2 cos x − 2 x(1 + sin x)
=
x4
x cos x − 2(1 + sin x)
=
x3
x cos x − 2sin x − 2
=
x3

Question 34

dy
= 3cos x − 2(− sin x)
dx
= 3cos x + 2sin x

Question 35

dy
= − sin 3 x × 3
dx
= −3sin 3 x

Question 36

dy
= −9sin 9 x
dx

Question 37

dy
= 3(− sin 2 x) × 2
dx
= −6sin 2 x

Question 38

dy
= 5cos 3 x × 3
dx
= 15cos 3 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 7

 Question 39

dy
= 2 cos 3 x × 3 + 3(− sin 2 x) × 2
dx
= 6 cos 3 x − 6sin 2 x

Question 40

dy
= 5sin 4 x cos x
dx

Question 41

dy
= 5 × 2 cos x(− sin x)
dx
= −10 cos x sin x

Question 42
1
dy 1 −
= (sin x) 2 cos x
dx 2
cos x
=
2 sin x

Question 43

f ′( x) = 7 cos 7 x

Question 44

f ′( x) = 8cos8 x

Question 45

f ′( x) cos 4 x × 4 + (− sin 4 x) × 4
=
= 4 cos 4 x − 4sin 4 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 8

 Question 46

f ′( x) 2 × cos(3 x − 1) × 3
=
= 6 cos(3 x − 1)

Question 47

4 [ − sin(4 x + 3) ] × 4
f ′( x) =
=
−16sin(4 x + 3)

Question 48

f ′( x) = 2 × 3sin 2 x × cos x
= 6sin 2 x cos x

Question 49

f ′( x) 3 × 2 cos x(− sin x)

=
= −6 cos x sin x

Question 50

f ′( x) =−
x( sin x) + cos x ×1
= cos x − x sin x

Question 51

f ′( x) =x 2 (− sin x) + cos x × 2 x
= 2 x cos x − x 2 sin x

Question 52

f ′( x) 2 x × cos x + sin x × 2
=
= 2 x cos x + 2sin x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 9

 Question 53

 cos x × cos x − sin x(− sin x) 

f ′( x) = 2  
 cos 2 x
(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
=2
cos 2 x
2
=
cos 2 x

Question 54

f ( x) = 2 tan x
2
f ′( x) =
cos 2 x

Question 55

dy
= cos x
dx
π
At x =
6
dy π 3
= cos =  
dx 6 2

Question 56

dy
= −2sin 2 x
dx
π
At x = ,
6
dy  π
= −2sin  2 × 
dx  6
π
= −2sin  
3
3
= −2 ×
2
= − 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 10

 Question 57

dy
= 2(sin x(− sin x) + cos x × cos x)
dx
= 2(cos 2 x − sin 2 x)
At x = 0,
dy
= 2(cos 2 0 − sin 2 0)
dx
= 2(1 − 0)
=2

Question 58

dy
= 3sin x × cos x
dx
= 6sin x cos x
At x = π,
dy
= 6sin π cos π
dx
=0

Question 59

dy
= cos x
dx
d2y
= − sin x
dx 2

Question 60

dy
= −5sin 5 x
dx
d2y
= −5 × 5cos 5 x
dx 2
= −25cos 5 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 11

 Question 61

dy
= 3cos 2 x × 2
dx
= 6 cos 2 x
d2y
= 6(− sin 2 x) × 2
dx 2
= −12sin 2 x

Question 62

dy
= cos x − sin x
dx
d2y
=
− sin x − cos x
dx 2

Question 63

dy
= x cos x + sin x ×1
dx
= x cos x + sin x
π
At x = ,
2
dy π π π
= cos + sin
dx 2 2 2
= 0 +1
=1

Equation of tangent
y= 1x + c
π π
Using ( , )
2 2
π π
= +c
2 2
c=0
∴y = x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 12

