Larana, Inc.

LIGHT AND LIGHT

SOURCES
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23 Anywhere St., Any City, ST 12345

LIGHT AND LIGHT
SOURCES
I. LIGHT AND LIGHT
SOURCES
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, used widely in indoor/outdoor lighting,
automotive headlights, and video projection, require a deep understanding
of the human eye for optimal performance. This chapter explores the human
eye's complexities and "color" concept, forming a foundation for assessing
light quality, efficiency, and video projection principles. It introduces
photometric units tied to human eye characteristics for effective light source
evaluation, covering a range of light sources, with a focus on high-pressure
discharge lamps, particularly the high-pressure category.
 THE HUMAN EYE
The human eye is a complex organ. Light enters through the pupil,
a circular aperture in the iris, and passes through the lens before
reaching the retina at the back of the eye. The iris, a pigmented
circular muscle, adjusts the pupil diameter (1 to 8 mm) based on
lighting conditions to regulate the light reaching the retina. Eye
muscles move to direct the image to the macula lutea, the central
region of the retina. The lens, with the help of the ciliary muscle,
adjusts its curvature to focus light, ensuring precise focus on the
retina for objects at any distance.
 RODS AND CONES AND MORE

The retina has two types of photoreceptors:

rods (about 120 million) and cones (6–7 million).
Rods are more light-sensitive and excel in
motion detection and peripheral vision but lack
color sensitivity. Cones, concentrated in the
fovea centralis, provide color vision and
Fig. 1.3. The scotopic and the photopic vision curves of relative spectral
luminous efficiency as specified by the International Commission on
sharpness, with a maximum density of roughly
Illumination (CIE, normalized values)
140,000 mm−2. Rods, absent in the fovea,
increase in density outside it, reaching up to
160,000 mm−2. No photoreceptors are present
at the blind spot caused by the optic nerve.
 COLOR SPACE

Color vision relies on three spectral sensitivity curves,

with blue, green, and red cones responding uniquely to
different light wavelengths. Cones, crucial for perceiving a
broad spectrum of colors in photopic vision, condense
light signals into tristimulus values, representing each
cone's response intensity. Overlapping sensitivity ranges
prevent exclusive stimulation of one cone type without
affecting others. Feasible combinations of stimuli create
the human color space.
 MIXING COLORS
Section 1.1.2 discusses additive color mixing, involving light directly, while our
everyday world is mainly influenced by subtractive color mixing, which involves
substances. Additive mixing is explained through the eye's interpretation of light
wavelengths using three cones, represented in chromaticity diagrams or color
gamuts. In contrast, the colors around us result from substances absorbing and
reflecting specific portions of white light. For instance, a tomato appears red as it
absorbs light below 600 nm and reflects light above 600 nm. White paper reflects
80% of white light, while black paper absorbs 95%. Optimal additive primary
colors are blue, green, and red, maximizing the resulting color gamut, while
subtractive mixing uses cyan, magenta, and yellow, each absorbing specific
wavelength bands.
 PHOTOMETRIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIGHT SOURCES
Evaluating light sources concerning both the quantity and quality of light output goes
beyond simply measuring the spectral power distribution of various light sources. The
unique sensitivity curves of the human eye, particularly those of the three types of cones,
play a crucial role in assessing light sources and determining their photometric
characteristics, such as luminous flux and color rendering index. It's essential to recognize
that these photometric characteristics are relevant only when producing visible light for
human perception.
 LUMINOUS FLUX
A spectrophotometer quantifies the light or
radiation emitted by a source, resulting in its
spectral power distribution across wavelengths
(discussed in Section 1.3). However, to accurately
assess light quantity, this distribution must be
adjusted according to the human eye's photopic
sensitivity curve, yielding luminous flux measured
in lumens (lm). Luminous flux considers the
biological response to light, reflecting energy per
unit time radiated over visible wavelengths.
 LUMINOUS EFFICACY
The luminous efficacy, denoted as η (lm W⁻¹),
represents the relationship between luminous flux and
the electrical power input to a light source. It serves as a
metric for assessing the efficiency of various lamps.
However, similar to luminous flux, luminous efficacy
solely pertains to the "quantity" of light and does not
address the "quality" of light.

Luminous intensity, for a point-like light source, signifies LUMINOUS INTENSITY

the brightness and directionality of emitted light, measured
in lumen per steradian or candela (cd), a fundamental SI
unit. Defined precisely, one candela equals the luminous
intensity of a source emitting 555 nm light at 540×10¹² Hz
with a radiant intensity of 1/683 W per steradian in a
specified direction. Candela serves as the basis for defining
the lumen and other light measurement parameters.
 ILLUMINANCE
Illuminance, measured in lux (lm m⁻²), quantifies the brightness of a
surface, considering both the light source and the distance to the
illuminated area. One lux equals 1 lm m⁻². The sun's Earth surface
illumination ranges from 32,000 to 100,000 lux on an average
summer day and 3,000 to 4,000 lux on a winter day with a cloudy
sky. Bright offices typically have up to 400 lux, domestic lighting
ranges from 40 to 150 lux, street lighting provides 3 to 30 lux, and a
full moon on a clear night offers about 0.1–0.3 lux.

