DI

PLOMAI
NCI
VIL
ENGI
NEERI
NG
GENERALBUI
LDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ON
(
G.B.
C)
MODULEI
II

NgangaGi
cheha

Di
p:TechEdu.Di
p:Bl
dConst
.Hdi
p:Bl
dConst
.BTech:
ConstMgt
. MSc:
constmgt

DI
PLOMAI
NCI
VILENGI
NEERI
NG
GENERALBUI
LDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ON(
G.B.
C)

COURSEOUTLI
NEMODULEI
II

1.Fr
amedconst
ruct
ion
 - Ty
pesofconst
ruct
ion

- Si
tuat
ionsr
equi
ri
ngf
ramedconst
ruct
ion

- Mat
eri
als

- Fi
repr
otect
ion

- Cl
addi
ngs

- Faci
ngs

- Cur
tai
nwal
l
ing

- I
nfi
l
lpanel
s

- Const
ruct
ionmet
hod

- Por
tal
frames

2.St
air
s

- Ter
minol
ogi
es

- Ty
pesofst
air
s

- Mat
eri
als

- Keny
abui
l
dingcoder
equi
rement
s

- Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofst
air
s

- Const
ruct
ionmet
hod

3.Tempor
arywor
ks

- For
mwor
k

- Scaf
fol
ding

- Under
pinni
ng
 - Shor
ing

- Demol
i
tion

4.Fi
nishes

- Wal
lfi
nishes

- Pl
ast
eri
ng

- Poi
nti
ngandj
oint
ing

- Faci
nguni
ts

- Pai
nti
nganddecor
ati
ons

- Fl
oorf
ini
shes

- Secondf
ixi
ngs

- Fi
xtur
esandf
it
ti
ngs

- Cei
l
ings

- Gr
anol
i
thi
c

- Ter
razzo

- Fl
oort
il
es

- Ti
mberf
loor

5.Door
s,wi
ndowsandaccessor
ies(
secondf
ixi
ng)

- Wi
ndowandgl
azi
ng

- Fi
xtur
esandf
it
ti
ngs

- Cei
l
ings
 - I
nter
iordesi
gn

Ref
erence

- Bar
ryv
ol.2,
4and5

- Mot
ivat
ebui
l
dingconst
ruct
ionpr
inci
pal
sandpr
act
ice

FRAMEDCONSTRUCTI
ON

Fr
ami
ngi
nconst
ruct
ioni
sthef
it
ti
ngt
oget
herofpi
ecest
ogi
veast
ruct
uresuppor
tand
shape.Fr
ami
ngmat
eri
alsar
eusual
l
y,r
einf
orcedconcr
ete,
engi
neer
ingwoodor
st
ruct
ural
steel
.

Cl
addi
ngt
ofr
amedst
ruct
ures

Thi
sinv
olv
esf
il
li
ngormaski
ngoft
hest
ruct
ural
frameandsuchi
nfi
l
li
ngsy
stemsmust
f
ulf
il
lthef
oll
owi
ng;

i
. Mustbesel
f-
suppor
ti
ngbet
weent
hef
rames

i
i
. Mustber
ainr
esi
stance

i
i
i. Wi
ndr
esi
stance

i
v. Gi
vet
her
equi
reddegr
eeoft
her
mal
insul
ati
on

v
. Hav
egoodf
ir
eresi
stance

v
i. Beconst
ruct
ibl
etoasui
tabl
emodul
arorsi
ze
 v
ii
. Musthav
egoodaest
het
ic

Cl
addi
ngt
ofr
amedst
ruct
uref
all
sunderf
ourcat
egor
ies

a.Panel
wal
l
ing

b.Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etepr
ecastcl
addi
ngpanel

c.Li
ghtwei
ghti
nfi
l
li
ngpanel
s

d.Cur
tai
nwal
l
ing

a.Panelwal
li
ng

Thi
sinv
olv
esconst
ruct
ingmasonr
ywal
l(st
one,
blocksorbr
icks)wi
thi
nthepanel
cr
eat
edbyf
rames.Dur
ingt
heconst
ruct
ionoft
heconcr
etecol
umn,
ropei
roncanbe
cl
osedt
ofor
mthebondbet
weent
hewal
landt
hecol
umn
X

Panel
creat
edbyt
he
Col
umn
St
ruct
ural
element

Beam

Sect
ionX–X
Masonr
ywal
lfl
ushorsl
i
ght
lyr
aisedi
ntot
hepanel
henceexposi
ngt
hest
ruct
ural
frame

R/
cbeam

Wi
ndow

Ci
l
l

R/
cfl
oorsl
ab

R/
cbeam

St
onef
aci
ngatbeam sect
ionconceal
i
ngt
ost
ruct
ural
frame

b.Concr
etecl
addi
ngpanel

Thesear
enor
mal
l
ymadef
rom pr
ecastconcr
eteandcanbel
aidi
ntwof
ormat
s,

i
. Spanni
ngbet
weenbeams;
i.
e.hei
ghtoff
loor

i
i
. Undersi
l
linf
il
lspanni
ngf
rom col
umnt
ocol
umn;
thesegi
veahi
ghwal
lto
wi
ndowr
ati
o.Theyar
emadef
rom denseconcr
etemi
xsui
tabl
yrei
nfor
cedand
ar
edesi
gnedwi
thl
i
fti
nghol
esorhooks

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
econsi
der
edi
ndesi
gni
ngorsel
ect
ingt
hepanel
s

1.Col
umnorbeam spaci
ng 4.Exposur
econdi
ti
onsexpect
ed

2.Li
ft
ingcapaci
tyofpl
antav
ail
abl
e 5.Anypl
anni
ngr
equi
rement
s
especi
all
yasf
ini
shi
ngar
e
3.Joi
nti
ngmet
hodadopt
ed
concer
ned
Joi
nti
ngshoul
dal
l
owf
ort
her
mal
mov
ementatt
hesomet
imebewat
erpr
oof
.These
woul
dnecessi
tat
etheuseofsui
tabl
ysy
stems.Ther
mal
insul
ati
onmaybeachi
evedby
i
ncl
udi
ngacav
itywi
thi
nthepanel
.Pr
ecastconcr
etepanel
smayal
sobemadei
n
composi
tef
ormswher
esayst
oneorbr
icksf
aci
ngsmaybeat
tachedt
ogi
vet
he
necessar
yimpr
essi
onsav
etoconf
ormt
oregul
ati
on
St
oreyhei
ghtpanel

Pr
ecastconc 2coat
asphal
twat
er f
aci
atoppanelpr
oof
inghangedov
erker
b

Upperendt
oppanel sui
tabl
e
v
aporbar
ri
er

R/
Cedger
oofsl
ab

R/
Cedgebeam

Non-
fer
rousf
ixi
ng

Wi
thsl
ott
edhol
es compr
essi
onj
oint

t
oal
lowf
oradj
ust
ment

pr
ecastconcpanel non
l
oadbeari
ng

i
nnerwal
lof

l
ightwei
ght

const
ruct
ion

Condensat
iongr
oov
e

dr
ainedt
oout
side

R/
Cfl
oorsl
ab

hor
izont
alj
oint

wi
thmast
icseal compr
essi
onj
oint
Ty
picaldet
ail

Under
sil
lpanel

f
aci
apanel
fixedt
o asphal
twat
erpr
oof
ing

t
opedgebeam

v
apourbar
ri
er

R/
Croof
sl
ab

Anchorf
ixi
ng

Ti
mber/met
alwi
ndowf
rame

si
ll Col
umni
nthe
backgr
ound

Pr
ecastconcundersi
ll

cl
addi
ngpanel bol
tconnect
ion

Ri
b l
ightwei
ghti
nnerwal
l

Nonf
err
ousf
ixi
ng mast
icsi
ll

met
aldowelR/
Cfl
oorsl
ab

25mm cl
ear
ance

Joi
ntt
ocol
umn

20mmØf
ixi
ngbol
ts R/
Ccol
umn l
ightwei
ght

Recessedi
ntol
ugs i
nter
nalwal
li
ng
Cav
ity mast
icseal

dr
ainj
ointwi
thwat
erbar
ri
er concpanel r
ibbedf
ace

R/
Cupst
andbeam

75mm R/
Cbacki
ng

concf
acescoat
edwi
th

bi
tumenpai
nt

Dovet
ailgr
oov
e R/
C
concsl
ab

Topr
ovi
dekey

nat
uralst
onef
aci
ng

concr
ibbol
tedt
ounder
side

ofedgebeam

Li
ght
wei
ghti
nnerwal
li
ng

I
nfi
llpanel
s

I
nfi
l
lpanel
sar
eli
ghtwei
ghtandusual
l
ygl
azed.Thepanel
lay
outcanbesoar
rangedt
o
exposesomeoral
loft
hest
ruct
ural
member
scr
eat
ingv
ari
ousopt
ical
expr
essi
on.A
wi
dev
ari
etyofmat
eri
alorcombi
nat
ionofmat
eri
alcanbeempl
oyedsuchast
imber
,
st
eel
,al
umi
num orpl
ast
ic.Si
ngl
eanddoubl
egr
azi
ngt
echni
quescanbeusedt
oachi
eve
t
hedesi
redsoundandt
her
mal
insul
ati
on.Thepanel
mustpr
ovi
det
henecessar
y
r
esi
stancet
ofi
re,
heatl
ossandsoundpenet
rat
ion.Mostoft
hesepanel
sar
ecomposi
te
orsandwi
chconst
ruct
ion.Thej
oini
ngpr
obl
em wi
thi
nfi
l
lpanel
soccur
smai
nlyati
t
j
unct
ionwi
tht
hest
ruct
ural
frameandal
l
owancef
ormoi
stur
eandt
her
mal
mov
ementi
s
usual
l
yachi
evedbyusi
ngasui
tabl
emast
ic.Thepanel
chosenmustf
ulf
il
lal
lthe
r
equi
redf
unct
ionandshoul
dhav
eal
owl
ongt
erm mai
ntenancef
act
or.

