1.

The literature of heat transfer generally recognizes distinct modes of heat

transfer. How many modes are there?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

Answer: c
Explanation: There are three modes of heat transfer i.e. radiation, convection and
conduction.
2. Consider system A at uniform temperature t and system B at another uniform
temperature T (t > T). Let the two systems be brought into contact and be
thermally insulated from their surroundings but not from each other. Energy will
flow from system A to system B because of

a) Temperature difference
b) Energy difference
c) Mass difference
d) Volumetric difference

Answer: a
Explanation: Greater the temperature imbalance the higher would be the rate of
energy transfer.
3. An oil cooler in a high performance engine has an outside surface area 0.12
m2 and a surface temperature of 65 degree Celsius. At any intermediate time air
moves over the surface of the cooler at a temperature of 30 degree Celsius and
gives rise to a surface coefficient equal to 45.4 W/ m 2 K. Find out the heat transfer
rate?
a) 238.43 W
b) 190.68 W
c) 543.67 W
d) 675.98 W

Answer: b
Explanation: Q = (T2 – T1) A h = 0.12 (65-30) 45.4 = 190.68 W.
4. Unit of the rate of heat transfer is
a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Pascal
d) Watt

Answer: d
Explanation: Unit of heat transfer is Joule but the rate of heat transfer is joule per
second i.e. watt.
5. Convective heat transfer coefficient doesn’t depend on
a) Surface area
b) Space
c) Time
d) Orientation of solid surface

Answer: a
Explanation: It is denoted by h and is dependent on space, time, geometry,
orientation of solid surface.
6. The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection is called
Newton’s law of cooling. So rate of heat flow by convection doesn’t depend on
a) Convective heat transfer coefficient
b) Surface area through which heat flows
c) Time
d) Temperature potential difference

Answer: c
Explanation: It is directly proportional to all of above except time.
7. How many types of convection process are there?
a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) Two

Answer: b
Explanation: Forced, natural and mixed convection.
8. Thermal conductivity is maximum for which substance
a) Silver
b) Ice
c) Aluminum
d) Diamond

Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of diamond is 2300 W/m K.
9. A radiator in a domestic heating system operates at a surface temperature of 60
degree Celsius. Calculate the heat flux at the surface of the radiator if it behaves as
a black body
a) 697.2 W/m2
b) 786.9 W/m2
c) 324.7 W/m2
d) 592.1 W/m2

Answer: a
Explanation: As, q = Q/A = 5.67 * 10-8 (273+60)4 = 697.2.
10. Which of the following is an example of forced convection?
a) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
b) Flow of water in condenser tubes
c) Cooling of billets in the atmosphere
d) Heat exchange on cold and warm pipes

Answer: b
Explanation: In forced convection, the flow of fluid is caused by a pump, fan or by
atmospheric winds.
“Steady And Unsteady Heat Transfer”.

1. Regarding one dimensional heat transfer, choose the correct statement.

a) Steady – f (x), Unsteady – f (x, t)
b) Steady – f (x, t), Unsteady – f (x)
c) Steady – f (x, y, t), Unsteady – f (x)
d) Steady – f (y, z), Unsteady – f (y)

Answer: a
Explanation: In case of one dimensional heat flow steady state is a function of x
coordinate only while unsteady state is a function of x coordinate and time only.
2. Which statement is true regarding steady state condition?
a) There is a variation in temperature in the course of time
b) Heat exchange is constant
c) It is a function of space and time coordinates
d) Internal energy of the system changes

Answer: b
Explanation: Heat influx is always equal to heat efflux. It is a function of space
coordinates only.
3. Which of the following is an example of steady state heat transfer?
a) Boilers and turbines
b) Cooling of I.C engine
c) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
d) Electric bulb cools down by the surrounding atmosphere

Answer: d
Explanation: System is a perfect black body.
4. Heat transfer in a long, hollow cylinder which is maintained at uniform but
different temperatures on its inner and outer surfaces may be assumed to be taking
place in which direction?
a) Axial only
b) Unpredictable
c) Radial only
d) No heat transfer takes place

Answer: c
Explanation: Ambient temperature is uniform on the periphery of cylinder and
temperature is uniform. So it takes place in the radial direction only.
5. Heat transfer takes place according to which law?
a) Newton’s law of cooling
b) Second law of thermodynamics
c) Newton’s second law of motion
d) First law of thermodynamics

Answer: b
Explanation: Second law states about heat transfer between source and sink.
6. Heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases is essentially due to
a) Radiation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Conduction as well as convection

Answer: c
Explanation: Convection is a process by which thermal energy is transferred
between solid and fluid flowing through it.
7. The appropriate rate equation for convective heat transfer between a surface and
adjacent fluid is prescribed by
a) Newton’s first law
b) Wein’s displacement law
c) Kirchhoff’s law
d) Newton’s law of cooling

Answer: d
Explanation: The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection is
called Newton’s law of cooling when the solid surface is cooled by the fluid.
8. Identify the wrong statement
a) The process of heat transfer is an irreversible process
b) For heat exchange, a temperature gradient must exist
c) A material medium is not necessary for heat transmission
d) Heat flow doesn’t depend on temperature

Answer: d
Explanation: Heat flows from higher to lower temperature.
9. During a cold winter season, a person prefers to sit near a fire. Which of the
following modes of heat transfer provides him the maximum heat?
a) Conduction from the fire
b) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good
c) Convection and radiation together
d) Radiation will provide quick warmth

Answer: d
Explanation: Heat transfer by radiation can occur between two bodies even when
they are separated by a medium colder than both of them.
10. Most unsteady heat flow occurs
a) Through the walls of the refrigerator
b) During annealing of castings
c) Through the walls of the furnace
d) Through lagged pipe carrying steam

Answer: b
Explanation: Under steady state condition, with time there is a change in
temperature i.e. temperature field is a function of space and time
“Fourier Equation”.