 Question 64

dy
=1 + 3(− sin 2 x) × 2
dx
= 1 − 6sin 2 x
At x = 0,
dy
= 1 − 6sin 0
dx
=1
Equation of tangent
y= x + c
Using (0,3)
3= 0 + c
c=3
∴y = x+3

Question 65

a f ′( x) = 2 cos 2 x
π π
f ′   = 2 cos
6 3
=1

b f ′′( x) = −4sin 2 x
π π
f ′′   = −4sin 2 ×
6 3
3
= −4 ×
2
= −2 3

Question 66

 πx 
=y sin= x° sin  
 180 
dy π  πx 
= × cos  
dx 180  180 
π
= cos x°
180

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 13

 Question 67

A = 2h × 2 w
= 4hw
h
sin θ= ⇒ h= 10sin θ
10
w
cos θ= ⇒ w= 10 cos θ
10
A = 4 × 10sin θ × 10 cos θ
= 400sin θ cos θ

dA
= 400(sin θ(− sin θ) + cos θ cos θ)
dθ
= 400(cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ)
= 400(cos θ + sin θ)(cos θ − sin θ)
400(cos θ + sin θ)(cos θ − sin θ) = 0
cos θ=
+ sin θ 0 or cos θ=
− sin θ 0
cos = − sin θ or cos θ = sin θ
tan θ = −1 or tan θ = 1
π π
Given 0 < π < ,θ=
2 4

π
h = 10sin
4
=5 2
π
w = 10 cos
4
=5 2

Dimensions of rectangle

2h × 2 w = 10 2 × 10 2
Hence the rectangle is a square
A = 4hw
= 4× 5 2 × 5 2
= 200 cm 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 14

Question 68

1
Area = × 10 × 8 × sin 0.1t
2
= 40sin 0.1t cm 2
dA
= 40 cos(0.1t ) × 0.1
dt
= 4 cos 0.1t cm 2 /s

a When t = 1,
dA
= 4 cos 0.1
dt
= 3.98 cm 2 /s

b When t = 5,
dA
= 4 cos 0.5
dt
= 3.51 cm 2 /s

c When t = 10,
dA
= 4 cos1
dt
= 2.16 cm 2 /s

d When t = 20,
dA
= 4 cos 2
dt
= −1.66 cm 2 /s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 15

Question 69

a=x 5sin 3t , t ≥ 0
Max value is 5 as the maximum value of sin3t = 1
5 = 5sin 3t
sin 3t = 1
π
3t =
2
π
t=
6

b 5sin 3t = 2.5
sin 3t = 0.5
π 5π 13π
3t = , ,
6 6 6
π 5π 13π
t= , ,
18 18 18

dx
c = 5cos 3t × 3
dt
= 15cos 3t
At t = 0.6,
dx
= 15 × cos1.8
dt
= −3.4

d 2x
d = −15sin 3t × 3
dt 2
= −45sin 3t
= −9 × 5sin 3t
∴ k =−9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 16

Question 70

dy
= 3cos θ + 4(− sin θ)
dx
=0 3cos θ − 4sin θ
4sin= θ 3cos θ
4sin θ 3cos θ
=
4 cos θ 4 cos θ
3
tan θ =
4
θ =0.6435
Maximum value
3sin(0.6435) + 4 cos(0.6435) =
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 17

Exercise 7B

Question 1

5∫ cos=
x dx 5sin x + c

Question 2

2 ∫ sin x dx =
−2 cos x + c

Question 3

−10 ∫ sin x dx =
−10(− cos x) + c
= 10 cos x + c

Question 4

−2 ∫ cos x dx =
−2sin x + c

Question 5

3∫ 2 cos=
2 x dx 3sin 2 x + c

Question 6

1 1
3 ∫ 6 cos=
6 x dx
3
sin 6 x + c

Question 7

3∫ 4sin 4 x dx =
−3cos 4 x + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 18