Ty
picali
nfi
llpanelar
rangement
s

a)

Col
umn

Beam

I
nfi
l
lpanel
wit
hwi
ndows

NB/thepanel
sexposebot
hthecol
umnsandbeam hencecr
eat
ingabal
ancedopt
ical
i
mpressi
on

b)

Gr
azi
ng

Exposed
beam

NB/i
nfi
l
lpanel
sexposet
hebeamshenceemphasi
zi
ngont
hehor
izont
ali
ty

c)

Gl
azi
ng

Exposed
col
umn

NB/thei
nfi
l
lpanelconceal
sthebeam andexposest
hecol
umnhencecr
eat
ingan
i
ll
usi
ononincr
easedheightver
ti
cal
ly

Ti
mberi
nfi
llpanel(
fi
tt
edwi
thi
nthest
ruct
ural
frame)

Beam

Pl
ast
er

Wi
ndowf
rame headmember

Gr
azi
ng
Hor
izont
alt
ransom/
sil
lpi
ece

Fi
xi
ngbead i
nter
nal
boar
d/f
lush

Ext
ernal
claddi
ngf
ace i
nsul
ati
on

Mast
icseal f
loorf
ini
sh

Fl
oorsl
ab

Met
ali
nfi
llpanel

R/
CBeam i
nter
nalf
ini
shRC

Mast
icseal t
imberf
ixi
ngpi
ecescr
ewedont
heRCbeam

Gl
azi
ng

Col
umnf
ace

Casementf
rameandsash

Hol
dingmet
alt
ubef
ixed al
loyt
ransom

ont
het
ransom

Met
alf
aci
ng col
umnf
ace

Fi
rer
esi
stanceboar
d composi
tei
nser
tpanel

Bot
tom hol
dingmet
alf
ixed f
loorscr
eed

onsol
e

Fi
xingscr
ew

Fi
xingt
imberembeddedi
ntot
heconcr
ete
Oneoft
hemai
ntenanceencount
eredwi
thi
nfi
l
lpanel
andt
oal
esserext
entwi
th
concr
etegl
addi
ngi
scl
eani
ngoft
hephacor
dsandi
npar
ti
cul
art
hegl
azi
ng.

Al
lbui
l
dingcol
l
ect
sdustt
heef
fect
iveofwhi
chcanv
arywi
thmat
eri
al.Concr
eteand
masonr
ytendt
oacceptdusti
nweat
hernat
ural
l
ywher
easi
npr
evi
ousmat
eri
alsuchas
gl
assdonotacceptdustandcancol
l
udeandbecomemor
einef
fi
cient
,thenumberof
t
imest
hatcl
eani
ngwi
l
lbenecessar
ydependl
argel
yupont
hear
eaorl
ocal
i
tyandwoul
d
r
angef
rom 3mont
hsi
nnon-i
ndust
ri
alar
eat
o6weeksi
nhi
ghl
ypol
l
utedenv
elopment
.
Accessf
orcl
eani
ngmayei
therbei
nter
nal
orext
ernal
lowandmedi
um r
isest
ruct
ure
canber
eachedbyl
adder
sormobi
l
escaf
fol
dandusual
present
sfewpr
obl
ems.

Hi
ghr
isest
ruct
ureshowev
erneedcar
eful
consi
der
ati
onwhendesi
gn.Ext
ernal
access
t
owi
ndowi
sgai
nedbyusi
ngacl
andl
esuspendedf
rom r
oofl
evel
.Per
manentsy
stems
canbei
ncor
por
atedaspar
tofbui
l
dingdesi
gnar
emor
eef
fi
cientandconsi
stsofat
rack
onwhi
chamobi
l
etr
oll
eyi
smount
edandwhi
char
mscanbepr
oject
edbey
ondr
oof
edget
osuppor
t.

I
nter
nal
accessf
orcl
eani
ngt
heext
ernal
glassf
acecanbeachi
evedbyusi
ngwi
ndows
suchashor
izont
alr
ever
sibl
esashes,
hor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
sli
dingwi
ndows.

Cl
addi
ngj
oint
s

Bot
hthev
ert
ical
andhor
izont
alj
oint
sar
econsi
der
edi
nthedesi
gn.Whent
wopanel
s
j
oint
heyl
eav
eagapi
nbet
weenwhi
chmustbeseal
edof
ffi
rstandf
oremostsoast
o
keepof
frai
nwat
er.Thesej
ointshoul
dbedesi
gnedsoast
obewi
deenought
otakei
n
sui
tabl
efi
l
lerbutnotexcessi
vel
ywi
desi
ncei
fsot
hef
il
lerwi
l
ltendt
ogr
ip.t
hef
il
ler
s
usedshoul
daccommodat
ethemi
nuetmov
ementoft
hepanel
causedbyv
ari
ous
f
act
orse.
g.t
her
mal
expi
ati
onwher
emast
icar
eusedasf
il
ler
stheyshoul
dnotbe
exposedsi
ncet
hesunl
i
ghtmaket
hem dr
yhencel
oset
hei
rel
ast
ici
ty,
mostv
ert
ical
j
oint
sar
eopendr
ainedwi
thf
lexbev
elwhi
l
ehor
izont
alj
oint
ssl
opest
owar
dsout
sideso
ast
oef
fect
ivel
ydr
ainmoi
stur
eout
side.

Ty
picalgaps
N/
Bthesmal
l
ert
hepanel
themor
ethej
ointwhi
l
ethel
argert
hepanel
thel
argert
hegap
dueandt
hef
ewert
hej
oint
sduet
othel
argerel
ongat
ionoft
hel
engt
hduet
opanel
expansi
on.

Gap

Smal
lgaps

Smal
lpanel l
argegaps

Lar
gepanel

Ver
ti
calj
oint
s
Panel

Mast
icbut
tedj
oint
lappedj
oint

Hor
izont
alj
oint
s

Recesst
ost
opwat
erf
rom cr
epi
ng

t
hro’
capi
ll
aryact
ion panel

Mast
ic mast
icf
il
ler

Sl
opet
oshedof
fwat
er
 Mast
ic

Panel

Li
ft
ingmechani
sm

Li
ft
inghooks bui
l
tinl
i
fti
ngr
einf
orcement

Mast
ic

Panel

Opendr
ainedj
ointatcol
umn
Thef
aceoft
hecl
addi
ngpanel
scanbef
ini
shedi
nmanydi
ff
erentway
swhi
chi
ncl
ude

i
. Cementsandr
ender
ing

i
i
. Gl
azedt
il
esandmast
ic

i
i
i. Mar
blesandst
onesl
abs

i
v. Ti
mberandpl
ast
icl
ubberst
ri
ps

Thesear
edoneaccor
dingt
otast
eandeconomi
cal
.Theconcr
etepanel
sur
facecanbe
t
reat
edi
nasui
tabl
ewaysoasnott
oneedanyot
heraddi
ti
onal
fini
sht
reat
mente.
g.i
t
canbel
eftf
airf
aceconcr
ete,
exposedaggr
egat
esur
face,
li
psur
facee.
t.
c

Ri
bbedsur
facef
ini
sh

Exposedaggr
egat
esur
face

Pl
ast
er

Mast
ic

Ti
l
es

Ti
mbergl
addi
ng

Cur
tai
nWal
li
ng
Acur
tai
nwal
li
sgener
all
yanon-
loadbear
ingwal
lconsi
sti
ngent
ir
elyorpr
inci
pal
l
ymet
al
ormaybeacombi
nat
ionofsur
faci
ngmat
eri
alandmet
al.Thi
sty
peofwal
lmost
ly
makesuseofext
ensi
vecl
assussur
faci
ngmat
eri
alsuppor
tedbymet
alf
ramewor
k.
Thesecomponent
sofcl
assandmet
alf
ramear
efact
orymanuf
act
uredandeasy
t
ranspor
tedt
othei
rpl
aceofuseduet
othei
rli
ghtwei
ght
.Al
soal
l
owf
orar
api
d
i
nst
all
ati
ononbui
l
dingst
ruct
ure.Thesef
act
orsmakecur
tai
nwal
l
ingbot
hat
tract
iveand
economi
cal
wal
lsy
stem whi
chal
l
owf
oranear
lyoccupancyoft
hebui
l
dingduet
ofast
er
i
nst
all
ati
onr
ate.Goodper
for
mancedependsont
hedesi
gnwhi
chshoul
dtakei
nto
consi
der
ati
ont
hemat
eri
alpr
oper
tyi
nter
msofsayr
eact
iont
oheat
,wi
ndpr
essur
e,
gr
avi
ty,
soundet
c.t
hecov
eri
ngofaf
il
lconsi
stf
ramewi
thf
act
oryf
abr
icwal
lrequi
ri
nga
degr
eeofdi
mensi
onal
cont
rol
ofcoor
dinat
ionandcoor
dinat
ionofcont
ract
ionwi
th
f
abr
icat
or.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofcur
tai
nwal
ls

Theymaybecl
assi
fi
edi
nter
msoft
ypeandsy
stem.Thet
ypedesi
gnat
ingwhet
heror
nott
hedesi
gni
suni
queandt
hesy
stem r
efer
ri
ngt
omet
hodofi
nst
all
ati
ont
heext
entof
uni
quenesscoul
dbe;

i
. Cust
om t
ype

i
i
. St
andar
dty
pe

i
i
i. Acombi
nat
ionoft
het
wo

Cust
om wal
ls

Thesear
edesi
gnedspeci
fi
cal
l
yforonepr
oject
.Theyar
echar
act
eri
sti
cofl
argepr
oject
s
t
ypi
cal
l
ycommer
cial
,i
nst
it
uti
onal
andot
hermonument
albui
l
d.