1. The famous Fourier series is named after

a) Diller and Ryan
b) J.B. Joseph Fourier
c) Stefan- Boltzmann
d) Wein’s

Answer: b
Explanation: He gave this theory in 1824.
2. Fourier law of heat conduction is best represented by
a) Q = -k A d t /d x
b) Q = k A d x/d t
c) Q = -k A
d) Q = k d t/d x

Answer: a
Explanation: According to Fourier law of heat conduction, Q = -k A d t /d x.
3. Here are some assumptions that are made for Fourier law. Identify the wrong
one
a) No internal heat generation
b) Steady state heat conduction
c) Non- linear temperature profile
d) Isotropic and homogenous material

Answer: c
Explanation: It has constant temperature gradient and a linear temperature profile.
4. Consider the following statements:
The Fourier heat conduction equation
Q = -k A d t /d x
Presumes
i) Steady state conditions
ii) Constant value of thermal conductivity
iii) Uniform temperature at the wall surface
iv) One dimensional heat flow
Which of these statements are correct?
a) i, ii and iii
b) i, ii and iv
c) i, iii and iv
d) i, iii and iv

Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity is different for different materials.
5. The diagram shows heat conduction through a plane wall. The surface
temperature is 475 K and it radiates heat to the surroundings at 335 K. If thermal
conductivity of the material is 12.5 W/m degree, find the temperature gradient. Let
convective coefficient be 80 W/m2 degree and radiation factor is 0.9

a) – 1052.4 degree celsius

b) – 2052.4 degree celsius
c) – 3052.4 degree celsius
d) – 4052.4 degree celsius

Answer: a
Explanation: Heat conducted through the plate = convection heat losses + radiation
heat losses. So, d t /d x = – 13155/12.5 = – 1052.4 degree Celsius.
6. Negative sign in Fourier heat conduction equation indicates
a) Heat always flow is in the direction of positive temperature gradient
b) Heat always flow in the direction of negative temperature gradient
c) No heat flow is there
d) Data is insufficient

Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio d t/d x represents the change in temperature per unit
thickness i.e. the temperature gradient. So it represents heat flow in the direction of
negative temperature gradient.
7. Transmission of heat i.e. molecular is smallest in case of
a) Gases
b) Liquids
c) Alloys
d) Solids

Answer: a
Explanation: In gases, atoms are arranged loosely, there is less molecular
transmission of heat as compared to solids, liquids and alloys.
8. Which one is not the unit of thermal conductivity?
a) kcal/m hr K
b) KJ/m hr K
c) W/m s K
d) Cal/cm s K

Answer: c
Explanation: The unit kcal/m hr K could also be specified as J/m s K or W/m s K
and this is actually done while quoting the numerical values of thermal
conductivity.
9. “Thermal conductivity represents the amount of heat conducted across the unit
area when a temperature difference of one kelvin”.
a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: It is across unit area and through unit distance.
10. Which of the following is the unit of thermal resistance?
a) degree/kcal
b) hour degree
c) s degree/kcal
d) degree/W

Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal resistance is expressed in the unit’s hr degree/kcal, degree/W
and s degree/J.
“Thermal Conductivity Of Materials”.

1. Thermal conductivity is defined as the heat flow per unit time

a) When the temperature gradient is unity
b) Across the wall with no temperature
c) Through a unit thickness of the wall
d) Across unit area where the temperature gradient is unity

Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of a material is because of migration of free
electrons and lattice vibrational waves.
2. Mark the matter with least value of thermal conductivity
a) Air
b) Water
c) Ash
d) Window glass

Answer: a
Explanation: For air, it is .024 W/ m degree i.e. lowest.
3. Which one of the following forms of water have the highest value of thermal
conductivity?
a) Boiling water
b) Steam
c) Solid ice
d) Melting ice

Answer: c
Explanation: For ice, it is 2.25 W/m degree i.e. maximum.
4. The average thermal conductivities of water and air conform to the ratio
a) 50:1
b) 25:1
c) 5:1
d) 15:1

Answer: b
Explanation: For water, it is 0.55-0.7 W/m degree and for air it is .024 W/m
degree.
5. Identify the very good insulator
a) Saw dust
b) Cork
c) Asbestos sheet
d) Glass wool

Answer: d
Explanation: Glass wool has a lowest thermal conductivity of 0.03 W/m degree
amongst given option.
6. Most metals are good conductor of heat because of
a) Transport of energy
b) Free electrons and frequent collision of atoms
c) Lattice defects
d) Capacity to absorb energy

Answer: b
Explanation: For good conductors, there must be electrons that are free to move.
7. Heat conduction in gases is due to
a) Elastic impact of molecules
b) Movement of electrons
c) EM Waves
d) Mixing of gases

Answer: a
Explanation: If there is elastic collision then after sometime molecules regain its
natural position.
8. The heat energy propagation due to conduction heat transfer will be minimum
for
a) Lead
b) Water
c) Air
d) Copper

Answer: c
Explanation: It is because air has lowest value of thermal conductivity amongst
given options.
9. Cork is a good insulator because
a) It is flexible
b) It can be powdered
c) Low density
d) It is porous

Answer: d
Explanation: Cork has thermal conductivity in the range of 0.05-0.10 which is very
low so it can be porous.
10. Choose the false statement
a) For pure metal thermal conductivity is more
b) Thermal conductivity decreases with increase in the density of the substance
c) Thermal conductivity of dry material is lower than that of damp material
d) Heat treatment causes variation in thermal conductivity

Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal conductivity increase with increase in the density of a
substance.
“General Heat Conduction Equation”.

1. From the concept of kinetic theory, mean travel velocity of the gas molecules is
prescribed by the relation
a) V = (3M/GT) 1/2
b) V = (3GT/M) 1/2
c) V = (6T/GM) 1/2
d) V = (3GT/2M) 1/2

Answer: b
Explanation: Heat transfer by conduction in gases occurs through transport of the
kinetic energy of molecular motion resulting from the random movement and
collisions of the molecules.
Where, G = Universal gas constant
M = Molecular weight of the gas
T = Absolute temperature.
2. Low temperature insulation are used when the enclosure is at a temperature
lower than the ambient temperature. Which one of the following is not a low
temperature insulation?
a) Asbestos
b) Cork
c) Cattle hair
d) Slag wool

Answer: a
Explanation: Asbestos is a high temperature insulation which is used when it is
desired to prevent an enclosure at a temperature higher than the ambient from
losing heat to its surroundings.
3. The value of Lorenz number in 10-8 W ohms/K2 is
a) 2.02
b) 2.35
c) 2.56
d) 2.45