COLOR RENDERING INDEX

A color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability
of a light source to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in
comparison with a natural or standard light source. Light sources
with a high CRI are desirable in color-critical applications such as
neonatal care[1] and art restoration.
 CORRELATED TEMPERATURE
The correlated color temperature (K) serves as a
straightforward means to characterize the color of a
light source. While the actual color of light is
determined by its spectral power distribution, it can
be effectively summarized on a linear scale known
as correlated color temperature (CCT). This value
proves useful for classifying light sources for
diverse applications (home, office, sports, etc.) or
for specifying appropriate light source types in
architectural lighting design.
LIGHT SOURCES
Artificial Light Sources:
Examining different light sources aids HID lamp understanding.
Comparison involves principles, photometrics, and general
pros/cons.
Black Body Radiation:
Crucial in incandescent and HID lamps.
In HID, minimal output impact, aids electrode temperature
measurement.
Tungsten–Halogen Cycle:
Parallel in halogen and specific HID lamps.
Integral for maintaining lamp efficiency.
Electron Emission & Starting:
Similarities with low-pressure
lamps (e.g., fluorescent) and HID
lamps.
Commonalities include electron
emission and starting mechanisms.
 Light Sources Sunlight Adaptation:

SUN
Human eyes naturally adapt to sunlight, especially at sea level.
Light sources resembling the sun's spectrum enhance color
rendering.
Solar Characteristics:
Sun's core temperature: 20×106 K, surface temperature: around
6,000 K.
Diverse temperatures, from about 106 K in the outer atmosphere
to 4,300 K in sunspots.
CCT Overview:
Highlights diverse temperatures in different lighting conditions.
Solar Radiation:
Solar spectrum aligns with black body radiation at approximately
5,800 K.
Appears continuous due to
pressure broadening and
absorption lines.
Variability Factors:
Sun's radiation varies based on
factors like observer position,
elevation, time, season, and
weather.
Incandescent, Gas Discharge, and Fluorescent Lamps

Incandescent Gas Discharge Lamps

Lamp: and Fluorescent Lamp
Operation: Converts electrical power Operation: Utilizes ionized gas to produce
into heat, producing light. light.
Mechanism: Tungsten filament is Mechanism: Gas discharge between
heated until it emits visible light. electrodes emits UV light, phosphor
Efficacy: Relatively lower efficacy due coating converts it to visible light in

to heat generation. fluorescent lamps.

Color Temperature: Warm color Efficacy: Generally higher efficacy

compared to incandescent lamps.
temperature.
Color Temperature: Can be adjusted,
offering a range of color temperatures.
 What Will You Get

Low-Pressure High-Pressure High-Pressure Metal Halide

Sodium Lamp: Mercury Lamp: Sodium Lamp: Lamp:
Operation: Emits light Operation: Emits light from Operation: Emits light from Operation: Emits light from
primarily from sodium ionized mercury vapor. ionized sodium vapor. ionized metal halide salts.
vapor. Color Output: Variable, with a
Color Output: Bluish-white Color Output: Golden-
range of color temperatures.
Color Output: light. yellow light.
Efficacy: Generally higher
Monochromatic yellow light. Efficacy: Moderate Efficacy: Lower luminous luminous efficacy with good
Efficacy: High luminous luminous efficacy with efficacy compared to low- color rendering.
efficacy but poor color pressure sodium lamps. Applications: Various, including
uneven spectral lines.
rendering. Applications: Outdoor automotive headlights, general
Applications: Street
Applications: Outdoor lighting, street lighting, and lighting, and sports arenas.
lighting, floodlights, and
lighting, especially in areas sports field lighting.
industrial lighting.
like highways.
LUMINAIRES
LUMINAIRE
According to The IES Lighting Handbook and the 2014
National Electrical Code, Article 100 (which originally the
2004 NEC),

A luminaire is defiined as, “A complete

lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps
together with the parts designed to
distribute the light, to position and
protect the lamps, and to connect the
lamps to the power supply.”
 LUMINAIRES

FUNCTION
One of the primary functions of a luminaire is to
direct the light to where it is needed. It
incorporates reflectors or lenses to control light
distribution, contributing to effective and targeted
lighting.