St
andar
dty
pewal
ls
Thesear
ecomponent
sanddet
ail
swhi
char
edesi
gnedandst
andar
dizedbyt
hei
r
manuf
act
urer
stheymaybeassembl
edi
nst
ockuni
ts.St
andar
ddesi
gnv
ari
esf
rom one
manuf
act
urert
oanot
herandst
andar
dty
pesar
egener
all
ycheapert
hancust
om t
ype
duet
oeconomyi
nher
enti
nquant
it
ypr
oduct
ion.Howev
ersomecompl
exst
andar
d
desi
gnsmaycauseasmuchormor
ethanasi
ngl
ecust
om desi
gns

Wal
lsy
stems

Bot
hcust
om andst
andar
dwal
lmayf
urt
herbecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
othei
rsy
stem or
met
hodofi
nst
all
ati
on.Andmayorpar
tl
ybei
noneoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

a)Thest
icksy
stem

Wher
ethewal
li
nst
all
edpi
ecebypi
eceusual
l
ythemul
l
ionmemberi
sfi
rstpl
aced
f
oll
owedbyhor
izont
almember
sandf
inal
l
ythegl
azi
ngorwi
ndowuni
ts.Mai
nadv
ant
age
i
sit
slowt
ranspor
tat
ioncostbecauseofmi
nimal
bul
kandi
tal
soof
fer
ssomedegr
eeof
di
mensi
onal
adj
ust
mentt
osi
tecondi
ti
ons

Amongdi
sadv
ant
agei
sthenecessi
tyt
oassembl
eonsi
ter
athert
hani
ncont
rol
l
ed
f
act
orycondi
ti
ons

Thest
icksy
stem

Par
ti
all
yassembl
edsy
stem

Vi
siongl
asspanel f
leshwi
ndowpanel

Ci
l
l

Ver
ti
cal
mul
l
ionsr
unni
ng
ov
ert
heedgebeam

Spandr
elpanel f
loorsl
abedgebeam
 Spandr
el–shor
twal
lsect
ionbet
weent
hef
loorandwi
ndowsi
l
l

b)Uni
tsy
stem

Thewal
li
scomposedent
ir
elyofl
argef
rameduni
tspr
e-assembl
edatt
hef
act
ory
compl
etewi
thspandr
elpanel
sandsomet
imespr
e-gl
azed

Thev
ert
ical
edgesoft
heuni
tsj
oint
ofor
mthemul
l
ionmemberwhi
l
ethet
opand
bot
tom member
sjoi
ntof
orm hor
izont
alr
ail
s

Theuni
tsmaybeonet
othr
eest
orey
shi
gh.Thi
ssy
stem pr
ovi
desassembl
yunder
cont
rol
l
edshopcondi
ti
onswher
ethewor
kcanbecar
eful
l
ysuspect
edandf
abr
icat
ed
r
api
dunderonebui
l
dingwi
thmi
nimum f
ewy
iel
dlabourandr
elat
ivel
yfewf
iel
djoi
nts.
Howev
er,
thedi
sadv
ant
agei
ncl
udest
hebul
ki
nessoft
heuni
tsr
equi
ri
ngmor
espacef
or
shopassembl
y,t
ranspor
tat
ionandonsi
test
orage.Theyal
sodemandel
abor
ated
pr
otect
ivemeasur
einhandl
i
ngpr
iort
oinst
all
ati
on

Panel
topandbot
tom j
oin
t
ofor
m hor
izont
alt
ransom beam

Fl
oorsl
ab

Edgebeam

Panel
framej
oint
ofor
m
 v
ert
ical
mul
l
ion

Panel
compl
etewi
thgl
azi
ng
Andspandr
eluni
t

Uni
tandmul
li
onsy
stem

Thi
ssy
stem i
sacompr
omi
seoft
hest
ickandt
heuni
tsy
stem andmul
l
ionmember
sar
e
separ
atel
yinst
all
edf
ir
stt
henpr
e-assembl
edf
rameduni
tsar
epl
acedbet
weent
hem.
Thi
suni
tmaybef
ull
stor
eyhei
ghtormaybedi
vi
dedi
ntoast
andar
duni
tandt
hev
isi
on
gl
assuni
t.Thi
smet
hodi
sof
tenut
il
izedwher
eforexampl
ethemul
l
ionmember
sar
e
unusual
l
ydeeporl
argei
nX-
sect
ionhencemaki
ngi
tdi
ff
icul
ttoi
ncor
por
atet
hem i
nthe
pr
e-assembl
eduni
t.Thet
ranspor
tat
ionofuni
tsi
seasi
ert
hani
ntheuni
tsy
stem t
hough
t
hef
iel
djoi
ntsar
emor
e.

Mul
l
ioni
ndependentof
t
hepanel
uni ed1st
tandassembl

Fl
oorsl
ab

Edgebeam

Mul
l
ionat
tachedt
othe
edgebeam

Pr
e-assembl
eduni
t
consi
sti
ngoft
hev
isi
ongl
ass
andspandr
eluni
t

Panelsy
stem

t
hisi
ssi
mil
ari
nconceptt
otheuni
tsy
stem t
hedi
ff
erencebei
ngt
hatt
hepanel
sar
enot
pr
e-assembl
eduni
tsbuthomogenousonesf
ormedf
rom sheetmet
alorascast
ingwi
th
f
ewornoi
nter
nal
joi
ntsexceptatt
hegl
assper
ipher
y.Thepanel
smaybef
ull
stor
ey
hei
ghtwi
thorwi
thoutopeni
ngsunl
i
keot
hersy
stems;
her
eanov
eral
lwal
lpat
ter
nis
possi
bler
athert
hanagr
eedpat
ter
noradesi
gnedhav
ingst
rongv
ert
ical
orhor
izont
al
axi
s

Panelsy
stem

Edgebeam

Fl
oorsl
ab

Cast
edpanel
compl
etewi
thwi
ndowopeni
ng
PORTALFRAMES

Apor
tal
framei
sacont
inuousorr
igi
dfr
amewi
thbasi
cchar
act
eri
sti
cofr
igi
dor
r
est
rai
nedj
ointbet
weensuppor
ti
ngmember
sorcol
umn.Thecont
inui
tyoft
hepor
tal
f
ramer
educest
hebendi
ngmomentoft
hespanni
ngmemberbyal
l
owi
ngt
hef
ramet
o
actasonest
ruct
ural
ent
it
ythusdi
str
ibut
ingst
resst
hroughoutt
hef
rame.I
fa
conv
ent
ional
simpl
ysuppor
tedbeam i
susedi
nst
eadofapor
tal
frame,
anexcessi
ve
bendi
ngmomentwi
l
loccuratt
hemi
dspanwhi
chwoul
dnecessi
tat
eadi
pperheav
y
beam t
ogi
veal
ongcr
oss-
sect
ionatmi
dspan

Thest
resst
ransf
erf
rom beam t
ocol
umni
nri
gidf
ramesr
equi
recar
eful
desi
gnoft
he
j
oint
sbet
weent
hemember
sandbot
hthehor
izont
alt
hrustandr
otat
ional
momentat
t
hef
oundat
ionneedsconsi
der
ati
on

Met
hodusedt
oov
ercameexcessi
vef
orcesatt
hef
oundat
ioni
ncl
ude

i
. I
ntr
oduci
ngat
iebeam bet
weenopposi
tef
oundat
ion
 i
i
. I
ntr
oduci
ngapi
norhi
ngedj
ointwher
ethecol
umnconnect
stot
hef
oundat
ion

i
i
i. Rel
ayi
ngont
hepassi
vepr
essur
eoft
hesoi
lsur
roundi
ngt
hef
oundat
ion

Por
tal
frameofmoder
atehei
ghtandspanar
eusual
l
yconnect
eddi
rect
lyt
ofoundat
ion
basesf
ormi
ngr
igi
djoi
nts.Thel
atel
widt
hfor
cet
endst
orot
atet
hef
rameandt
hese
t
oget
herwi
tht
hehor
izont
alt
hrustofl
oadi
ngar
eresi
stedbyt
hebase.Whenhei
ghtget
s
ov
er4m andspanov
er15m hi
ngedj
ointshoul
dbeconsi
der
ed.Suchj
oint
sal
l
owf
ree
r
otat
ional
tot
akepl
acewhi
l
eatt
hesamet
imet
ransmi
tt
ingbot
hthel
oadandt
heshear
f
rom onemembert
oanot
her