Answer: d
Explanation: Lorenz no. = k/α T
4. For liquids, thermal conductivity is governed by the relation
a) k = A c p p7/3/M1/3
b) k = 2A c p p4/3/M2/3
c) k = A c p p4/3/M1/3
d) k = A c p p8/3/M1/3

Answer: c
Explanation: Area doesn’t depends on the nature of liquid but on the quantity
(Ac p) is nearly constant for all liquids. Where,
CP = Specific heat at constant pressure
M = Molecular weight of the gas
p = Mass density
A = Area.
5. Consider the following parameters
(i) Composition
(ii) Density
(iii) Porosity
(iv) Structure
Then, thermal conductivity of glass wool varies from sample to sample because of
variation is
a) i and ii
b) i, ii, iii and iv
c) i and iii
d) i, ii and iii

Answer: b
Explanation: There is a variation due to all the above options.
6. The thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity of a metal at absolute
temperature are related as
a) k/σ T
b) k/σ
c) k σ/T
d) k/T

Answer: a
Explanation: It is defined as the ratio of thermal conductivity to the product of
electrical conductivity and temperature.
7. The relation Ϫ2 t =0 is referred to as
a) Poisson’s equation
b) Fourier heat conduction equation
c) Solution for transient conduction
d) Laplace equation

Answer: d
Explanation: In the absence of internal heat generation or release of energy within
the body, equation reduces to Laplace equation.
8. The unit of thermal diffusivity is
a) m2/hr-K
b) kcal/m2-hr
c) m2/hr
d) m/hr-K

Answer: c
Explanation: The quantity α = k/pc is called thermal diffusivity.
9. To effect a bond between two metal plates, 2.5 cm and 15 cm thick, heat is
uniformly applied through the thinner plate by a radiant heat source. The bonding
must be held at 320 K for a short time. When the heat source is adjusted to have a
steady value of 43.5 k W/m2, a thermocouple installed on the side of the thinner
plate next to source indicates a temperature of 345 K. Calculate the temperature
gradient for heat conduction through thinner plate. In the diagram, the upper plate
is 2.5 cm thick while the lower is 15 cm thick.

a) – 1000 degree Celsius/m

b) – 2000 degree Celsius/m
c) – 3000 degree Celsius/m
d) – 4000 degree Celsius/m

Answer: a
Explanation: Temperature gradient = d t/d x = – 1000 degree Celsius/m. Also, q/A
= – k (t2– t 1)/δ.
10. The diffusion equations
Ɏ2t + q g = (1/α) (d t/d r)
Governs the temperature distribution under unsteady heat flow through a
homogeneous and isotropic material. The Fourier equation follows from this
expression when
a) Temperature doesn’t depends on time
b) There is no internal heat generation
c) Steady state conditions prevail
d) There is no internal heat generation but unsteady state condition prevails

Answer: d
Explanation: In unsteady state condition, there is no internal heat generation
“Conduction Through A Plane Wall”.
1. In Cartesian coordinates the heat conduction equation is given by
a) d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + q g = (1/α) (d t/d T)
b) 2d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + 34q g = (d t/d T)
c) d2t/dx2 + 3d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 = (1/α) (d t/d T)
d) 4d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + 1/2q g = (1/α) (d t/d T)

Answer: a
Explanation: This is one dimensional heat conduction through a homogenous,
isotropic wall with constant thermal conductivity.
2. The temperature distribution in a large thin plate with uniform surface
temperature will be
(Assume steady state condition)
a) Logarithmic
b) Hyperbolic
c) Parabolic
d) Linear

Answer: d
Explanation: The temperature increases with increasing value of x. Temperature
gradient will be positive i.e. linear.
3. Let us assume two walls of same thickness and cross-sectional area having
thermal conductivities in the ratio 1/2. Let us say there is same temperature
difference across the wall faces, the ratio of heat flow will be
a) 1
b) 1/2
c) 2
d) 4

Answer: b
Explanation: Q1 = k1 A1 d t1/δ1 and Q2 = k2A2 d t2/δ 2
Now, δ1 = δ2 and A1 = A2 and d t1 = d t2
So, Q1/Q2 = ½.
4. The interior of an oven is maintained at a temperature of 850 degree Celsius by
means of a suitable control apparatus. The oven walls are 500 mm thick and are
fabricated from a material of thermal conductivity 0.3 W/m degree. For an outside
wall temperature of 250 degree Celsius, workout the resistance to heat flow
a) 0.667 degree/W
b) 1.667 degree/W
c) 2.667 degree/W
d) 3.667 degree/W

Answer: b
Explanation: R t = 0.5/0.3 = 1.667 degree/W.
5. A plane slab of thickness 60 cm is made of a material of thermal conductivity k
= 17.45 W/m K. Let us assume that one side of the slab absorbs a net amount of
radiant energy at the rate q = 530.5 watt/m2. If the other face of the slab is at a
constant temperature t2 = 38 degree Celsius. Comment on the temperature with
respect to the slab?
a) 87.5 degree Celsius
b) 32 degree Celsius
c) 47.08 degree Celsius
d) 32.87 degree Celsius

Answer: c
Explanation: Heat flux, q = k (t s – t f) / Thickness. So, t s = 56.17 degree Celsius.
Now, t = t s + (t f – t s) x/Thickness.
6. The rate of heat transfer for a plane wall of homogenous material with constant
thermal conductivity is given by
a) Q = kA (t1-t2)/δ
b) Q = 2kAx/ δ
c) Q = 2kAδx
d) Q = 2k/δ x

Answer: a
Explanation: Computations for heat flow can be made by substituting the value of
temperature gradient into the general equation. The heat flow somehow doesn’t
depend on x.
7. In case of homogeneous plane wall, there is a linear temperature distribution
given by
a) t = t1 + (t2-t1) δ/x
b) t = t2 – (t2-t1) x/ δ
c) t = t1 + (t2-t1) x
d) t = t1 + (t2-t1) x/ δ
Answer: d
Explanation: The expression for steady state temperature distribution can be set up
by integrating the Fourier rate equation.
8. The rate of convective heat transfer between a solid boundary and adjacent fluid
is given by
a) Q = h A (t s – t f)
b) Q = h A
c) Q = (t s – t f)
d) Q = h (t s – t f)