Question 8

1 1
−
3 ∫ 3sin 3 x dx =− (− cos 3 x) + c
3
1
= cos 3 x + c
3

Question 9

8 4
−
10 ∫ (10 cos10 x) dx =
− sin10 x + c
5

Question 10

1 x  x
2∫ sin dx =
2  − cos  + c
2 2  2
x
=
−2 cos + c
2

Question 11

2 3 3x 2 3x
∫
3 2
cos=
2
dx
3
sin + c
2

Question 12

2 2x 2x
−9 ∫ sin dx =−9(− cos ) + c
3 3 3
2x
= 9 cos + c
3

Question 13

3∫ 2sin(2 x + 3) dx =−3cos(2 x + 3) + c

Question 14

3 3
2 ∫ 2 cos(2 x − 3)
= dx
2
sin(2 x − 3) + c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 19

Question 15

1  2π  1  2π 
2 ∫ 2 cos  2 x +

=
3 
dx sin  2 x +
2 
+c
3 

Question 16

−1∫ ( − sin(− x) ) dx =− ( − cos(− x) ) + c

= cos(− x) + c
= cos x + c

Question 17

1
4∫ = dx 4 tan x + c
cos 2 x

Question 18

3∫ 2 cos 2 x dx + 2 ∫ 3sin 3 x dx = 3sin 2 x − 2 cos 3 x + c

Question 19

1
∫ (cos8 x − 4sin 2 x) dx= 8∫
8cos8 x dx − 2 ∫ 2sin 2 x dx

1
= sin 8 x + 2 cos 2 x + c
8

Question 20

∫ (2 x + 4 cos x + 6 cos 2 x) dx =+
x 4sin x + 3sin 2 x + c
2

Question 21

1
∫ (3 + 4 x − 6 x + 10 cos 5 x − 2sin 4 x) dx = 3 x + 2 x 2 − 2 x 3 − 2sin 5 x + cos 4 x + c
2

Question 22

1
∫ cos x sin x dx =
− cos 4 x + c
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 20

Question 23

cos 6 x
−30 ∫ cos5 x(− sin x ) dx =
−30 +c
6
=
−5cos 6 x + c

Question 24

∫ (sin 5 x cos 2 x + cos 5 x sin 2 x) dx =

∫ sin 7 xdx
1
=
− cos x + c
7

Question 25

∫ (sin 3x cos x − cos 3x sin x) dx =

∫ sin 2 xdx
1
=
− cos 2 x + c
2

Question 26

∫ (cos 5 x cos 2 x − sin 5 x sin 2 x) dx =

∫ cos 7 xdx
1
= sin 7 x + c
7

Question 27

∫ (cos 5 x cos x + sin 5 x sin x) dx =

∫ cos 4 xdx
1
= sin 4 x + c
4

Question 28
π π

∫0
2
sin x dx = [ − cos x ]02
π
=− cos − (− cos 0)
2
= 0 +1
=1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 21

Question 29
π π

∫ 2
cos x dx = [sin x ]02
0

π
= sin − sin 0
2
=1

Question 30
π
π x  x
∫π2 cos 2 dx = 2sin 2  π
2

π π
= 2sin − 2sin
2 4
= 2− 2

Question 31
π

∫
4
a sin x dx
0

[ − cos x ]0
π
= 4

π
=− cos   − (− cos 0)
4
1
=− +1
2
1
= 1−
2
0
b ∫ π
4
sin x dx

[ − cos x ]0
π
= 4

  π 
=− cos 0 −  − cos   
  4 
1
=−1 +
2
1
= −1
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 22

Question 32
π
[ − cos x ]0
π
∫0
sin x dx =
= − cos π − (− cos 0)
=−(−1) − (−1)
= 1+1
= 2 units 2

Question 33
4π
a ∫π
3
sin x dx
4π
= [ − cos x ]π3
4π
=− cos − (− cos π)
3

 1
=−  −  − 1
 2
1
= −1
2
1
= −
2
∴ Area = 0.5 units 2
4π
π
b ∫π
3
sin x dx + ∫ sin x dx
0