Hi
ngescanbei
ntr
oducedei
theratt
hebaseoff
rameoratt
heapexandt
her
efor
ether
e
ar
ethr
eebasi
cty
pespor
tal
frame

a)Fi
xedorr
igi
dpor
talf
rame

Her
eal
lthemember
s’connect
ionsar
eri
gidwhi
chal
l
owsf
orl
owerbendi
ngmoment
whi
chi
sev
enl
ydi
str
ibut
edt
hanot
herf
orms.Thi
sty
pei
susedf
orsmal
ltomedi
um si
ze
f
ramewher
efor
cesi
nvol
vedar
enotexcessi
ve

b)Twopi
npor
talf
rame

Thesear
ehi
ngedatt
het
wopoi
ntsatt
hebaseconnect
iont
oel
i
minat
ethet
endencyof
t
hef
ramet
orot
ate.Thebendi
ngmomentr
esi
stedwi
l
lgener
all
ybegr
eat
ert
hani
nthe
r
igi
dfr
ame

c)Thr
eepi
npor
talf
rame

Thesehashi
ngedj
ointatbaseconnect
ingandatt
hecent
reoft
hespanni
ngmember
.
Theef
fectoft
het
hir
dhi
ngei
stor
educet
hebendi
ngmomenti
nthespanni
ngmember
t
houghi
tal
soi
ncr
easesdef
lect
ion.Thi
sisov
ercomebygi
vi
ngt
hememberamoder
ate
pi
tcht
orai
set
heapexwel
labov
etheev
e’sl
evel

NB/hi
ngedf
ramesar
eeasi
ert
oer
ectonsi
tesi
ncet
heycanbeper
for
medi
nsect
ion
Compar
isonoft
hebendi
ngmoment

a)Si
mpl
ysuppor
tedbeam

Beam Mi
dspanpoi
ntofmax
BM

Col
umn

Bendi
ngmomentdi
agr
am

Foundat
ion

Col
umnact
sonl
yascompr
essi
onmember
str
ansmi
tt
ing

t
hel
oadaxi
all
ytof
oundat
ion

b)f
ixedorr
igi
dpor
tal
frame
 Poi
ntofcont
raf
lexur
e

Ri
gidconnect
ion

BM di
agr
am

Suppor
ti
ngmember

Foundat
ion r
igi
djoi
nt

Thesuppor
ti
ngmembercar
ri
espar
t

oft
hehor
izont
alcomponent

c)t
wopi
npor
tal
frame

Spanni
ngmember

Ri
gidconnect
ion

BM di
agr
am
 Foundat
ion

Pi
nnedj
ointi
sol
atest
hef
oundat
ion

Fr
om t
her
otat
ional
moment

d) t
hreepi
npor
tal
frame

Pi
tchmemberr
educesdef
lect
ion

Thi
rdpi
nreducest
hemomentont
he

spanni
ngmember
s

BM di
agr
am

Foundat
ion

Pi
nnedj
oint
Mostpor
tal
framesar
emadeunderf
act
orycont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
onsof
fsi
tewhi
chgi
ves
gooddi
mensi
onal
andqual
i
tycont
rol
alt
hought
hesecancr
eat
etr
ansf
ormat
ional
pr
obl
em.Tol
essent
his,
spl
i
cesmaybeusedwhi
char
eputatt
hepoi
ntsofcont
rol
f
lexur
eorwher
ethemember
sjoi
n.Pi
nnedj
ointhowev
erpr
ovi
despoi
ntofdi
scont
inui
ty
i
nthef
abr
icat
ion

Por
tal
framecanbeconst
ruct
edofconcr
ete,
steel
orl
ami
nat
edwoodandgener
all
y
t
akest
her
oofpr
ofi
l
es.Thespanni
ngmember
sar
econnect
edwi
tht
hepur
li
nsdesi
gned
t
otaket
her
oofcov
eri
ng.Thewal
l
ingmat
eri
alscanaswel
lbeat
tachedt
othe
suppor
ti
ngmember
s

Wal
l
ingmat
eri
alat
tachedt
othesuppor
ti
ngmember

Pur
li
ns
t
o

Suppor
t

PF Roof

Cov
eri
ng

CONCRETEPORTALFRAMES

Thesear
emanuf
act
uredf
rom hi
ghqual
i
tyr
einf
orcedconcr
ete.TheuseorRCi
smai
nly
conf
inedt
olowpi
tches4%t
o22¾%andcanei
therbesi
ngl
eormul
ti
-spanf
rames
hencegi
vi
ngmor
edesi
gnpossi
bil
i
ties.Theyar
edesi
gnedt
ocar
ryl
i
ghtwei
ghtr
oof
sheet
ingordecki
ngf
ixedt
opur
li
ns.I
nthei
rdesi
gnt
hei
rsel
fwei
ghti
stakeni
nto
account
.Wal
lgr
adi
ngwhi
char
enonst
ruct
ural
mayt
akemanyf
ormsdependi
ngt
othe
desi
redchar
act
eri
sti
ce.
g.acoust
icorf
ir
epr
oof
ingchar
act
eri
sti
c

Pur
li
nscl
eat

Spanni
ngmember

Suppor
ti
ngmember

Foundat
ion

Spl
i
cej
ointbet
ween

t
hef
ramecomponent
s

Foundat
ion

Mul
tispanpor
talf
rame

Ty
picalspl
icedet
ail
 Pur
li
nsmount
edoncl
eat

Pr
ecastcongut
ter spanni
ngmember

Hol
efornutaccess

Pr
ebor
edhol
esf
orbol
ts

Suppor
ti
ngmember

2D

Bol
tandnuthol
e

Spanni
ngmember

Joi
ningcomponent
soft
hespanni
ngmember

Foundat
ionf
ixi
ng
Foundat
ionf
orpor
tal
frameconsi
stsofi
sol
atedpar
tsdesi
gnedt
osui
tvar
iousl
oadi
ng
andgr
oundcondi
ti
ons.Fr
ameandf
oundat
ionconnect
ionscant
aket
hreef
orms

a.Pocketconnect
ion

Thef
ootoft
hesuppor
tedmemberi
slocat
edandhousedi
nav
oidf
ormi
nthe
basesot
hatt
her
eisal
lroundcl
ear
anceof25mm gr
out
edaf
terf
inal
connect
ion

Suppor
ti
ngmember

Rbar

Packi
ngpi
eces

25mm cl
ear
ancef
il
ledwi
th1:
2c/
smor
taraf
tert
hef
rame
t
he
Fr
amehasbeenposi
ti
onedandadj
ust
ed
b.St
eelpl
ate

Ast
eel
basepl
atei
swel
dedt
othemai
nrei
nfor
cementoft
hesuppor
tmemberor
i
tcoul
dbecast
edt
othecol
umnusi
ngf
ixi
ngl
ugswel
dedt
othebackoft
hebase
pl
ate.Hol
dingdownbol
tsar
ecast
edi
ntot
hef
oundat
ionbase

Suppor
ti
ngmember

Bear
ingpl
ate col
umnmai
nbar
swel
dedt
obasepl
ate

Fast
eni
ngnut
s

Onwasher Al
ter
nat
ivest
eel
lugwel
dedt
obasepl
ate

&cast
edi
ntocol
umn

A
 Wel
ds

Rbar

Bol
tsbui
l
tint
othef
oundat
ionpad

Bol
tend

Fast
eni
ngnut

Washer bear
ingpl
atef
ixedt
ocol
umn

Rbar f
oundat
ionpad

Det
ail
A

c.Pi
njoi
nt/hi
ngedconnect
ion

Aspeci
albaseorbear
ingpl
atei
sbol
tedt
othef
oundat
ionandanot
heronef
ixed
t
othecol
umnt
henaf
lexi
blemechani
cal
connect
ioni
smadewhent
hef
ramei
s
const
ruct
ed

Fl
exi
blepi
n/hi
ngedconnect
ion suppor
ti
ngmember
/col
umn

Pl
atewel
dedt
othemai
nrei
nfor
cement

orconnect
edbymeansofst
eel
lugs

Bear
ingpl
atebol
ted cast
edi
ntocol
umn
 ont
hef
oundat
ion

Foundat
ionpad

Ty
picalapexdet
ail
s

a.f
ixed

RC

Joi
ningf
lexi
blemember
s

b.pi
n/hi
ngedconnect
ion

Spanni
ngmember
 Pl
ateswel
dedt
othespanni
ngmember
r
einf
orcement

Adv
ant
agesofconcr
etepor
talf
rame

a.accur
ateduet
ofact
orypr
oduct
ioni
nter
msofdesi
gnqual
i
tyandwor
kmanshi
p
cont
rol

b.st
drangeofi
nter
changeabl
ecomponentgi
vesf
lexi
bil
i
tyduet
owi
der
ager
oof
pr
ofi
l
ecov
ered

c.doesnotr
equi
remai
ntenance

d.concr
eteef
fect
ivel
yresi
stf
ir
e

e.doesnotr
equi
readdi
ti
onal
windbr
aci
ng

f
.ithasgoodaest
het
ic

g.j
oint
ing(
bol
tandnut
)for
cef
orspl
i
cesef
fectqui
ckerr
eact
ion

Di
sadv
ant
age

- r
equi
reheav
yli
ft
ingequi
pment

STEELPORTALFRAME

Thi
scanbef
abr
icat
edf
rom t
heuni
ver
sal
beam,
col
umnandboxsect
ional
ll
att
iceof
f
lat
s,angl
esort
ubul
ar.St
eel
off
ersawi
der
angeofr
oofpr
ofi
l
est
hanot
hermat
eri
als.
Ei
therwel
ding,
bol
ti
ngorbot
hcanbeusedi
nthej
oini
ngoft
hemember
s;l
i
ghtwei
ght
r
oof
ingandwal
l
ingmat
eri
alsar
eused.

