CN 2101: Materials and Energy

Balance
Lecture 2a: Multiple unit processes,
bypass and recycle

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

National University of Singapore

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OVERVIEW FOR STEADY-STATE
MATERIAL BALANCE
1.1 Process classification
1.2 Material Balance
Lecture 1
1.3 Balance calculations
1.4 Single-unit processes
1.5 Multiple-unit processes
1.6 Recycle and bypass Lecture 2 (Video + discussion)
1.7 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
1.8 Balances on reactive processes
Lecture 3
1.9 Combustion reactions
1.10 Single-phase systems
Lecture 4
1.11 Multiphase systems

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OVERVIEW FOR THIS SESSION

1.5 Multiple-unit processes

1.6 Bypass and Recycle

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1.5 BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT
PROCESSES
Industrial chemical processes typically involve more
than 1 process unit
Units:
– Reactors
– Mixing units
– Heat exchange units
– Separators
– Purification units

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1.5 BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT
PROCESSES

SYSTEM:
– Any portion of a process that can be enclosed
within a hypothetical box (boundary)
– Can be the entire process of an interconnected
combination of some process units, or a single
unit, or a point at which 2 or more process
streams come together, or a point where one
stream splits into few branches

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1.5 BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT
PROCESSES
Consider the following multiple unit process:
Feed 2

Product 3
Feed 1 Unit 1 Unit 2

Product 1 Feed 3
Product 2

How many system boundaries can you draw???

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STEPS TO CALCULATE MULTI-UNIT PROCESS
MATERIAL BALANCES

1. Define the entire system and subsystems and

construct the flowchart
2. Carry out degree-of-freedom analysis for the overall
and sub-processes
3. Write balances for overall and sub-processes and
solve the equations

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1.5A:
A labeled flowchart of a continuous steady-state two-unit process is shown
below. Each stream contains two components, A and B, in different proportions.
Three streams whose flow rates and/or compositions are not known are labeled
1, 2, 3.

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STEP 1: Define the entire system and subsystems and construct the flowchart

𝑚𝑚̇ 1 (kg/h) 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 (kg/h) 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 (kg/h)

𝑥𝑥1 (kg A/kg) 𝑥𝑥2 (kg A/kg) 𝑥𝑥3 (kg A/kg)
1 − 𝑥𝑥1 (kg B/kg) 1 − 𝑥𝑥2 (kg B/kg) 1 − 𝑥𝑥3 (kg B/kg)

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STEP 3: Carry out degree-of-freedom analysis for
the overall and sub-processes

𝑚𝑚̇ 1 (kg/h) 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 (kg/h) 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 (kg/h)

𝑥𝑥1 (kg A/kg) 𝑥𝑥2 (kg A/kg) 𝑥𝑥3 (kg A/kg)
1 − 𝑥𝑥1 (kg B/kg) 1 − 𝑥𝑥2 (kg B/kg) 1 − 𝑥𝑥3 (kg B/kg)

Overall Balance: Mixing point:

2 unknowns (𝑚𝑚̇ 3 , 𝑥𝑥3 ), 2 balance equations 4 unknowns (𝑚𝑚̇ 1 , 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 , 𝑥𝑥2 ), 2 balance
(2 species A & B) equations (2 species A & B)
i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0 i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2

First Unit: Second Unit:

2 unknowns (𝑚𝑚̇ 1 , 𝑥𝑥1 ), 2 balance equations 4 unknowns (𝑚𝑚̇ 2 , 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 , 𝑥𝑥3 ), 2 balance
(2 species A & B) equations (2 species A & B)
i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0 i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2

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STEP 3: Write balances for overall and sub-processes and solve
the equations

𝑚𝑚̇ 1 (kg/h) 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 (kg/h) 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 (kg/h)

𝑥𝑥1 (kg A/kg) 𝑥𝑥2 (kg A/kg) 𝑥𝑥3 (kg A/kg)
1 − 𝑥𝑥1 (kg B/kg) 1 − 𝑥𝑥2 (kg B/kg) 1 − 𝑥𝑥3 (kg B/kg)

No reaction, steady state:

accumulation = 0; generation = 0; consumption = 0
Input = Output

Overall Balance:
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Overall: 100.0 + 30.0 ℎ
= 40.0 + 30.0 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 ℎ
⇒ 𝒎𝒎̇ 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒉𝒉
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
On A: 0.500 × 100.0 + 0.300 × 30.0 ℎ
= 0.900 × 40.0 + 0.600 × 30.0 + 𝑥𝑥3 × 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 ℎ
⇒ 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