1
= 2+
2
= 2.5
∴ Area =
2.5 units 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 23

Question 34

dv
a =
−2sin 2t × 2 = 0
dt
sin 2t = 0
2=t 0, π
π
t = 0,
2

v = 2 cos 0
= 2 m/s

b ∫ 2 cos 2t dt
= sin 2t + c

=
When t 0,= x 5
=x sin 2t + c
=5 sin 2t + c
=5 sin 0 + c
c=5
∴
= x ( sin 2t + 5) metres
c x= 5 + sin 2t
Minimum value sin 2t is − 1.
∴ Minimum distance is 4 metres.

dv
d a=
dt
= −2sin 2t × 2
= −4sin 2t m/s 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 24

Question 35

a b

Area: 0.25 square units Area: 2.5 square units

Question 36

=
a y 6= cos x sin 2 x 0
=cos x 0= or sin x 0
π 3π
x= , x = 0, π, 2π
2 2
π 3π
A( , 0), B(π, 0), C( , 0)
2 2

b Area of 6 square units.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 25

Miscellaneous exercise seven

Question 1

dy
= ex
dx

Question 2

dy
= 2e x
dx

Question 3

dy
= 8e x
dx

Question 4

dy
= e x + cos x
dx

Question 5

dy
= ecos x (− sin x)
dx
= − sin xecos x

Question 6

dy
= esin 2 x × cos 2 x × 2
dx
= 2 cos 2 xesin 2 x

Question 7

dy
= e 2sin x × 2 cos x
dx
= 2 cos xe 2sin x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 26

 Question 8

dy
= e x − x −2
dx
1
= ex − 2
x

Question 9

dy 1 − 12 3 x
= 4× x + e × 3
dx 2
2
= + 3e3 x
x

Question 10

dy 1 −1
= ex × x 2 + x × ex
dx 2
x
e
= + xe x
2 x
e x + 2 x × xe x
=
2 x
ex + 2 × x × ex
=
2 x
e (2 x + 1)
x
=
2 x

Question 11

dy
= e x × cos x + sin x × e x
dx
= e x (cos x + sin x)

Question 12

dy
=
e x × (− sin 2 x × 2) + cos 2 x × e x
dx
= e x (cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 27

 Question 13

dy
= e x × 2sin x cos x + sin 2 xe x
dx
= e x sin x(2 cos x + sin x)

Question 14

dy
= e3 x + 2 × (6 x)
2

dx
+2
= 6 xe3 x
2

Question 15

dy
= (2 x + cos x)e x +sin x
2

dx

Question 16

dT
= 3(2r + 3) 2 × 2
dr
= 6(2r + 3) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 28

 Question 17
2
a ∫0
4e 2 x dx
2
= 2 ∫ 2 × e 2 x dx
0
2
= 2 e 2 x 
0

= 2 e − e0  4

= 2(e 4 − 1)

5
b ∫2
x −2 dx
5
 x −1 
= 
 −1  2
5
 1
= − 
 x 2

1  1
=− −  − 
5  2
3
=
10
2
c ∫1
30(2 x − 3) 4 dx
2
= 15∫ 2(2 x − 3) 4 dx
1
2
 (2 x − 3)5 
= 15  
 5 1
 (4 − 3)5 (2 − 3)5 
= 15  −
 5 5 

1 1 
= 15  + 
5 5
=6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 29

 Question 18

dy
= e x × cos x + sin x × e x
dx
= 0 e x (cos x + sin x)
=
cos x + sin x 0 (e x ≠ 0)
cos x = − sin x
tan x = −1
5π π 3π 7 π
x=
− ,− , ,
4 4 4 4

Question 19

dy
=e − x × cos x + sin x × e − x × (−1)
dx
= e − x cos x − sin x × e − x
= e − x (cos x − sin x)
When x = π,
dy
= e −π (cos π − sin π)
dx
= e −π (−1 − 0)
= −e −π