Ty
picaldet
ail
s

Apex

Pur
li
nscl
eat
Uni
ver
sal
beam spanni
ngmember wel
dedgasket

Al
ter
nat
ive

Spanni
ngmember bol
ti
ng

Ri
dgepl
ateswel
dedt
omember
s
andbol
tedt
oget
her

Knee

i
) Beam orspanni
ngmember

Bol
ti
ng

Fi
xi
ngpl
atewel
dedt
obeam andbol
tedt
othecol
umn

Col
umnorsuppor
ti
ngmember

i
i
)

Pur
li
ngcl
eat
Wal
lcl
eat pl
atewel
dedt
obot
hsi
des

Apexhi
ngeconnect
ion

St
eel
bol
torpi
n

Hi
ngepl
atewel
dedt
ospanni
ngmember

Spl
icej
ointf
ort
hespanni
ngmember

X webpl
ate

Fi
shpl
atet
otopandbot
tom f
langes

Fi
shpl
atet
obot
hfl
anges

UB Webpl
ates
 Sect
ionX-X

2D

But
twel
d

Beam

Basehi
nge

Col
umn

Bol
torpi
n bear
ingpl
ateswel
dedt
obot
hsi
desoft
heweb

Pl
atewel
dedt
obasepl
ate

Bol
tfi
xi
ngt
hebasepl
atet
ofoundat
ion

Foundat
ion

Col
umn

Hi
ngepl
ateswel
dedt
obot
hcol
umnandbear
ing
pl
ate
 Bear
ingpl
ate

Foundat
ion

Lat
ti
cedst
eelPF

Pi
njoi
nt

Beam

Tr
iangul
arsect
ionwel
dedst
eel
tubul
arl
att
ice

Pi
njoi
nt

Tr
iangul
arl
att
ice

Chor
ds

Lat
ti
cemember
s

Foundat
ionf
ixi
ng

Foundat
ioni
susual
l
yrei
nfor
cedconcr
etei
sol
atedbaseorpad.Theconnect
ionoff
rame
t
ofoundat
ioncanbeoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

a.pocketf
ootconnect
ion:
footoft
hememberi
sinser
tedandgr
out
edi
ntoapi
t
f
ormi
ntheconcr
ete
 b.basepl
ateconnect
ion:
gasketi
sfi
xedt
othel
owerpar
toft
hecol
umnand
connect
edt
obol
tsbui
l
tint
othef
oundat
ion

c.pi
norhi
ngeconnect
ion:
speci
albear
ingpl
atesdesi
gnedt
oaccommodat
erocker
dev
icesar
eused

Adv
ant
ages

1.si
ncet
heyar
efact
orypr
oducedt
her
eexi
stsast
drangeofmanuf
act
urersy
stem
gi
vi
ngmor
efl
exi
bil
i
tywi
der
angeofuse

2.st
eel
framegi
vesagoodwi
ndr
esi
stancest
ruct
ure

3.t
heyar
eeasyt
oassembl
e

4.t
heyhav
elessdeadl
oadwhencompar
edt
oconcr
ete

Demer
it
s

1.St
eel
isacor
rosi
vemat
eri
alandassuchr
equi
rer
egul
arappl
i
cat
ionofpr
otect
ive
coat
inghencehi
ghmai
ntenancecost
s.

2.Hasal
owerf
ir
eresi
stancet
hanconcr
etest
ruct
ures

TI
MBERPORTALFRAME

Thesear
enor
mal
l
yli
ghtst
rongf
ramesofgoodaest
het
ics.AFactt
hatmakest
hem
sui
tabl
eforpl
aceswher
elooksar
eimpor
tante.
g.chur
ches,
hal
l
sgy
mnasi
umse.
t.
c

Theyar
emadei
nthr
eeway
s

1.Gl
uedl
ami
nat
edPF

2.Pl
ywoodf
acedPF

3.Ti
mberPFusi
ngsol
i
dmember
sconnect
edt
oget
her

Gl
uedl
ami
nat
edPF

Themai
nobj
ect
iveofgl
uingt
hinsect
ionmember
stoget
heri
stoi
ncr
easet
heov
eral
l
st
rengt
hoft
hecompl
etecomponent
.Thi
sty
peofPFi
smanuf
act
uredbyspeci
ali
st
f
ir
ms.Thet
ypeofsof
twoodsel
ect
edmustbeofsui
tabl
econt
ent
.Theycanal
sobe
ei
therf
ixed,
2pi
nor3pi
n.Ont
hesi
tet
hef
ootoft
hesuppor
ti
ngmemberi
sfi
xedt
oa
met
alshoeorpi
vothousi
ngbol
tedt
otheconcr
etef
oundat
ion.Whi
l
etoapexj
ointi
s
ei
therf
ixedorhi
ngedi
nasui
tabl
edev
ice.Theyar
eal
sof
abr
icat
edi
nsect
ionsand
t
ranspor
tedt
osi
te.

Lami
nat
edPF bol
theadpocket

Raf
ter

Apexj
oint
edandbol
ted

Knee

Rr
adi
ust
osuppor
t

Leg

Al
ter
nat
ivekneedet
ail

Pr
ofi
l
efr
ami
ngcanbef
aced
Wi
thpl
ywood
Lami
nat
edf
rame

75mm t
hicksof
twoodf
rami
ng
Tof
orm pr
ofi
l
eandpr
ovi
de
Eav
essuppor
t
Pl
ywoodf
acedpor
talf
rame

Thesear
esui
tabl
eforsmal
lwal
l
swi
thaspanofl
esst
han9m.t
hef
ramear
euni
ver
sal
boxedbeam consi
sti
ngofaskel
etoncor
eofsof
twoodmember
sfacedonbot
hsi
des
wi
thpl
ywoodwhi
cht
akest
hebendi
ngst
ress.Thehol
l
owconst
ruct
ional
soal
l
owsf
or
someser
vicese.
g.el
ect
ri
cal
tobei
naugur
atedi
ntot
hef
ramewor
k

750mm

Sol
i
dbl
ockatapex

Knee 10mm pl
ywoodf
aci
ngonbot
hsi
des

Max4500

I
nter
medi
atest
uds/br
aci
ng

Bear
ingpl
ateMaxspan9000mm

Sol
idt
imberwi
thgussetPFi
nthi
sfor
m andt
hef
ramesar
egener
all
yspacedcl
osert
o
eachot
hert
hatar
eint
her
angeofbet
ween600–1200mm cent
res.Thef
ini
shed
st
ruct
ureact
sasal
i
ghtwei
ghtbui
l
dingf
rom whi
chi
squi
ter
igi
dandst
rong

Thesef
ramesar
esuppl
i
edi
nsect
ionandassembl
edbyf
ixi
ngei
therpl
ywoodorany
ot
hersui
tabl
egusset
satt
hef
ormsoft
hemember
sei
therbef
oreel
ect
ionordur
ing
el
ect
ion.Thef
oundat
ionf
ort
hist
ypeconsi
stsofagr
oundbeam orr
aftf
oundat
ionedge
onwhi
chat
imberspr
eaderorsol
epl
ateonwhi
cht
hef
ramer
esti
susedal
ongt
he
ent
ir
elengt
hoft
hebui
l
ding

Thi
spr
ovi
desasi
mpl
eandeconomi
cal
timberPFf
orsmal
lcl
earspansandcanbe
madeusi
ngor
dinar
ytool
sandbasi
cski
l
ls.Nogl
uingi
snecessar
y

10mm plywood
Roofingmat eri
al apexgusset Plywood/
nai
ledtor af
terand met al
purl
insinser
t edint
o knee
noggin

I
nsul
ati
on 230x220mm
str
uct
ural
sof
twood@

230x110pl anned
str
uctur
alsoftwood
Noggi
nf or upri
ght
wal
lbraces
Gal
vani
zed Ti
mbersol
eplat
e
st
eelf
it
ti
ng bol
tedt
oraf
tor

Raf

Det
ail
01

Det
ailel
evat
ion01

600mm

Fr
ame

Fi
xtur
eanglecl
eatorbr
acket
Ti
mbersol
eplate bol
tedtof
rameslegand
bol
tedt
ofoundat
ion
 Gr
oundbeam

Adv
ant
agesoft
imberPF

1.Ti
mberi
sreadi
l
yav
ail
abl
e

2.I
tisl
i
ght
eri
nwei
ght

3.Easyt
otr
anspor
tandel
ect

4.I
tcanbeeasi
l
ytr
immedandadj
ust
edonsi
te

5.Pl
easi
ngappear
ance

6.Easi
l
ypr
otect
edf
rom i
nsect
sorf
ungi
thr
oughei
thersur
faceappl
i
cat
ionor
i
mpr
egnat
ionwi
tht
hesui
tabl
echemi
cal

Di
sadv
ant
age

1.Ti
mberhasal
i
mit
edst
ruct
ural
str
engt
h

2.Caneasi
l
ybur
ni.
e.combust
ibl
e

3.Hi
ghmai
ntenancecostsi
ncei
thast
obepr
otect
edagai
nsti
nsect
sandr
ott
ing

STAI
RS
TI
MBERSTAI
R

Ter
minol
ogy

- St
airwel
l:t
hespacei
nwhi
cht
hest
air
sandt
hel
andi
ngar
ehoused.