Lluminaires, beyond functionality, play a crucial

role in aesthetics, with diverse designs to
complement architectural and interior styles.
 LUMINAIRES

COMPONENTS

Lamp Lamp Holder Ballasts Reflectors

The lamp, often The lamp holder or start and operate direct the light
referred to as the light socket is the the lamps
light bulb, emits the receptacle that the
light when lamp screws into.
connected to a
power source
LUMINAIRES

COMPONENTS

Shielding/ Diffusion Housings

components

shield the lamps from contain the above

the eyes at normal elements as well as
viewing angles, reduce electrical components
discomfort and disability such as wiring
glare, distribute light connections
evenly
LUMINAIRES

TYPES

Direct luminaires Semi-direct General diffusing

luminaires
(90% to 100% (60% to 90% downlight, (40% to 60% downlight,
downlight) 40% to 10% uplight) 60% to 40% uplight)
LUMINAIRES

TYPES

Indirect luminaire Semi-indirect

luminaire
(90% to 100% uplight) (10% to 40% downlight,
90% to 60% uplight)
 LUMINAIRES

DIMMERS
A dimmer limits the amount of current that the
bulb receives.

It merely reduces the lamp's alternating current

supply, which lowers the lamp's power. Leading-
edge dimming is the easiest and most popular
kind of dimming.
LUMINAIRES

TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current (AC) while
keeping the frequency the same. It consists of primary and secondary coils, and the
voltage is induced in the secondary coil based on the ratio of turns in the primary and
secondary coils.
LUMINAIRES

DRIVERS

In the context of LED lighting, a driver is used

to regulate the electrical power supplied to
the LED. It converts the alternating current
from the power source into direct current,
providing the right voltage and current for
optimal LED operation
 LUMINAIRES

BALLASTS
A ballast interacts with the lighting mechanism
to control, regulate, and ultimately stabilize the
light output of the lamp.
LUMINAIRES

SHADES
The three traditional primary functions of shades, which remain
important today, are related to softening light, covering lamps, and
enhancing room decor.
LUMINAIRES

REFLECTORS

A reflector is an object with a highly reflective surface. As a result, when

the light hits the reflector, it bounces back at an equal angle. This allows
you to change the direction of the light onto your subject
 LUMINAIRES - REFLECTORS

Reflector Finish

A polished reflector will create a

crisp light beam, with the edges of
the light beam finish instantly
creating a defined image of light on
the illuminated surface.

Textured reflectors soften the light

while matte reflectors are more
pleasing to the eye and reduces
An example of Polished, textured and matte reflector finishes. glare when looking at them.
 LUMINAIRES - REFLECTORS

Reflector Shape and Direction Reflector Lenses

The shape of the reflector and its Just like reflectors, they deform the
position defines how the light is emitted – beam shape of the light emitted by the LED.
whether it leaves the luminaire though a Lenses were used long before the
narrow or wide opening and whether it shines introduction of LED lamps.
directly downwards or at an angle.
 LUMINAIRES

DIFFUSERS
A diffuser is any material that scatters light.
Unlike reflectors that concentrate light,
diffusers spread it in various directions.

They are commonly made from materials

such as etched glass or plastic and serve two
primary functions: hiding the light source and
softening the quality of the light.
Passageway/Corridor

Lighting Concepts

Hallways

An interior space in a building that is used to connect

other rooms and are generally long and narrow. These
are wider in higher-traffic settings, such as schools and
hospitals. The lighting in the hallway sets the tone for
the rest of the home, the reason why it needs to be
both practical and aesthetically pleasing.
Lobby/Waiting Area/Entrance

Lighting Concepts

Office Reception
Areas
Reception areas are the first opportunities for
companies to present their corporate identity via the
office architecture.

Since it has been reported that visitors create opinions

about a firm within the first few seconds of arriving,
first impressions are extremely valuable to a business.
 Lighting Fixtures

Ambient Ligthing
It contributes to the "base" level of light in a space. These fixtures typically provide a uniform,
diffuse lighting intensity throughout the room.

Chandeliers Pendants Ceiling Lights Track Lights

Ceiling Lights
Ceiling Lights are mostly used in commercial spaces like offices,
shopping malls, hotels and restaurants. Best lighting alternative
for those who want to incorporate cost-efficiency . Spotlight

LED Downlight Strip Light

 Rule of thumb for arranging
recessed luminaires

With linear arrangements, e.g. using oval flood

distribution, 1.5 times the height (h) of the
luminaire above the working plane can be used as
the approximate luminaire distance (d) between
two downlights to achieve uniform lighting.
Arrangement: d ≤ 1.5 x h

Tip for luminaire selection:

Reception Area Because their light source is nearly entirely hidden, recessed
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Recessed Lights luminaires appear especially inconspicuous in low room heights.
 Rule of thumb for arranging
pendant luminaires

