NERVOUS

SY S T E M

Dr GURNEET K DHANDA
MENTOR
DEPT OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
The nervous system is a complex system that primarily serves as the body’s
control center, Both physiologically and psychologically.
More Specific functions Include:

Storage and processing of information

Stimulation of movement

Maintenance of homeostasis

Control of behavior, mood and thinking

NERVE FIBRES

Two types of nerve fibers that transmit impulses are:

Sensory or afferent
receptors that receive information from the sensory organs and
transmit this information to the central nervous system

Motor or efferent
neurons that transmit information from the central nervous
system to the muscles and glands
CELLS

Two types of cells Neurons (neur/o = Glial or neuroglial

make up the nervous nerve): transmit cells: primarily
system, the neurons impulses to and from functions to support
and neuroglial cells. the brain the neurons
A SYSTEM THAT CONTROLS ALL OF THE ACTIVITIES OF
THE BODY.

NERVOUS
SYSTEM

CNS PNS

Spinal Cranial Spinal

Brain ANS
cord nerves nerves
I. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The central nervous system consists of the Brain and the Spinal cord. Both of these structures
are protected by:

Bones:
The cranium or skull encases the brain
The spinal vertebrae protect the spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid: Clear,Colorless body fluid produced by the ventricles of the brain. It
provides mechanical support to the brain and acts like a protective water jacket.

Meninges: membranes that line the skull and spinal cord

Dura mater: outermost layer of the meninges

Arachnoid: middle layer
Pia mater: innermost layer
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system is the body’s processing centre.

The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including

awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of
seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling.

The spinal cord is an extension of the brain. It carries messages

to and from the brain via the network of peripheral nerves
connected to it.
BRAIN
• Cerebrum: largest and uppermost part of the brain

• Diencephalon: upper end of the brain stem

i. Thalamus: transmits sensory impulses from receptors in the different parts of the body to the cerebral
cortex.

ii. Hypothalamus: produces hormones and regulates body temperature.

• Brainstem: posterior part of the brain that adjoins with the spinal cord

a. Midbrain: associated with hearing, vision, alertness, wakefulness, and regulation of temperature

b. Pons: transmits information from the cortex and cerebellum

c. Medulla oblongata: regulates breathing and heart and blood vessel function

• Cerebellum: coordinates and regulates muscular activity

CEREBRUM
CEREBRUM

Your cerebrum is the largest part of your brain The cerebrum is responsible for thinking,
and handles conscious thoughts and actions. intelligence, consciousness and memory.
CEREBRUM

Cerebrum is divided into two Hemispheres

left = right side of body

right = left side of body

LOBES
Each hemisphere has four lobes :

FRONTAL

TEMPORAL

OCCIPITAL

PARIETAL
 FRONTAL

controls cognitive skills including problem solving, memory,

language, and judgment
 TEMPORAL

responsible for auditory perception

 OCCIPITAL

center of the visual perception system

 PARIETAL

Integrates sensory functions and processes language

CEREBELLUM
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for muscle
control, including balance and movement.

It also helps maintain posture.

It plays a role in other cognitive functions such as

language processing and memory.
SPINAL CORD
SPINAL CORD

1 2
Transmits information to the A cylindrical structure found
brain through the spinal in the vertebral column
tracts
II. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the
nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

CRANIAL NERVES: set of 12 paired nerves in the

back of your brain.

SPINAL NERVES: 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic,

5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral

nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes
including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and
sexual arousal

The part of the nervous system that controls muscles of internal

organs (such as the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and
intestines) and glands (such as salivary glands and sweat glands).
TYPES

SYMPATHETIC

PARASYMPATHETIC
SY M PAT H E T I C A N S

It is the part of the autonomic nervous system, located near the

thoracic and lumbar regions in the spinal cord.

Its primary function is to stimulate the body’s fight or flight

response.

It does this by regulating the heart rate, rate of respiration,

pupillary response and more.
PA R A SY M PAT H E T I C A N S

It is located in between the spinal

cord and the medulla.

It primarily stimulates the

body’s “rest and digest” and
“feed and breed” responses.
SY M PAT H E T I C V S PA R A SY M PAT H E T I C

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for the “fight or flight”
response during any potential danger.

On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the body
from overworking and restores the body to a calm and composed state.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are differentiated

based on how the body responds to environmental stimuli.
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Involved in maintaining homeostasis and
Involved in the fight or flight response. also, permits the rest and digest
response.

The sympathetic system prepares the The parasympathetic system aims to

body for any potential danger. bring the body to a state of calm.

Sympathetic system has shorter neuron Has comparatively longer neuron

pathways, hence a faster response time. pathways, hence a slower response time.

Increases heartbeat, muscles tense up. Reduces heartbeat, muscles relaxes.

The pupil dilates to let in more light. The pupil contracts.

Saliva secretion increases, and digestion

Saliva secretion is inhibited.
increases.
In “fight and flight” situations,
Adrenaline is released by the adrenal No such functions exist in “fight or flight”
glands; more glycogen is converted to situations.
glucose.
REFLEX
RELEX ACTION

Reflex action is a sudden and involuntary response to stimuli.

It helps organisms to quickly adapt to an adverse circumstance that

could have the potential to cause bodily harm or even death.

Pulling our hands away immediately after touching a hot or cold

object is a classic example of a reflex action.
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES
H E M ATO M A

Hematoma: collection of blood outside the blood vessels

Epidural: accumulation of blood between the dura mater

and the skull

Subdural: build up of blood below the dura mater.

Intracerebral: bleeding within the brain

C E R E B R O VA S C U L A R A C C I D E N T ( C VA ) :

commonly referred to as stroke

disruption of the normal blood supply

to the brain
N E U R O D E V E L O P M E N TA L D I S O R D E R S :

Disabilities associated with the growth and development of the Brain/Central

nervous system.

Dementia: It is a term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting memory,

thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with your daily life.

Autism: also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a complicated condition

that includes problems with communication and behaviour.

Attention Deficit Disorder: A chronic condition including attention difficulty,

hyperactivity and impulsiveness.