- St
air
s:t
heact
ual
meansofaccessi
onordeccesi
onf
rom onel
evel
toanot
her

- Tr
ead:uppersur
faceofast
eponwhi
cht
hef
ooti
spl
aced

- Nosi
ng:t
heexposededgeofat
readusual
l
ypr
oject
ingwi
thasquar
e,r
ound
orspl
ayededge

- Ri
ser
:thev
ert
ical
memberbet
weent
woconsecut
ivet
reads

- St
ep:r
iserpl
ust
read

- Goi
ng:t
hehor
izont
aldi
stancebet
weent
woconsecut
iver
iser
sort
hedi
stance
measur
edonpl
anbet
weent
woconsecut
ivenosi
ng

- Ri
se:v
ert
ical
hei
ghtbet
weent
woconsecut
ivet
reads

- Fl
ight
:aser
iesofst
epswi
thoutl
andi
ng

- Newel
:postf
ormi
ngt
hej
unct
ionoff
li
ght
sofst
air
swi
thl
andi
ngorcar
ryi
ng
t
hel
owerendofst
ri
ngs

- St
ri
ngs:t
hemember
srecei
vi
ngt
heendsofst
epswhi
char
egener
all
yhoused
t
othest
ri
ngandsecur
edbywedgescal
l
edwal
lorout
erst
ri
ngsaccor
dingt
o
t
hei
rposi
ti
on

- Handr
ail
:pr
oject
ingmemberusual
l
ypar
all
elt
othest
ri
ngandspanni
ng
bet
weennewel
s

- Bal
ust
er:t
hev
ert
ical
inf
il
lmember
sbet
weenast
ri
ngandhandr
ail

- Pi
tchl
ine:al
i
neconnect
ingt
henosi
ngofal
ltr
eadsi
nfl
i
ght

Ty
pesofst
air
way
 1.Commonst
air
way
:iti
sani
nter
nal
orext
ernal
stai
rwayofst
epswi
thst
rai
ght
nosi
ngonpl
an,
whi
chf
ormspar
tofabui
l
dingandi
sint
endedf
orcommonusei
n
connect
ionwi
tht
woormor
edwel
l
ings

I
tsmaxi
mum pi
tchi
s38º

2.Pr
ivat
est
air
way
:iti
sani
nter
nal
orext
ernal
stai
rwayofst
epswi
thst
rai
ght
nosi
ngonpl
an,
whi
chf
ormspar
tofabui
l
dingi
sint
endedf
orusesol
elyi
n
connect
ionwi
thonedwel
l
ing

I
tsmaxi
mum pi
tchi
s42º

Funct
ionsofast
air

i
. Pr
ovi
deaccessf
rom onel
evel
toanot
her(
i.
e.f
rom f
loort
ofl
oor
)

i
i
. Pr
ovi
demeansofescapei
ntheev
entofout
breakoff
ir
e

Desi
gnofst
air
s

Ref
:Keny
abui
l
dingcodebyl
awNo.133

Di
mensi
ons

a)Dwel
li
ngs:

- Mi
nwi
dth–760mm

- Maxr
iser–190mm

- Mi
ntr
ead–225mm

- Mi
nheadr
oom –2050mm

- Mi
nlengt
hofl
andi
ng–675mm

b)War
ehouseandpubl
icbui
l
ding

- Mi
nwi
dth–1135mm
 - Maxr
iser–165mm

- Mi
ntr
ead–225mm

- Mi
nheadr
oom –2125mm

- Mi
nlengt
hofl
andi
ng–1200mm

Desi
gnofst
air
s

For
mul
a–2r
iser
s+1t
read=600mm or(
550–700mm)

Exampl
e

I
nabui
l
dingusedf
ordomest
icpur
poses,
thef
loort
ofl
oorhei
ghti
s2700mm.desi
gnf
or
mi
nnumberoft
readsandr
iser
s

Sol
uti
on:

Consi
dert
hehei
ghtof1r
isert
obe165mm (
thi
sist
her
equi
rementofK.
B.S)

Noofr
iser
s=2700=16.
36
165

Not
e:al
lst
epsar
eequal

Ther
efor
eNoofr
iser(
steps)=16+1=17r
iser
s

Newhei
ghtwi
l
lther
efor
ebe2700=158.
9mm
17

Lengt
hoft
read=600–(
2x158.
9)=282.
2mm
Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etest
air
s

Rei
nfor
cedconcr
etest
air
sar
enon-combust
ibl
e,st
rong,
fir
eresi
stanceand
har
dwear
ing.Theymaybeconst
ruct
edi
n-si
teorpr
e-casti
nsect
ionsr
eadyf
or
i
mmedi
atei
nst
all
ati
onanduseswhender
ivedonsi
te

Thedesi
gnerwi
l
ltr
eatt
hest
airasbei
ngani
ncl
i
nedsl
abspanni
ngsi
mpl
ybet
ween
suppor
ts,
thest
epsbei
ngt
reat
edast
ri
angul
arl
oadi
ngev
enl
ydi
str
ibut
edov
ert
hel
engt
h
wher
eint
ermedi
atel
andi
ngar
eincl
udedi
nthedesi
gn.Thebasi
cpl
ani
ssi
mil
art
othe
openwel
lornewel
timberst
air

Thedesi
gnr
egul
ati
onsar
ethesameasf
ort
imberst
air
.Theconcr
etespeci
fi
cat
ioni
s
usual
l
y1:
2:4/20mm aggr
egat
e.Concr
etecov
erov
ert
her
einf
orcementof15mm mi
n
ort
hebardi
amet
erwhi
chev
eri
sgr
eat
er.Themi
nthi
cknessofconcr
eter
equi
redi
s
dependentonl
oadi
ngandspan(
min100mm –150mm measur
edacr
osst
hewai
st)

Mi
l
dst
eel
orhi
ghy
iel
dst
eel
barar
eusedasr
einf
orcement
.Thebar
sbei
ngl
apped
st
art
erbar
satt
hegr
oundf
loorandt
akeni
ntot
hel
andi
ngoff
loorsuppor
ti
ngsl
ab.
Handr
ail
sandbal
ust
radesar
epr
efer
abl
yofnoncombust
ibl
emat
eri
al.Thesur
face
f
ini
shoft
het
readdependsont
heuseoft
hest
air
.Iti
sal
soadv
isabl
etot
rowel
int
othe
sur
facesomecar
bondum dustt
opr
ovi
deahar
dwear
ingnon-
sli
psur
face.Al
ter
nat
ivel
y
r
ubberorcar
bondum i
nser
tst
ri
pscoul
dbef
ixedorcasti
ntot
hel
oadi
ngedgesoft
reads.

Pr
e-castconcr
etest
air

Adv
ant
ages

1.Bet
terqual
i
tycont
rol
oft
hef
ini
shedpr
oduct

2.Sav
ingi
nsi
tespace

3.St
air
wayencl
osi
ngshaf
tcanbeut
il
izedasaspacef
orhoi
sti
ngorl
i
fti
ng
mat
eri
als

4.Canusual
l
ybeposi
ti
onedandf
ixedbysemi
-ski
l
ledl
abour
er
 TEMPORARYWORKS

For
mwor
k

Def
ini
ti
on;
itsmoul
doraboxi
ntowhi
chwetconcr
etecanbepour
edandcompact
edso
t
hati
twi
l
lfl
owandf
inal
l
ysett
othei
nnerpr
ofi
l
eoft
heboxormoul
d’

Funct
ionalr
equi
rement
s

i
. I
tshoul
dbest
rongenought
osuppor
tthewei
ghtofwetconcr
ete=2400kg/
m³

i
i
. I
tmusthav
egr
outt
ightj
oint
stor
educel
eakagewhi
chcour
seshoney
combi
ngonsur
faces

i
i
i. I
tmustnotdef
lectunderl
oadsl
i
fe/dead
i
v. Besodesi
gnedsoast
onecessi
tat
eeasyassembl
yanddi
smant
li
ng

v
. I
tmustbeaccur
atel
ysetoutf
orconcr
etet
otakeupt
heshapeoft
hef
orm
moul
d.

v
i. Far
m si
zest
obedesi
gnedf
oreaseofhandl
i
ng

v
ii
. Sui
tabl
emat
eri
alsmustbechosenf
oreaseoff
ixi
ng

Moul
doi
ls;
appl
i
edt
othei
nsi
desur
faceoff
ormwor
ktoal
l
evi
atebl
owhol
esand
unev
encol
ourdef
ect
s.Ot
herdef
ect
sincl
udet
hespoi
l
ingoft
heconcr
etef
ace
(
plucki
ng)duet
othest
icki
ngofconcr
etet
othef
orm

Ter
minol
ogi
es

Br
ace:amemberusual
l
ydi
agonal
whi
chacti
ntensi
onorcompr
essi
onandst
if
fens.
Amemberacti
ntensi
onorcompr
essi
on

Car
casi
ngt
imber
:ti
mberusedf
oranyst
ruct
ural
pur
posei
nthesuppor
toff
ormsbut
noti
ndi
rectcont
actwi
thconcr
ete.