For good general lighting, 1.25 times the height (h)

of the luminaire above the working plane can be
used as the approximate luminaire distance (d)
between two Starpoint pendant downlights.
Arrangement: d ≤ 1.25 x h

Half the spacing between luminaires can be used as

the distance to adjacent walls (a).
Reception Area Arrangement: a = d / 2
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Pendant Lights
 Lighting Fixtures

Furniture Ligthing
Recommended Illumination Levels - CIBSE: SLL Lighting Handbook 2018

Waiting Areas
Reception Desk Working Surface
100 lux at floor level
200 lux 300 lux
200 lux in seated
 Lighting Fixtures

Accent Ligthing
Using accent lighting to draw attention to architectural details will bring the reception area to
life and educate guests about the organization, its goals, and its character.

Wall Lights Recessed Lights Track Lights

 Lighting Fixtures

Sign Luminaries
The emergency lighting standard, BS 5266-1, recommends a
higher emergency lighting level (15 lux) on the receptionist’s desk
if it is the receptionist’s duty to call the emergency services.
Emergency Lights

Lighting Fixtures

Task Lighting
A receptionist frequently does multiple activities; some involve
using a switchboard or screen, while others involve using paper.
As such, the illumination needs to be appropriate for these
Pendant, Swing Arm Lamps, duties.
Undercabinet Lights
 Light Controls Color Temperature

Warm Neutral
Switches
comfort and relaxation, feel-good environment
Timer Multiway perfect for encouraging that corresponds with the
Toggle Wireless breaks and conversations human biorhythm
Dimmers
Color Temperature
Tap Dimmers
Rotary Dimmers
Multi-location
Dimmers

Sensors Cool Natural Light

Integration
Human motion keeps employees
sensing feeling alert and aims to keep the lighting
Photoelctric Sensor productive inside and outside from
being too different
Lighting General Considerations
1. Sufficient Lighting

Design
2. Functional Lighting
3. Appropriate Illuminiation
4. Anti-glare
5. Branding and Service

Focal Points
1. Reception Desk
2. Living Walls
3. Dramatic Windows and Lighting
4. Original Art
5. Lobby Sign/Logo
AMA CRAI-EST HQ
Reception Area
Softscapes/Hardscapes/Parkways

Lighting Concepts

Public Areas and

Landscapes
Pervasive outdoor lighting, which allows myriad
activities to continue outside even after the sun goes
down, obstructs the view of the night sky. People rely
on exterior lighting for safety, security, guidance, and
recreation.
Advancements in exterior lighting technologies include
increased energy savings, reduced maintenance costs,
improved visual environment, enhanced safety
measures, and reduced light pollution.
Sustainability
The core principle of sustainability is to use resources at a rate that allows for natural regeneration.
Sustainable lighting involves both the choice of illuminants and their efficient utilization. Emphasizing
positive energy efficiency, luminaires should consume minimal energy from manufacture to disposal,
encouraging efficient use. Integration of modern technology, like the smart home principle, is encouraged.
Overall, sustainable light sources are optimized lamps designed to protect and conserve natural resources.
 Key Benefits of
Sustainable Lighting

Positive impacts not

only to the People’s Well-Being Efficiency
promotes people's sense of recyclable, produced with low
environment wellbeing with flicker-free resource consumption and
significant economic and light save costs.
social aspect
Sustainable
Lighting
 LED Technology
boasting efficiency, longevity, and low maintenance. Their extended service life contributes
to lower replacement and disposal rates, ultimately reducing the need for manufacturing
additional luminaires.

Impact on Light Sustainability Environmental Economic

Pollution throughout the Benefits of LED Incentives for
The reduction of radiant light
positively impacts the night sky,
Life Cycle Replacement Switching to LEDs
preserving the natural rhythms Beyond operational energy Outdated luminaires contribute reducing electricity
of both animals and humans. consumption, considerations to excessive electricity consumption for the same
include production, transport, consumption and pose brightness. The financial
disposal, and recycling. challenges in both manufacture benefits, evident in reduced
and disposal. utility bills, contribute to a quick
return on investment
 Natural Light
Integration &
Light Diffusers
Light Pollution
Mitigation
1. Install time and motion sensors
2. Use dimmable light bulbs
3. Choose warmer colors
4. Shield all external lights
TEMPLATES
 About us
We are team of creative people, passionate about their
craft. We have a passion for design that has led us to
work on a diverse range of projects. We’re passionate
about interior design and are always looking for new
interesting and creative ideas.

We’re the perfect fit to create designs for you and your
business. We're happy to share our knowledge and
enthusiasm with you.

10+ 5K+ 500+

Years experience Total Customer Product www.reallygreatsite.com
 What Will You Get
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