Answer: a
Explanation: Here, h is heat transfer coefficient i.e. convective.
9. A homogeneous wall of area A and thickness δ has left and right hand surface
temperatures of 0 degree Celsius and 40 degree Celsius. Determine the temperature
at the center of the wall
a) 10 degree Celsius
b) 20 degree Celsius
c) 30 degree Celsius
d) 40 degree Celsius

Answer: b
Explanation: At the midpoint x = δ/2. So, temperature = 40 + (0 – 40)/2 = 20
degree Celsius.
10. A rod of 3 cm diameter and 20 cm length is maintained at 100 degree Celsius
at one end and 10 degree Celsius at the other end. These temperature conditions are
attained when there is heat flow rate of 6 W. If cylindrical surface of the rod is
completely insulated, determine the thermal conductivity of the rod material
a) 21.87 W/m degree
b) 20.87 W/m degree
c) 19.87 W/m degree
d) 18.87 W/m degree

Answer: d
Explanation: Q = k A C (t 1 – t 2)/δ = 0.318 k.
“Conduction Through A Composite Wall”.
1. A composite wall generally consists of
a) One homogenous layer
b) Multiple heterogeneous layers
c) One heterogeneous layer
d) Multiple homogenous layers

Answer: b
Explanation: Walls of houses where bricks are given a layer of plaster on either
side.
2. Three metal walls of the same thickness and cross sectional area have thermal
conductivities k, 2k and 3k respectively. The temperature drop across the walls (for
same heat transfer) will be in the ratio
a) 3:2:1
b) 1:1:1
c) 1:2:3
d) Given data is insufficient

Answer: a
Explanation: As, δ1 = δ2 = δ3 and cross sectional areas are same i.e. temperature
drop varies inversely with thermal conductivity.
3. A composite wall is made of two layers of thickness δ1 and δ2 having thermal
conductivities k and 2k and equal surface area normal to the direction of heat flow.
The outer surface of composite wall are at 100 degree Celsius and 200 degree
Celsius. The minimum surface temperature at the junction is 150 degree Celsius.
What will be the ratio of wall thickness?
a) 1:1
b) 2:1
c) 1:2
d) 2:3

Answer: c
Explanation: Q = k 1 A 1 d t 1 / δ1 = k 2 A 2 d t 2 / δ2 Also areas are same.
4. Let us say thermal conductivity of a wall is governed by the relation k = k0 (1
+ α t). In that case the temperature at the mid-plane of the heat conducting wall
would be
a) Av. of the temperature at the wall faces
b) More than average of the temperature at the wall faces
c) Less than average of the temperature at the wall faces
d) Depends upon the temperature difference between the wall faces

Answer: b
Explanation: k0 is thermal conductivity at 0 degree Celsius. Here β is positive so it
is more than average of the temperature at the wall faces.
5. Heat is transferred from a hot fluid to a cold one through a plane wall of
thickness (δ), surface area (A) and thermal conductivity (k). The thermal resistance
is
a) 1/A (1/h1 + δ/k + 1/h2)
b) A (1/h1 + δ/k + 1/h2)
c) 1/A (h1 + δ/k + h2)
d) A (h1 + δ/k + 1/h2)

Answer: a
Explanation: Net thermal resistance will be summation of resistance through plane
wall and from left side and right side of the wall.
6. Find the heat flow rate through the composite wall as shown in figure. Assume
one dimensional flow and take

k 1 = 150 W/m degree

k 2 = 30 W/m degree
k 3 = 65 W/m degree
k 4 = 50 W/m degree
AB = 3 cm, BC = 8 cm and CD = 5 cm. The distance between middle horizontal
line from the top is 3 cm and from the bottom is 7 cm
a) 1173.88 W
b) 1273.88 W
c) 1373.88 W
d) 1473.88 W

Answer: b
Explanation: Q = d t/ R T. R T = R 1 + R e q + R 2 = 0.02 + 0.01469 + 0.1 = 0.2669
degree/W.
7. A pipe carrying steam at 215.75 degree Celsius enters a room and some heat is
gained by surrounding at 27.95 degree Celsius. The major effect of heat loss to
surroundings will be due to
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Both conduction and convection

Answer: c
Explanation: As there is temperature difference so radiation suits well.
8. “Radiation cannot be affected through vacuum or space devoid of any matter”.
True or false
a) True
b) False

Answer: b
Explanation: It can be affected only by air between molecules and vacuum of any
matter.
9. A composite slab has two layers having thermal conductivities in the ratio of
1:2. If the thickness is the same for each layer then the equivalent thermal
conductivity of the slab would be
a) 1/3
b) 2/3
c) 2
d) 4/3

Answer: d
Explanation: 2(1) (2)/1+2 = 4/3.
10. A composite wall of a furnace has two layers of equal thickness having thermal
conductivities in the ratio 2:3. What is the ratio of the temperature drop across the
two layers?
a) 2:3
b) 3:2
c) 1:2
d) log e 2 : log e 3

Answer: b
Explanation: We know that temperature is inversely proportional to thermal
conductivity, so the ratio is 2:3
Conduction Through A Cylindrical Wall”.

1. Typical examples of heat conduction through cylindrical tubes are not found in
a) Power plants
b) Oil refineries
c) Most process industries
d) Aircrafts

Answer: d
Explanation: Boilers have tubes in them, the condenser consist of a bank of tubes.
2. The rate of heat conduction through a cylindrical tube is usually expressed as
a) Per unit length
b) Per unit area
c) Only length
d) Only area

Answer: a
Explanation: It is expressed as per unit length rather than per unit area as done for
plane walls.
3. A steel pipe of 20 mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness is covered with 20
mm thick of fiber glass insulation (k = 0.05 W/m degree). If the inside and outside
convective coefficients are 10 W/m2 degree and 5 W/m2 degree, calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside diameter of pipe. In the diagram,
the diameter of small circle is 20 mm
a) 1.789 W/m2 degree
b) 2.789 W/m2 degree
c) 3.789 W/m2 degree
d) 4.789 W/m2 degree

Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 2 π l (t i – t 0)/ [(1/h i r i) + log e (r 3/r 2) (1/k 2) + (1/h 0 r 3)].
4. Logarithmic mean area of the cylindrical tube is given as
a) 2πr m
b) πr ml
c) 2πr ml
d) 2r ml

Answer: c
Explanation: It is known as equivalent area and r m = r2-r1/log e (r2/r1).
5. A hot fluid is being conveyed through a long pipe of 4 cm outer diameter and
covered with 2 cm thick insulation. It is proposed to reduce the conduction heat
loss to the surroundings to one-third of the present rate by further covering with
same insulation. Calculate the additional thickness of insulation
a) 11 cm
b) 12 cm
c) 13 cm
d) 14 cm

Answer: b
Explanation: Heat loss with existing insulation = 2 π k l (t 1 – t 2)/log e (r 2/r 1) and
heat loss with additional insulation = 2 π k l (t 1 – t 2)/log e (r 2 + x/r 1).
6. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 is
desired to be written in the same form as that for heat flow through a plane wall.
For wall thickness (r 2-r 1) the area will be
a) A1 + A2/2
b) A1 + A2
c) A2 – A1/ log e (A2/A1)
d) A1 + A2/2 log e (A2/A1)

Answer: a
Explanation: Here A 1 and A 2 are the inner and outer surface areas of tubes. The
net area is A M.
7. A cylinder of radius r and made of material of thermal conductivity k 1 is
surrounded by a cylindrical shell of inner radius r and outer radius 2r. This outer
shell is made of a material of thermal conductivity k 2. Net conductivity would be
a) k 1 + 3 k 2/4
b) k 1 + k 2/4
c) k 1 + 3k 2
d) k 1 + k 2

Answer: a
Explanation: Heat flowing per second is given by = k1 (πr2) (t1-t2) δ. Shell heat is
k2 π [(2r)2 – r2 ] (t1 – t2)/ δ.
8. For steady state and a constant value of thermal conductivity, the temperature
distribution associated with radial convection through a cylinder is
a) Linear
b) Parabolic
c) Logarithmic
d) Exponential

Answer: c
Explanation: As thermal conductivity is constant so we get a profile that is
logarithmic in nature.
9. A cylindrical cement tube of radii 0.05 cm and 1.0 cm has a wire embedded into
it along its axis. To maintain a steady temperature difference of 120 degree Celsius
between the inner and outer surfaces, a current of 5 ampere is made to flow in the
wire. Find the amount of heat generated per meter length. Take resistance of wire
equal to 0.1 ohm per cm of length
a) 150 W/m length
b) 250 W/m length
c) 350 W/m length
d) 450 W/m length

Answer: b
Explanation: Resistance of wire = 10 ohm per m length. Heat generated = (5) 2 10
= 250 W/m length.
10. A stainless steel tube with inner diameter 12 mm, thickness 0.2 mm and length
50n cm is heated electrically. The entire 15 k W of heat energy generated in the
tube is transferred through its outer surface. Find the intensity of the current flow
a) 52 amps
b) 62 amps
c) 72 amps
d) 82 amps

Answer: a
Explanation: Power generated = 15 k W = 15000 W. Therefore, intensity of current
flow = (15000/5.548) ½ = 52 amps.
“Conduction Through A Sphere”.

1. The temperature distribution associated with radial conduction through a sphere

is represented by
a) Parabola
b) Hyperbola
c) Linear
d) Ellipse

Answer: b
Explanation: As conduction is radial i.e. in outward direction, so it follows the
hyperbola equation..
2. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a spherical wall is
a) (r2-r1)/2πkr1r2
b) (r2-r1)/3πkr1r2
c) (r2-r1)/πkr1r2
d) (r2-r1)/4πkr1r2

Answer: d
Explanation: We get this on integrating the equation Q = -k A d t/ d r from limits
r1 to r2 and T1 to T2.
3. The rate of conduction heat flow in case of a composite sphere is given by
a) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
b) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
c) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
d) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3

Answer: c
Explanation: Here, convective film coefficient at the inner and outer surfaces are
also considered.
4. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a hollow sphere of inner
radius r1 and outer radius r2 is
a) r 2 – r 1/4πk r 1r 2
b) r 2 /4πk r 1r 2
c) r 1/4πk r 1r 2
d) 4πk r 1r 2

Answer: a
Explanation: As Q = d t/ R T. Here R T is thermal resistance.
5. A spherical vessel of 0.5 m outside diameter is insulated with 0.2 m thickness of
insulation of thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m degree. The surface temperature of
the vessel is – 195 degree Celsius and outside air is at 10 degree Celsius.
Determine heat flow per m2 based on inside area
a) – 63.79 W/m2
b) – 73.79 W/m2
c) – 83.79 W/m2
d) – 93.79 W/m2

Answer: b
Explanation: Heat flow based on inside area = Q/4 π r 2 = – 73.79 W/m2.
6. The quantity d t/Q for conduction of heat through a body i.e. spherical in shape
is
a) ln (r2/r1)/2πLk
b) ln (r2/r1)/πLk
c) ln (r2/r1)/2Lk
d) ln (r2/r1)/2πk

Answer: a
Explanation: We get this on integrating the equation Q = -k A d t/ d r from limits
r1 to r2 and T1 to T2.
7. A spherical vessel of 0.5 m outside diameter is insulated with 0.2 m thickness of
insulation of thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m degree. The surface temperature of
the vessel is – 195 degree Celsius and outside air is at 10 degree Celsius.
Determine heat flow
a) – 47.93 W
b) – 57.93 W
c) – 67.93 W
d) – 77.93 W

Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 4 π k r 1 r 2 (t 1 – t 2)/r 2 – r 1 = -57.93 W.
8. If we increase the thickness of insulation of a circular rod, heat loss to
surrounding due to
a) Convection and conduction increases
b) Convection and conduction decreases
c) Convection decreases while that due to conduction increases
d) Convection increases while that due to conduction decreases

Answer: d
Explanation: In convection energy is transferred between solid and fluid but in
conduction from T 1 to T 2.
9. The following data pertains to a hollow cylinder and a hollow sphere made of
same material and having the same temperature drop over the wall thickness
Inside radius = 0.1 m and outside surface area = 1 square meter
If the outside radius for both the geometrics is same, calculate the ratio of heat
flow in the cylinder to that of sphere?
a) 0.056
b) 2.345
c) 1.756
d) 3.543

Answer: c
Explanation: For sphere r 2 = (1/4 π) 1/2 = 0.282 m, for cylinder, l = A 2/2 r 2 π =
0.565 m.
10. The oven of an electric store, of total outside surface area 2.9 m2 dissipates
electric energy at the rate of 600 W. The surrounding room air is at 20 degree
Celsius and the surface coefficient of heat transfer between the room air and the
surface of the oven is estimated to be 11.35 W/m 2 degree. Determine the average
steady state temperature of the outside surface of the store
a) 38.22 degree Celsius
b) 48.22 degree Celsius
c) 58.22 degree Celsius
d) 68.22 degree Celsius

Answer: a
Explanation: Q = h A (t 0 – t a).

