Scribd
Upload
11 views

Lec Feb02-1

The document discusses heat transfer through convection, including definitions of the Nusselt number and Prandtl number. It also covers boundary layers, local and average convection coefficients, differential convection equations, and relations between velocity, temperature and viscous dissipation in fluid flow.

Uploaded by

Nabayan Saha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Lec Feb02-1

The document discusses heat transfer through convection, including definitions of the Nusselt number and Prandtl number. It also covers boundary layers, local and average convection coefficients, differential convection equations, and relations between velocity, temperature and viscous dissipation in fluid flow.

Uploaded by

Nabayan Saha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Convection

HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

January 17, 2024


Nusselt Number

Nusselt number represents the


enhancement of heat transfer
through a fluid layer as a result of
convection relative to conduction
across the same fluid layer.
Velocity Boundary Layer
HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

January 18, 2024


Thermal Boundary Layer
• Prandtl numbers of gases are about 1, which indicates that both momentum and
heat dissipate through the fluid at about the same rate.
• Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr << 1) and very slowly in oils (Pr >> 1)
relative to momentum.
• Consequently the thermal boundary layer is much thicker for liquid metals and
much thinner for oils relative to the velocity boundary layer.
Local and Average Convection Coefficients
The velocity and temperature gradients at the wall, and thus the wall shear
stress and heat transfer rate, are much larger for turbulent flow than they are for
laminar flow.
DIFFERENTIAL CONVECTION EQUATIONS:

Conservation of Mass Equation:

steady two-dimensional flow of a fluid with constant density


DIFFERENTIAL CONVECTION EQUATIONS:

Conservation of Momentum Equation:

x-momentum equation
Boundary layer approximations When gravity effects and other body forces are
negligible and the boundary layer approximations
are valid, applying Newton’s second law of motion
on the volume element in the y-direction gives the
y-momentum equation:

The velocity components in the free stream region of


a flat plate are:

the velocity and temperature gradients normal to


the surface are much greater than those along the
surface.
The net energy convected by the fluid out of the control volume =
The net energy transferred into the control volume by heat conduction

viscous dissipation function

• Viscous dissipation may play a dominant role in high-speed flows, especially


when the viscosity of the fluid is high (like the flow of oil in journal
bearings).

• This manifests itself as a significant rise in fluid temperature due to the


conversion of the kinetic energy of the fluid to thermal energy.

• Viscous dissipation is also significant for high-speed flights of aircraft.


HEAT TRANSFER
[CH21204]

February 02, 2024


• Obtain relations for the velocity and temperature distributions in the oil
• Determine the maximum temperature in the oil and the heat flux from oil to each plate

1. Steady operating conditions exist.


2. Oil is an incompressible substance with constant properties.
3. Body forces such as gravity are negligible.
4. The plates are large so that there is no variation in the z-direction.
This is parallel flow between two plates, and thus v = 0.

the x-component of velocity does not change in the flow direction


(i.e., the velocity profile remains unchanged)
Frictional heating due to viscous dissipation in this case is significant because of the
high viscosity of oil and the large plate velocity.
laminar flow over an isothermal flat plate
Momentum: Reynolds analogy
Heat: Chilton–Colburn analogy
Modified Reynolds analogy or Chilton–Colburn analogy:

Colburn j-factor
A 2-m 3-m flat plate is suspended in a room, and is subjected to
air flow parallel to its surfaces along its 3-m-long side. The free
stream temperature and velocity of air are 20˚C and 7 m/s. The
total drag force acting on the plate is measured to be 0.86 N.

Calculate the average convection heat transfer coefficient.


Friction & Pressure Drag
• The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction is called drag.
• The components of the pressure and wall shear forces in the normal
direction to flow tend to move the body in that direction, and their sum is
called lift.

• The part of drag that is due directly to


wall shear stress is called the skin friction
drag (or just friction drag) since it is
caused by frictional effects.
• The part that is due directly to pressure P
is called the pressure drag (also called
the form drag because of its strong
dependence on the form or shape of the
body).
For parallel flow over a flat plate, the pressure drag is zero, and thus the drag
coefficient is equal to the friction coefficient and the drag force is equal to the
friction force.

The pressure drag is proportional to the difference between the pressures acting
on the front and back of the immersed body, and the frontal area. Therefore, the
pressure drag is usually dominant for blunt bodies, negligible for streamlined
bodies such as airfoils, and zero for thin flat plates parallel to the flow.
smooth, free-stream turbulent free

You might also like