First Unit:
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Overall: 100.0 ℎ
= 40.0 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 ℎ
⇒ 𝒎𝒎̇ 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒉𝒉
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
On A: 0.500 × 100.0 ℎ
= 0.900 × 40.0 + 𝑥𝑥1 × 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 ℎ
⇒ 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Mixing point OR Second unit: (FOR THIS EXAMPLE, I’ll use MIXING POINT)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Overall: 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 + 30.0 ℎ
= 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 ℎ
⇒ 𝒎𝒎̇ 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒉𝒉
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
On A:(𝑥𝑥1 × 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 + 0.300 × 30.0) ℎ
= 𝑥𝑥2 × 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 ℎ ⇒ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

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1.5 BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT
PROCESSES

• The situation can be more complicated as the

number of process units increases
• Balances can be written for overall processes and
individual process units, and also for combination of
units
• It is important to find the right combinations to help
you in better computational efficiency

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1.5 BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT
PROCESSES

Feed 2

Product 3
Feed 1 Unit 1 Unit 2

Product 1 Feed 3
Product 2

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1.6 RECYCLE AND BYPASS

• Typically, in reaction process, it is very rare that 100%

conversion or complete reaction can be achieved
A B
A+B  C+D
• Feed (reactant) is an operating cost
– YOU NEED TO PAY FOR IT (unless it is a free resource such
as air)
• In the process, any unreacted feed that leaves with the
product will then be considered wasted resource

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RECYCLE
Examine the following example:
Does the circulation has any effect on the overall balance???

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 WORKED EXAMPLE 1.6A
Fresh air containing 4.00 mole% water vapor is to be cooled and dehumidified to a
water content of 1.70 mole% water.
A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of previously dehumidified
air and passed through the cooler.
The blended stream entering the unit contains 2.30 mole% water. In the air
conditioner, some of the water in the feed stream is condensed and removed as
liquid.
A fraction of the dehumidified air leaving the cooler is recycled and the remainder
is delivered to a room.
Taking 100 mol of dehumidified air delivered to the room as a basis of calculation,
calculate the moles of fresh feed, moles of water condensed, and moles of
dehumidified air recycled.

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 WORKED EXAMPLE 1.6A
Mixing point Splitting point

Overall Balance: Air Cond. unit:

2 unknowns (𝑛𝑛1 , 𝑛𝑛3 ), 2 balance equations 3 unknowns (𝑛𝑛2 , 𝑛𝑛3 , 𝑛𝑛4 ), 2 balance equations
(2 species DA & W) (2 species DA & W)
i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0 i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1

Mixing point: Splitting point:

3 unknowns (𝑛𝑛1 , 𝑛𝑛2 , 𝑛𝑛5 ), 2 balance equations 2 unknowns (𝑛𝑛4 , 𝑛𝑛5 ), 1 balance equation
(2 species DA & W) (2 species DA & W)
i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1 i.e. 𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1

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 WORKED EXAMPLE 1.6A
Mixing point Splitting point

No accumulation,
No reaction:
generation = 0;
consumption = 0
Input = Output

Overall Balance (in mol):

Dry Air: 0.960 × 𝑛𝑛1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0 × 𝑛𝑛3 + 0.983 × 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⇒ 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 (𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
Overall: 𝑛𝑛1 = 𝑛𝑛3 +100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⇒ 𝒏𝒏𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 (𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

Mixing point ⇒ 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ; 𝒏𝒏𝟓𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

Overall: 𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛5 = 𝑛𝑛2 ⇒ 102.4 + 𝑛𝑛5 = 𝑛𝑛2
On water: (0.040 × 𝑛𝑛1 + 0.017 × 𝑛𝑛5 ) (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = ( 0.023 × 𝑛𝑛2 ) 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⇒ 4.096+ 0.017𝑛𝑛5 = 0.023𝑛𝑛2

Air Cond. Unit OR Splitting point:

(FOR THIS EXAMPLE, I’ll use AIR COND. UNIT)
Overall: 𝑛𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑛3 + 𝑛𝑛4 ⇒ 𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 (𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)

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BENEFITS OF HAVING A RECYCLE

• Recovery of catalyst. Catalysts are usually expensive.

• Dilution of a process stream. A portion of the filtrate can be recycled to
dilute the feed to the desired concentration which will otherwise block the
process (the filter, for example).
• Control of a process variable. For example, for a reaction that releases
large amount of heat, the recycled materials dilute the reactant and also
absorbs part of the released heat.
• Circulation of a working fluid. For example, in the refrigeration cycle of
the refrigerators and air conditioners, a single material is used indefinitely
(such as Freon)

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BYPASS

Similar features to recycle

• A fraction of the feed to a process is diverted around
the unit and combined with the output stream from
the unit
• Composition and properties of product can be varied
by this procedure

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BYPASS
Calculations are carried out in similar approach as
recycle process
1. Draw the flowchart and label the known and unknown
variables
2. Overall balances and balances around process unit or stream
mixing point(s) to determine unknown variables