“Shape Factor”.

1. “All the factors relating to the geometry of the sections are grouped together into
a multiple constant called the shape factor”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: They are grouped together into a single constant instead of multiple
one.
2. Shape factor for a plane wall is equal to
a) A/δ
b) 2A/δ
c) 3A/δ
d) 4A/δ
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It should be obtained by dividing area with respect to length.
3. For a prescribed temperature difference, bodies with the same shape factor will
allow heat conduction proportional to
a) k/2
b) 2k
c) k
d) k/4
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is proportional to material thermal conductivity irrespective of size
and configuration.
4. Shape factor for cylinder is
a) 6 π l/log e (r 2/r 1)
b) 4 π l/log e (r 2/r 1)
c) π l/log e (r 2/r 1)
d) 2 π l/log e (r 2/r 1)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is two times the rest of the product.
5. The annealing furnace for continuous bar stock is open at the ends and has
interior dimensions of 0.6 m * 0.6 m * 1.5 m long with a wall 0.3 m thick all
around. Calculate the shape factor for the furnace?
a) 15.24 m
b) 16.34 m
c) 14.54 m
d) 13.76 m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Shape factor for 4 walls = 4 (area of wall)/ (thickness) = 4 (1.5)
(0.6)/0.3 = 12 m. Shape factor for 4 edges = 4 (0.54) (1.5) = 3.24 m. Total = 15.24
m.
6. Shape factor for sphere is
a) 4 π r 1 r 2
b) 4 π r 1 r 2/r 2 – r 1
c) 4 π /r 2 – r 1
d) r 1 r 2/r 2 – r 1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In case of sphere it is given in option b. Area of sphere is 4 π r 2.
7. Which is true regarding a complete rectangular furnace?
a) 6 walls, 12 edges and 6 corners
b) 0 walls, 2 edges and 4 corners
c) 6 walls, 12 edges and 8 corners
d) 2 walls, 6 edges and 8 corners
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It has 6 walls, 12 edges and 8 corners.
8. The shape factor for complete rectangular furnace is
Where a, b and c are the inside dimensions and d x is the wall thickness
a) 2/ d x (a b + b c + c a) + 4 (0.64) (a + b +c) + 8 (0.45) d x
b) 2/ d x (a b + b c + c a) + 4 (0.44) (a + b +c) + 8 (0.35) d x
c) 2/ d x (a b + b c + c a) + 4 (0.34) (a + b +c) + 8 (0.25) d x
d) 2/ d x (a b + b c + c a) + 4 (0.54) (a + b +c) + 8 (0.15) d x
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: S edge = 0.54 times length of edge. S corner = 0.15 d x.
9. For the same material and same temperature difference, the heat flow in terms of
shape factor is given by
a) S k d t
b) k d t/S
c) 2S k/d t
d) 2S/3
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The heat flow is proportional to the shape factor.
10. For the same amount of fabrication material and same inside capacity, the heat
loss is lowest in
a) Sphere
b) Cylinder
c) Rectangle
d) Cube
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For cylinder, it is 0.439 i.e. lowest.
“Effect Of Variable Conductivity”.

1. With variable thermal conductivity, Fourier law of heat conduction through a

plane wall can be expressed as
a) Q = -k0 (1 + β t) A d t/d x
b) Q = k0 (1 + β t) A d t/d x
c) Q = – (1 + β t) A d t/d x
d) Q = (1 + β t) A d t/d x
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here k0 is thermal conductivity at zero degree Celsius.
2. The inner and outer surfaces of a furnace wall, 25 cm thick, are at 300 degree
Celsius and 30 degree Celsius. Here thermal conductivity is given by the relation
K = (1.45 + 0.5 * 10-5 t2) KJ/m hr deg
Where, t is the temperature in degree centigrade. Calculate the heat loss per square
meter of the wall surface area?
a) 1355.3 kJ/m2 hr
b) 2345.8 kJ/m2 hr
c) 1745.8 kJ/m2 hr
d) 7895.9 kJ/m2 hr
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Q = -k A d t/d x, Q d x = – k A d t = – (1.45 + 0.5 * 10-5 t2) A d t.
Integrating over the wall thickness δ, we get Q = 436.45/0.25 = 1745.8 kJ/m2 hr.
3. A plane wall of thickness δ has its surfaces maintained at temperatures T1 and
T2. The wall is made of a material whose thermal conductivity varies with
temperature according to the relation k = k0 T2. Find the expression to work out the
steady state heat conduction through the wall?
a) Q = 2A k0 (T 1 3 – T 2 3)/3 δ
b) Q = A k0 (T 1 3 – T 2 3)/3 δ
c) Q = A k0 (T 1 2 – T 2 2)/3 δ
d) Q = A k0 (T 1 – T 2)/3 δ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = -k A d t/d x = k0 T2 A d t/d x. Separating the variables and
integrating within the prescribed boundary conditions, we get Q = A k0 (T 1 3 –
T 2 3)/3 δ.
4. The mean thermal conductivity evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature is
represented by
a) km = k0 [1 + β (t1 – t2)/2].
b) km = k0 [1 + (t1 + t2)/2].
c) km = k0 [1 + β (t1 + t2)/3].
d) km = k0 [1 + β (t1 + t2)/2].
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: At arithmetic mean temperatures i.e. (t1 + t2)/2.
5. With respect to the equation k = k0 (1 +β t) which is true if we put β = 0?
a) Slope of temperature curve is constant
b) Slope of temperature curve does not change
c) Slope of temperature curve increases
d) Slope of temperature curve is decreases
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: As temperature profile is linear so it is constant.
6. The accompanying sketch shows the schematic arrangement for measuring the
thermal conductivity by the guarded hot plate method. Two similar 1 cm thick
specimens receive heat from a 6.5 cm by 6.5 cm guard heater. When the power
dissipation by the wattmeter was 15 W, the thermocouples inserted at the hot and
cold surfaces indicated temperatures as 325 K and 300 K. What is the thermal
conductivity of the test specimen material?
a) 0.81 W/m K
b) 0.71 W/m k
c) 0.61 W/m K
d) 0.51 W/m K
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = k A (t 1 – t 2)/δ. So, k = 0.71 W/m K.
7. If β is greater than zero, then choose the correct statement with respect to given
relation
k = k0 (1 +β t)
a) k doesn’t depend on temperature
b) k depends on temperature
c) k is directly proportional to t
d) Data is insufficient
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: k increases with increases temperature.
8. The unit of thermal conductivity doesn’t contain which parameter?
a) Watt
b) Pascal
c) Meter
d) Kelvin
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Its unit is W/m K.
9. The temperatures on the two sides of a plane wall are t1 and t2 and thermal
conductivity of the wall material is prescribed by the relation
K = k0 e (-x/δ)
Where, k0 is constant and δ is the wall thickness. Find the relation for temperature
distribution in the wall?
a) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = x
b) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = δ
c) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = δ/x
d) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = x/δ
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = -k A d t/d x = -k0 e (-x/δ) d t/d x. Separating the variables and upon
integration, we get Q/k0 A = (t 1 – t 2)/ δ (e – 1). Therefore heat transfer through the
wall, Q = k0 A (t 1 – t 2)/ δ (e – 1). At x = x and t = t x we get the answer.
10. “If β is less than zero, then with respect to the relation k = k0 (1 + β t),
conductivity depends on surface area”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: k decreases with increasing temperature.
“Critical Thickness Of Insulation”.