Question 20

 x+h − x 
lim 
h →0
 is the derivative of y = x via first principles.
 h 
−0.5
∴ 0.5 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 30

 Question 21

3 000 000
A=
e0.1t
As t increases, e0.1t increases.∴ A is decreasing.

dA
=
a 3 000 000e −0.1t × (−0.1)
dt
= −300 000e −0.1t
When t = 2,
dA
= 300 000e −0.1× 2
dt
= −245 619.23
∴−245 619 tonnes per year (nearest 1 tonne/year)

b When t = 5,
dA
= 300 000e −0.1× 5
dt
= −181 959.20
∴−181 959 tonnes per year (nearest 1 tonne/year)

c When t = 10,
dA
= 300000e −0.1× 10
dt
= −110363.83
∴−110364 tonnes per year (nearest 1 tonne/year)

Question 22

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 31

Question 23

a 10 m/s

b acceleration is the derivative (gradient) of velocity

−10
At t = 13, the gradient is = −2.5 m/s 2
4

c Area under graph from= t 0= to t 28,

1
0≤t <5 × 5 × 10 = 25
2
5 ≤ t < 12 7 × 10 =70
1
12 ≤ t < 16 × 10 × 4 = 20
2
1
16 ≤ t < 28 × 12 × 5 = 30
2

∴ Distance =
145 m

d 25 + 70 + 20 − 30 =
85 m

e A→B→C
B←
Velocity is negative when t > 16, therefore particle is at C when t =
16.
∴ C is 25 + 70 + 20 =115 m from A.

f =
Particle =
rests (v 0) at B when t 32.
1
× 16 × 5 = 40
2
∴ B is 40 m from C.
∴ B is 75 m from A.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 32

Question 24

4
a V = π(100 − 3 x)3 , V ≥ 0
3

4 4
b 0.5 × π1003 = π(100 − 3 x)3
3 3
0.5 ×100 = (100 − 3 x)3
3

100 − 3 x =
3 500 000

= 79.37
3 x = 20.63
x = 6.88

4
c V = π(100 − 3 x)3
3
dV 4
= π × 3(100 − 3 x) 2 × (−3)
dt 3
= −12π(100 − 3 x) 2
∴ Volume is decreasing by 12π(100 − 3 x) 2 m3 /day.

d When x = 5,
dV
=12π(100 − 3 × 5) 2
dt
= 12π × 852
=  270 000 m3 /day

dV 4
e = π × 3(100 − 2 x − x 2 ) 2 × (−2 − 2 x)
dx 3
=−4π(2 + 2 x)(100 − 2 x − x 2 ) 2
=−8π(1 + x)(100 − 2 x − x 2 ) 2
∴ Rate of loss : 8π(1 + x)(100 − 2 x − x 2 ) 2

When x = 5,
dV
= 8π(6) × (65) 2
dx
= 637 114.99
∴ 640 000 m3 /day

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 33

Question 25

a When t = 2,
V 2(1 − e −0.2× 2 ) m/s
=
= 0.6594
∴ Speed = 0.66 m/s

b V = 2 − 2e −0.2t
dV
a= = −0.2(−2e −0.2t )
dt
= 0.4e −0.2t
When t = 2,
a = 0.4e −0.2× 2
= 0.27 m/s 2

c When t = 10,
a = 0.4e −0.2× 10
= 0.05 m/s 2

Question 26
5π
 3x 
a ∫ 0
6
 sin x −  dx
 5π 
5π
 3 x2  6
=
 − − ×
5π 2  0
cos x

5π
 3x 2  6
=
 − −
10π  0
cos x


 5π 3  5π  
2

=  − cos − ×   − (− cos 0 − 0)
 6 10 π  6  

 3 5π 
=  −  − (−1)
 3 24 
 3 5π 
=1 + −  units 2
 2 24 

24 + 12 3 − 5π
b units 2
12
 5π 
=  2 + 3 −  units 2
 12 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 34