Ki
cker
/ki
ckerf
rame:ki
ckeri
sasmal
lconcr
eteupst
andcastabov
efl
oorl
evel
to
posi
ti
onwal
landcol
umnf
ormsf
ort
henextl
i
ftandt
oassi
stt
hepr
event
ionofgr
out
l
oss.Ki
ckerf
ormi
sfor
mwor
ktoaki
cker

Panel
:pr
efabr
icat
edf
orm ofl
i
mit
edsi
zedesi
gnedf
orr
espect
edr
e-use,
anumberof
whi
chmaybef
ixedt
oget
hert
ofor
m al
argesur
face

Pl
ucki
ng:i
t’
sthespoi
l
ingoft
heconcr
etef
aceduet
oadhesi
onoft
heconcr
etet
othe
f
ormt
her
ever
seoff
orm el
ect
ing

I
nfl
uenceofst
ri
kingor
deront
hedesi
gnf
orms

1.For
mst
over
ti
cal
non-
loadbear
ingsur
facese.
g.col
umnboxes,
beam si
desand
wal
lfor
ms

2.Decki
ngt
osl
abs,
hor
izont
alandi
ncl
i
nedwhi
chcar
ryonl
yli
ghtl
oade.
g.sl
abst
o
r
oof
,fl
oor
sandcanopi
es
 3.Sof
fi
tfor
mscar
ryi
ngheav
yloadse.
g.beamsandgut
terbot
toms

Pr
ecaut
ionsagai
nstt
imberwast
age

a.St
ressesi
mposedbyt
hef
lui
dconcr
eteandaddi
ti
onal
li
veanddeadl
oadshoul
d
beanal
yzedandt
hemi
nimum saf
esi
zesoft
imberandmaxi
mum spaci
ngof
suppor
tsobt
ained

b.Ti
mbershoul
dbeor
der
edt
othemostconv
eni
entl
engt
hst
oav
oidwast
agei
n
cut
ti
ng

c.Al
ll
ongerl
engt
hsshoul
dbecutf
ir
standshor
tonescutf
rom shor
tmat
eri
als

d.For
msshoul
dbemadet
ost
ri
keeasi
l
ywi
thoutdamage,
thusper
mit
ti
ng
maxi
mum r
e-use

e.Al
ll
ooseboar
dsandpanel
swhi
char
est
uckshoul
dbei
mmedi
atel
ycl
eaned,
l
oosenai
l
sremov
edandpanel
sst
ackedi
nneatpi
l
esf
orr
e-use

f
. Smal
lcl
eat
s,wedges,
bol
tsandot
herl
oosepar
tsshoul
dbet
hrowni
ntosepar
ate
boxesast
heybecomef
ree.

Mat
eri
alsf
orf
ormwor
k

Sof
twoodi
sof
tenusedf
orf
ormwor
k

Funct
ionalr
equi
rement
s

1.Shoul
dber
easonabl
ypr
icedandr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
e

2.Easi
l
ywor
kedwi
thhandormachi
neandnai
leasi
l
ywi
thoutspl
i
tti
ng

3.Shoul
dnotbesosof
tsoast
obedamagedeasi
l
yont
hecont
actf
acesunder
nor
mal
condi
ti
onsofer
ect
ing,
fixi
ngandpl
aci
ngofconcr
ete

4.Shoul
dbeasl
i
ghtaspossi
blet
oper
mitmanhandl
i
ngwhenmadeupi
ntol
arge
f
orms

5.Best
if
ftoav
oidunduedef
lect
ionwhenl
oadeddur
ingconcr
eti
ng
 6.Shoul
dnotbeundul
yli
abl
etocastorwar
pwhenexposedt
osunorr
ain

7.Whi
l
ethemostexpensi
vegr
adei
sobv
iousl
ynotneededt
het
imbershoul
dbe
wat
chedf
orbaddef
ect
ssuchasknothol
eswhi
chwoul
dfor
m anundesi
rabl
e
keyont
heconcr
etef
ace

Useofhar
dwoods

Har
dwoodsoft
het
ypewhi
char
enor
mal
l
yhar
dar
eheav
ysuchas,
beach,
bir
ch,
ashoak,
e.
t.
car
enotgener
all
ysui
tabl
eforf
ormwor
k

Why
.

- Becauset
heyar
ever
yexpensi
ve

- Tooheav
y

- Ver
yrar
elyav
ail
abl
e

Butt
heyhav
especi
aluseswher
est
rengt
h,har
dnessanddur
abi
l
ityar
eanadv
ant
age

Thesemaybe:

a.Forf
oldi
ngwedgeswhi
chhav
etowi
thst
andhammerbl
ows

b.Forcapsi
nter
posedbet
weenv
ert
ical
andhor
izont
albear
ingt
imber
ssot
hatt
he
concent
rat
edpr
essur
efr
om t
hepostmaybedi
str
ibut
edov
eral
argear
eaoft
he
r
elat
ivel
yweakersi
degr
ainofabear
er

c.Formoul
dsf
orpr
ecastwor
kwher
econsi
der
abl
ere-
usei
sexpect
edandwher
e
f
ixi
ngi
sbyscr
ewsandcl
amps.

d.Forsmal
lsect
ionsmoul
dssuchasar
eausedt
ofor
m gr
oov
esanddr
ipswher
e
sof
twoodmi
ghtbef
ragi
l
e

Ti
mbersheet
ing:I
t’
sat
erm appl
i
edt
oboar
dsofanymat
eri
alsusedt
opr
ovi
def
acest
o
f
ormf
orwal
l
s,col
umnse.
t.
c

Decki
ng:usedt
odescr
ibesi
mil
arf
aci
ngt
ohor
izont
alsur
facessuchasf
loorsl
abs
Pl
ywood

Adv
ant
ages

a.Rapi
dlyandeconomi
cal
l
yfi
xed

b.I
tisv
irt
ual
l
yleakpr
oofasmostoft
hej
oint
swhi
char
efewcomeont
hebear
er

c.I
tpr
ovi
desl
argel
evel
sur
faces

d.Nol
ocal
cast
ingorcuppi
ngofsur
faces

e.I
tmaybenai
l
edcl
oset
otheedgeswi
thoutspi
ri
ti
ng

f
.Ithav
ehi
ghr
esi
stancet
oimpactl
oad

g.I
tisst
abl
edoesnotswel
lorshr
inkt
othesamedegr
eeassol
i
dti
mber

h.Whenwel
lpl
annedt
her
eissmal
lwast
e

For
mli
nings

Sheet
sofmat
eri
alappl
i
edt
othef
aceoft
hef
orm mai
nlyt
ogi
veaspeci
alsur
facet
othe
concr
etef
ace

Ty
pes

1.Bui
ldi
ngpaper

Thi
sisast
outl
ami
nat
edpaperconsi
sti
ngoft
wocr
ossedr
ayerofsi
sal
fiber
s
sandwi
chedbet
weent
wosheet
sofKr
aftpaperbymeansofbi
tumenadhesi
ve
obt
ainedi
nrol
l
sofabout1–2m wi
deandupt
o30m l
ong

Adv
ant
ages

Pr
event
stheescapeofgr
outr
etai
nst
hemoi
stur
eint
hecementhel
pst
hecur
ing
 andkeept
hef
orm sur
facecl
earf
orr
e-use

2.Har
dboar
d

I
t’
samanuf
act
uredboar
dmadei
nsheet
s1.
2to1.
5and1.
6m by1.
2to5.
4m
l
ong.Av
ail
abl
eint
woqual
i
ties,
standar
dandsuperhar
dboar
dusedf
orf
ormwor
k
i
nthi
cknessof3and4mm.notcapabl
eofmanyr
e-useal
thought
hesuperhar
d
boar
dishar
derandmor
emoi
stur
eresi
stance

3.Thi
npl
ywood

Thi
npl
ywoodupt
o6mm t
hicki
sused.Ast
hishasappr
eci
abl
est
if
fnesst
he
suppor
ti
ngboar
dsi
fusedmaybemor
ewi
del
yspacedaccor
dingt
othe
maxi
mum pr
essur
einv
olv
ed.Forconcr
etesl
abupt
o250mm t
hickboar
dsmay
bespacedupt
o125mm apar
twhi
l
eforwal
lfor
mspour
edi
n1m l
i
fts,
theymay
bespacedat63mm apar
tusi
ng6mm pl
ywoodi
neachcase

4.Pl
ast
icl
ini
ng

Hav
esuccessf
ull
ybeenusedasl
i
ning,
theyar
enai
l
edorgl
uedt
othesheet
ing.
Theygi
veasmoot
hfi
nisht
oconcr
etef
ace.Theyenabl
ethesheett
obeused
manyt
imes