1. A cable of 10 mm outside is to be laid in an atmosphere of 25 degree Celsius (h

= 12.5 W/m2 degree) and its surface temperature is likely to be 75 degree Celsius
due to heat generated within it. How would the heat flow from the cable be
affected if it is insulated with rubber having thermal conductivity k = 0.15 W/m
degree?
a) 43.80 W per meter length
b) 53.80 W per meter length
c) 63.80 W per meter length
d) 73.80 W per meter length
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 2 π d t/ (1/k) log e(r c/r 0) = 53.80 W per meter length.
2. Chose the correct one with respect to the critical radius of insulation
a) There is more heat loss i.e. conductive
b) There occurs a decrease in heat flux
c) Heat loss increases with addition of insulation
d) Heat loss decreases with addition of insulation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For a pipe heat loss is more at the critical radius.
3. A heat exchanger shell of outside radius 15 cm is to be insulated with glass wool
of thermal conductivity 0.0825 W/m degree. The temperature at the surface is 280
degree Celsius and it can be assumed to remain constant after the layer of
insulation has been applied to the shell. The convective film coefficient between
the outside surface of glass wool and the surrounding air is estimated to be 8
W/m2 degree. What is the value of a critical radius?
a) 9.31 mm
b) 10.31 mm
c) 11.31 mm
d) 12.31 mm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Critical radius of insulation = k/h = 0.0825/8 = 0.01031 m = 10.31
mm.
4. For an object i.e. spherical the value of critical radius would be
a) 2k/3h
b) 3k/h
c) 2k/h
d) k/h
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It depends on the variation of angle with layers of insulation.
5. Maximum value of critical radius is
a) 0.01 m
b) 0.04 m
c) 0.06 m
d) 0.0001 m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: K for common insulating material is 0.05 W/ m degree.
6. An electric cable of aluminum (k = 240 W/ m degree) is to be insulated with
rubber (k = 6 W/ square meter degree). If the cable is in air (h = 6 W/square meter
degree). Find the critical radius?
a) 80 mm
b) 160 mm
c) 40 mm
d) 25 mm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Critical radius = 0.15/6 = 0.025 m = 25 mm.
7. The value of critical radius in case of a cylindrical hollow object is
a) 2k/h
b) 2h/k
c) k/h
d) h/k
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Unit is meter.
8. A wire of radius 3 mm and 1.25 m length is to be maintained at 60 degree
Celsius by insulating it by a material of thermal conductivity 0.175 W/m K. The
temperature of surrounding is 20 degree Celsius with heat transfer coefficient 8.5
W/ m2 K. Find percentage increase in heat loss due to insulation?
a) 134.46 %
b) 124.23 %
c) 100.00 %
d) 12.55 %
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = 8.5 (2 π 0.003 1.25) (60 – 20) = 8.01 W. % increase = (18.78 –
8.01/8.01) (100) = 134.46 %.
9. A pipe of outside diameter 20 mm is to be insulated with asbestos which has a
mean thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m degree. The local coefficient of convective
heat to the surroundings is 5 W/square meter degree. Find the critical radius of
insulation for optimum heat transfer from a pipe?
a) 10 mm
b) 20 mm
c) 30 mm
d) 40 mm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Critical radius of insulation = k/h0 = 0.1/5 = 0.02 m = 20 mm.
10. For insulation to be properly effective in restricting heat transmission, the pipe
radius r0 will be
a) Greater than critical radius
b) Less than critical radius
c) Equal to critical radius
d) Greater than or equal to critical radius
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Addition of insulating material doesn’t always decrease in the heat
transfer rate.

“Heat Generation Through Plane Wall”.