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 CN 2101: Material and Energy
Balances
Lecture 2b: Chemical reaction stoichiometry

Course instructors:
Dr. Cindy Lee (Senior Lecturer) (Week 1-4)
A/Prof. Lanry Yung (Week 5-13)
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
National University of Singapore

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OVERVIEW FOR THIS SESSION

1.7 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry

– Stoichiometry
– Limiting and excess reactants
– Chemical equilibrium
– Multiple reactions, yield and selectivity

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1.7 STOICHIOMETRY

Stoichiometry refers to the proportions in which

chemical species combine with one another

Stoichiometric equation refers to a statement of the

relative number of molecules of reactants and products
that participate in the reaction
Example: 2𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 2𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3

The numbers that precede the symbols for each species

are the stoichiometric coefficients of the species

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1.7 STOICHIOMETRY

A valid stoichiometric equation MUST be balanced

The number of atoms of each atomic species must
be the same on both sides of the equation
This is due to the fundamental principle that atoms
can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions

Example: 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3 IS NOT VALID

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1.7 STOICHIOMETRY
The stoichiometric ratio of two molecular species
participating in a reaction is the ratio of their
stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced reaction
equation.

Example: 2𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 2𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3

Stoichiometric ratios can be written such as:

2 mol SO3 generated 2 lb − moles SO2 consumed
;
1 mol O2 consumed 2 lb − moles SO3 generated

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1.7 STOICHIOMETRY
If 1600 kg/h of SO3 is to be produced, the amount of
O2 required can be calculated as:
1600 kg 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆3 1 kmol 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆3 1 kmol 𝑂𝑂2 32 kg 𝑂𝑂2 320 kg 𝑂𝑂2
generated Consumed
h 80 kg 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆3 2 kmol S𝑂𝑂3 1 kmol 𝑂𝑂2 h
generated

= 320 kg 𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 /h

It is good practice to include terms “generated” and

“consumed” when performing conversions to facilitate
clear calculations

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7A
Consider the reaction
𝐶𝐶4 𝐻𝐻8 + 6𝑂𝑂2 → 4𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 + 4𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂

1. Is the stoichiometric equation balanced?

2. What is the stoichiometric coefficient of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 ?
3. What is the stoichiometric ratio of 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 to 𝑂𝑂2
4. How many kmol of 𝑂𝑂2 react to form 400kmol of 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 ?
5. One hundred mol/min of 𝐶𝐶4 𝐻𝐻8 is fed into a reactor and 50%
reacts. At what rate is water produced?

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7A
𝐶𝐶4 𝐻𝐻8 + 6𝑂𝑂2 → 4𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 + 4𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂
Is the stoichiometric equation balanced?
YES

What is the stoichiometric coefficient of 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 ?

4

What is the stoichiometric ratio of 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 to 𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐

4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7A

How many kmol of 𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 react to form 400kmol of 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 ?

6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 600 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
=
4 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 400 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

One hundred mol/min of 𝑪𝑪𝟒𝟒 𝑯𝑯𝟖𝟖 is fed into a reactor

and 50% reacts. At what rate is water produced?
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶4 𝐻𝐻8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶4 𝐻𝐻8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
=
4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 30

LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS

2 reactants A and B are present in stoichiometric proportion if

moles of A present
the ratio equals the stoichiometric ratio from
moles of B present
the balanced reaction

Example 2𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 2𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂3

The reactants are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion

if there are 2 moles of 𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂2 for every mole of 𝑂𝑂2 present in the
feed to the reactor

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 31

LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS

Limiting reactant is the reactant that would be eliminated first if

the reaction proceeded to completion (A reactant is limiting if it
is present in less than its stoichiometric proportion relative to
every other reactant)

Excess reactant(s) are the other reactant(s) remaining if the

reaction proceeded to completion (after limiting reactant is
exhausted)

If ALL reactants are present in stoichiometric proportion, then no

reactant is limiting.

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 32

FRACTIONAL EXCESS
If A is an excess reactant,
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴
(i.e. the amount of A needed to react completely with the
limiting reactant)
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛 𝑔𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 =
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 = × 100%
𝑛𝑛𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 33

FRACTIONAL CONVERSION
The fractional conversion of a reactant is defined as the
ratio:
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑓𝑓 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
By the same logic, the fraction unreacted will be 1 − 𝑓𝑓

The percentage conversion is

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑓𝑓 × 100% = × 100%
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 34

EXTENT OF REACTION
For a chemical reaction, we can denote 𝜈𝜈𝑖𝑖 as the
stoichiometric coefficient for the ith species (it is
negative for reactants and positive for products).
(𝜐𝜐 is the Greek letter nu)

We define the 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖 and 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 as the moles of ith species in

the reactor at the start of the reaction (t=0) and at
some time later (t = t)