Di
sadv
ant
ages

- I
timpor
tsashi
net
otheconcr
etesur
facecausi
ngcr
azi
ng

- I
thasat
otal
l
yimper
viousf
acewhi
chpr
event
sthedi
sposi
ti
onofsur
faceai
r
col
l
ect
ingont
hef
acecr
eat
essmal
lcav
iti
eswhi
chv
aryi
nsi
zeandeasi
l
yseen

5.I
nsul
ati
onboar
d

Asof
tandabsor
bentmat
eri
alwhi
ch,
whenappl
i
edt
othef
orm sheet
ingabsor
bs
t
hesur
plusmoi
stur
efr
om t
hef
aceoft
heconcr
etemi
nimi
zest
her
iskofbl
ow
 hol
esandi
mpr
ovessur
facet
ext
ure

Per
manentf
ormwor
kli
ning

Thi
sisl
i
ningswhi
char
elef
tper
manent
lyasani
ntegr
alpar
toft
hewal
lwhent
hef
orms
ar
est
ri
ped.Thosecommonl
yusedar
e

- Pr
ecastconcr
etebl
ocksandr
e-const
ruct
edst
one

- Separ
atesur
facef
ini
shes

Ref
:Bar
ryv
ol1and2

Wal
lfor
mwor
k

Consi
stsofst
andar
dpanel
tiedt
oget
herov
ert
hei
rbackswi
thhor
izont
almember
s
cal
l
edwal
l
ingf
ulf
il
lthesamef
unct
ionasy
okespr
ovi
dingr
esi
stancet
othehor
izont
al
f
orceoft
hewetconcr
ete.A75mm hi
ghconcr
eteki
ckeri
sfor
medatt
hebaseoft
he
pr
oposedwal
lto:

i
. Enabl
ethef
ormst
obeaccur
atel
yposi
ti
oned

j
. Hel
ppr
eventt
hel
ossofgr
outatbaseoft
hef
orm

Fi
gvi
i1and2

Cl
imbi
ngf
ormwor
k

Thi
sisamet
hodofcast
ingawal
li
nsetv
ert
ical
li
fthei
ght
susi
ngt
hesamef
ormsi
na
r
epet
it
ivef
ashi
ont
husobt
aini
ngmaxusagef
rom ami
nimum numberoff
orms.Thef
ir
st
l
i
fti
sposi
ti
onedagai
nstt
heki
ckeri
nthei
nver
tedposi
ti
on,
theconcr
etei
spour
edand
al
l
owedt
ocur
eaf
terwhi
cht
hef
ormsar
eremov
ed,
rev
ersedandf
ixedt
othenewl
ycast
concr
ete,
thef
ormsar
eremov
edandr
aisedt
ofor
mthenextl
i
ftunt
ilt
her
equi
redl
i
ft
hasbeenr
eached

Fi
gvi
i3

Sl
idi
ngf
ormwor
k

Thi
sisasy
stem off
ormwor
kwhi
chsl
i
descont
inuousl
yupt
hef
aceoft
hewal
lbei
ng
castbycl
i
mbi
ngupandbei
ngsuppor
tedbyaser
iesofhy
draul
i
cjacksoper
ati
ngon
j
acki
ngr
ods.Thewhol
eist
her
efor
ecastasamonol
i
thi
candj
ointl
essst
ruct
uremaki
ng
t
hemet
hodsui
tabl
eforst
ruct
uresuchaswat
ert
ower
s,chi
mney
sandcar
esofmul
ti
st
oreybui
l
dingswi
thr
epet
it
ivef
orms.

SHORI
NG

Shor
ingi
sthet
empor
arysuppor
trequi
redi
ncaseoff
aul
tyf
oundat
ion,
bui
l
dingwal
l
sin
caseofov
ert
urni
ngorwher
eal
ter
ati
onpr
ovesnecessar
y.Ther
equi
rement
sforshor
ing
ar
eineachcasei
ndi
vi
dual
.Theext
entanddi
rect
ionofmov
ementt
obeexpect
edi
na
wal
lar
ehi
ghl
yvar
iabl
eandt
hedur
ati
onf
orwhi
chshor
ingar
eneededr
angesf
rom
weekst
oyear
s.Shor
ingmaybecar
ri
edouti
nti
mberoracombi
nat
ionoft
imberand
st
eel
.Thesemember
sshoul
dbeofsoundcapabi
l
ityt
oof
ferst
rengt
htot
hebui
l
dingt
he
st
abi
l
ityofwhi
chi
sthr
eat
enedbydamageoradj
acentbui
l
dingoper
ati
ons

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofshor
ing

1.Deadshor
es
 2.Raki
ngshor
es

3.Fl
yi
ngshor
es

Commonsi
tuat
ionswher
eshor
ingmayber
equi
red

- Dur
ingdemol
i
tionwor
kforsuppor
ttheadj
acentbui
l
ding

- Suppor
tupperpar
tofwal
lforf
ormat
ionofopeni
ngi
nthel
owerwal
l

- Toav
oidf
ail
ureofsoundwal
l
snearbasementconst
ruct
ion

- Gi
vesuppor
ttot
hebui
l
dingl
i
kel
ytobecomeunst
abl
eduet
osubsi
dence
bui
l
dingorl
eani
ng

- Gi
vesuppor
ttoaf
loor
/rooft
oenabl
easuppor
twal
ltober
emov
edand
r
epl
acedbybeam

Shor
ingsy
stems

1.Deadshor
ing:suppor
tsdeadl
oadswhi
chactv
ert
ical
l
ydownwar
ds.I
tconsi
stof
t
hef
oll
owi
ng

i
. Ver
ti
cal
propor(shor
eleg)

i
i
. Headpl
ate

i
i
i. Sol
epl
ate

i
v. Somemeansofadj
ust
ment

Sequenceofoper
ati
on

1.Si
tei
nvest
igat
iont
oascer
tai
n

- Numberofshor
es,
possi
blel
oadi
ngandwi
ndowposi
ti
ons

- Bear
ingcapaci
tyofsoi
l
s

- Locat
ionofunder
groundser
vices
2.Fi
xascl
oset
othewal
laspossi
blecei
l
ingst
rut
sbet
weensui
tabl
eheadandsol
e
pl
atet
orel
i
evet
hewal
lof
ffl
oorandr
oofl
oad

3.St
rutal
lwi
ndowopeni
ngswi
thi
nthev
ici
nit
yoft
heshor
est
opr
eventdi
stor
ti
onof
t
heopeni
ng

4.Cuthol
est
hrought
hewal
lsl
i
ght
lyl
ongeri
nsi
zet
hant
heneedl
es

5.Cuthol
est
hroughcei
l
ingf
loor
sforshor
elegs

6.Posi
ti
onandl
evel
sleeperonaf
ir
m base

7.Er
ectwedgeandsecur
eshor
ing

8.Leav
etheshor
ingi
nposi
ti
onatl
east7day
s

2.Rakeshor
es:i
ttr
ansf
erst
hef
loorandwal
ll
oadst
othegr
oundbymeansof
sl
opi
ngst
rut
sorr
akes

Oper
ati
onofsequence

- Si
tei
nvest
igat
ionasf
ordeadshor
e

- Mar
kandcutmor
ti
sesandhousi
ngi
nwal
lpl
ates

- Setoutandcuthol
esf
orneedl
esi
next
ernal
wal
l

- Onaf
ir
m basel
aygr
il
lagepl
atf
orm andsol
epl
ate

- Cutander
ectr
akesbegi
nni
ngwi
tht
hebot
tom shor
e

- Fi
xcl
eat
s,di
stancebl
ocks,
bindi
nge.
t.
ctot
hebacksofshor
es

3.Fl
yi
ngshor
es

Ful
fi
ll
thesamef
unct
ionsasr
aki
ngshor
esbuthav
eadv
ant
ageofpr
ovi
dingcl
ear
wor
kingspaceundershor
ing.Usedbet
weenanypar
all
elwal
lsur
facesupt
o12m
spanShor
tspansupt
o9m hav
easi
ngl
ehor
izont
almemberwhi
l
elar
gespans
 r
equi
ret
wohor
izont
alshor
est
okeept
hesect
ionsi
zeswi
thi
nthet
imberr
ange
commer
cial
l
yav
ail
abl
e

Demol
it
ionmet
hods

- Handdemol
i
tion

- Wi
nchdemol
i
tion

- Bal
lar
m demol
i
tion

Handdemol
it
ion

I
nvol
vest
hepr
ogr
essi
vedemol
i
tionofast
ruct
urebyoper
ati
vesusi
nghandt
ool
s,Cr
ane
edgei
sof
tenusedt
oli
ftoutmember
soncet
heyhav
ebeenr
eleased.Theor
derof
demol
i
tioni
sther
ever
set
othatofconst
ruct
ion.

Bal
lar
m demol
it
ion

I
nvol
vesdemol
i
tionbyswi
ngi
ngaheav
yst
eel
bal
lsuspendedf
rom j
i
bofacr
ane,
Its
l
i
mit
edf
orbui
l
dingov
er30m i
nhei
ghtandshoul
dbesuppl
ement
edbyhanddemol
i
tion
i
nthatpi
tchedr
oofaswel
lasf
loor
sshoul
dber
emov
edbyhand.

Wi
nchdemol
it
ion