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 35

EXTENT OF REACTION
𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖0
𝜉𝜉 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝜈𝜈𝑖𝑖
Defined as the moles reacting according to the
assumed reaction stoichiometry
(𝜉𝜉 is the Greek letter xi, pronounced as zai)

The final number of moles of any other component i in

the reaction can be calculated based on:
𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝜉𝜉𝜈𝜈𝑖𝑖

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 36

WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7B
The oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide proceeds according
to the reaction:
2𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 O
The feed to the reactor contains 100kmol of 𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 and 100kmol
of 𝑂𝑂2
1. Which reactant is limiting?
2. What is the percentage excess of the other reactant?
3. If the reaction proceeds to a point where the fractional
conversion of the limiting reactant is 50%, how much of each
reactant will be left, how much product will be formed and
what is the extent of reaction

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 37

WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7B
2𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 + 𝑂𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 O
The feed to the reactor is 100kmol of 𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 and 100kmol of 𝑂𝑂2
Which reactant is limiting?
 Ethene 𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4

What is the percentage excess of the other reactant?

𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2 − 𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂2 = × 100%
𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
100
100 −
= 2 × 100% = 100%
100
2

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 38

WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7B
If the reaction proceeds to a point where the fractional
conversion of the limiting reactant is 50%, how much of each
reactant will be left, how much product will be formed and
what is the extent of reaction

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 0.50
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Moles fed = 100kmol;  moles reacted = 50kmol (moles left = 50 kmol)
𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶2𝐻𝐻4 − 𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶2𝐻𝐻4 0 50 − 100
𝜉𝜉 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 25 kmol reacting
𝜈𝜈𝐶𝐶2𝐻𝐻4 −2
𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2 −𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2 0 𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂 −𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂0
= = 25 kmol reacting
𝜈𝜈𝑂𝑂2 𝜈𝜈𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4 𝑂𝑂
𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2 = 100 + 25 × −1 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶2 𝐻𝐻4𝑂𝑂 = 0 + 25 × 2 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 39

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
2 important questions in chemical reaction engineering:
1. What is the equilibrium composition of the reaction
mixture? (Chemical equilibrium thermodynamics)
2. How long will the system take to reach a specified
state close to equilibrium? (Chemical kinetics)

Irreversible reaction  Reaction proceeds only in a

single direction (reactants to products)
Reversible reaction  Reactants form products and
products undergo reverse reactions to reform reactants

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 40

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
EXAMPLE (Water – gas shift reaction)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑔𝑔 + 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 𝑔𝑔 ⇌ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 𝑔𝑔 + 𝐻𝐻2

Equilibrium constant K(T) is defined as from the mole

fractions of the 4 reactive species namely:

PRODUCTS 𝑦𝑦𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2� 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻2

= 𝐾𝐾(𝑇𝑇)
REACTANTS 𝑦𝑦𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂� 𝑦𝑦𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 41

MULTIPLE REACTIONS

Reactants can often combine in more than one way (1

reaction pathway) and the product formed may also
react to yield something less desirable.
Such side reactions can be an economic loss

The terms yield and selectivity are used to describe the

degree to which a desired reaction predominates over
competing side reactions

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 42

YIELD AND SELECTIVITY

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 43

WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7C
For the following pair of reactions:
A  2B (desired); A C (undesired)
Given that 100 mol A is fed to a batch reactor and the
final product is composed of 10 mol A, 160 mol B and
10 mol C; calculate:
1. Fractional conversion of A
2. Percentage yield of B
3. Selectivity of B relative to C
4. The extent of reaction of desired and undesired
reaction

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 44

WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7C
Fractional conversion of A
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (100 − 10)
𝑓𝑓 = = = 0.90
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 100

Percentage yield of B
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
160
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 % = × 100% = 80%
2 × 100

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1.7C
Selectivity of B relative to C
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
160 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵
= = 16
10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶

The extent of reaction of desired and undesired

𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 −𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖
reaction 𝜉𝜉 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝜈𝜈𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝐵𝐵 −𝑛𝑛𝐵𝐵0 160 −0
Desired reaction: 𝜉𝜉 = = = 80 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜈𝜈𝐵𝐵 2
𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶 −𝑛𝑛𝐶𝐶0 10 −0
Undesired reaction: 𝜉𝜉 = = = 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜈𝜈𝐶𝐶 1

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 46

COMING UP

LECTURE 3:
Balances on reactive systems
Combustion reactions

© Copyright National University of Singapore. All Rights Reserved. 47

 End of Lecture 2b

Dr Cindy Lee

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

National University of Singapore
NUS Faculty of Engineering, Block E4, Unit #05-12
+65 6601 3877 (Tel) [email protected]
https://blog.nus.edu.sg/chellyc

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