1. In case of heat conduction through the plane wall, which one of the following is
not a correct assumption?
a) Steady state
b) Three dimensional heat flow
c) Volumetric heat generation must be constant
d) K must be constant
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There should be two dimensional heat flow. The differential equation
describing the temperature distribution can be set up by making an energy balance.
2. If Q X is heat generated in at distance ‘x’, then heat conducted out at a distance
(x + d x) will be
a) Q X + 3d (Q X) d x /d x
b) 2Q X + d (Q X) d x /d x
c) d (Q X) d x /d x
d) Q X + d (Q X) d x /d x
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q X + Q g = Q X + d X.
3. Notable example of uniform generation of heat within the conducting medium
are
(i) Energy of a nuclear reactor
(ii) Liberation of energy due to some exothermic chemical reactions
(iii) Resistance heating in electrical appliances
Which of the statements made above are correct?
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and ii
c) i and iii
d) Only ii
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: All the statements are correct with respect to plane wall heat
conduction.
4. For a plane wall of thickness l with uniformly distributed heat generation q g per
unit volume, the temperature t 0 at mid plane is given by
a) t 0 = q g l 2/2k +t w
b) t 0 = q g l 2/4k +t w
c) t 0 = q g l 2/8k +t w
d) t 0 = q g l 2/16k +t w
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: t = q g /2k (l – x) x + t w. At mid plane i.e. x = l/2 we get t 0 = q g l 2/8k
+t w.
5. The temperature drop in a plane wall with uniformly distributed heat generation
can be decreased by reducing
a) Wall thickness
b) Heat generation rate
c) Thermal conductivity
d) Surface area
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: On decreasing wall thickness, generally temperature drop decreases.
6. Consider a slab of thickness δ with one side (x = 0) insulated and other side (x =
δ) maintained at constant temperature. The rate of uniform heat generation within
the slab is q g W/m3. Presuming that the heat conduction is in steady state and one
dimensional along x direction, the maximum temperature in the slab would occur
at x equal
a) δ/2
b) Zero
c) δ/4
d) δ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Maximum temperature occurs at the insulated face of the wall where
x = 0.
7. There occurs heat conduction and internal heat generation at uniform rate within
the conduction medium itself in the following cases
(i) Drying of concrete
(ii) Chemical processes
(iii) Fuel elements in a nuclear reaction
Choose the correct option
a) i only
b) ii only
c) i and iii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All are correct as there is heat conduction in all above cases. The rate
of heat generation has to be controlled one, otherwise the resulting temperature
growth might result in the failure of the medium.
8. The rear window of an automobile is made of thick glass i.e. AB = 5 mm and
thermal conductivity is 0.8 W/m degree. To defrost this window, a thin transparent
film type heating element has been fixed to its inner surface. For the conditions
given below, determine the electric power that must be provided per unit area of
window if a temperature 5 degree Celsius is maintained at its outer surface. Interior
air temperature and the corresponding surface coefficient are 20 degree Celsius and
12 W/m2 degree. Surrounding air temperature and the corresponding surface
coefficient are – 15 degree Celsius and 70 W/m2 degree. Electric heater provides
uniform heat flux
a) 232.5 /m2
b) 1232.5 /m2
c) 2232.5 /m2
d) 3232.5 /m2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: (t I – t f)/(1/h i + δ/k) + q g = h 0 (t s – t 0).
9. Suppose heat is conducted due to electrons
Where, i = I/A and p is the resistivity, then
a) q g = 2i2 p
b) q g = 3i2 p
c) q g = i2 p
d) q g = 4i2 p
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It should be i2 p. Here i is current density.
10. In case when both the surfaces of plane wall are at different temperature, we
get an expression i.e.
T MAX – T W2 /T W1 – TW2 = (B + 1)2/4B
What is the value of B?
a) (q g) (δ)2/2k (T W1 – TW2)
b) (q g) (δ)3/3k (T W1 – TW2)
c) (q g) (δ)4/4k (T W1 – TW2)
d) (q g) (δ)5/5k (T W1 – TW2)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: T – T W2 /T W1 – TW2 = [1 – x/ δ] [B x/ δ +1].
“Dielectric Heating”.

1. Which one of the following materials are quickly heated by applying high
frequency?
a) Textiles
b) Engines
c) Rubber
d) Coal
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: They can be heated at high voltage alternating current to the plated of
the condenser.
2. Generally heat generated depends on some parameters. It is directly proportional
to
a) Time
b) Conductivity
c) Voltage
d) Distance between plates
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It generally depends on the voltage as directly proportional.
3. Consider a 1.2 m thick slab of poured concrete (k = 1.148 W/m degree) with
both of side surfaces maintained at a temperature of 20 degree Celsius. During its
curing, chemical energy is released at the rate of 80 W/m3. Workout the maximum
temperature of concrete
a) 30.73 degree celsius
b) 29.73 degree celsius
c) 28.73 degree celsius
d) 27.73 degree celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t = q g (δ – x) x/2 k + t w = 29.73 degree celsius.
4. The insulating material used in dielectric heating is
a) Coal
b) Silver
c) Coin
d) Wool
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Wool is good for heat conduction and from a dielectric heating point
of view.
5. A composite slab consists of 5 cm thick layer of steel (k = 146 kJ/m hr degree)
on the left side and a 6 cm thick layer of brass (k = 276 kJ/m hr degree) on the
right hand side. The outer surfaces of the steel and brass are maintained at 100
degree Celsius and 50 degree Celsius. The contact between the two slabs is perfect
and heat is generated at the rate of 4.2 * 10 5 k J/m2 hr at the plane of contact. The
heat thus generated is dissipated from both sides of composite slab for steady state
conditions. Calculate the temperature at the interface

a) 115.26 degree celsius

b) 125.26 degree celsius
c) 135.26 degree celsius
d) 145.26 degree celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q 1 + Q 2 = Q g. Q 1 = k 1 A 1 t i – t 1)/δ 1 and Q 2 = k 2 A 2 t i – t 2)/δ 2.
6. Unit of specific resistance is
a) Ohm mm2/m
b) Ohm mm
c) Ohm/m
d) Ohm mm/m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Specific resistance is resistance per unit length.
7. What maximum thickness of concrete can be poured without causing the
temperature gradient to exceed 98.5 degree Celsius per meter anywhere in the
slab? Consider a 1.2 m thick slab of poured concrete (k = 1.148 W/m degree) with
both of side surfaces maintained at a temperature of 20 degree Celsius. During its
curing, chemical energy is released at the rate of 80 W/m3. Workout the maximum
temperature of concrete
a) 2.64 m
b) 3.64 m
c) 4.64 m
d) 5.64 m
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: d t/d x = q g (δ – 2 x)/2 k. The temperature is largest at x = 0.
8. Dielectric heating apparatus consists of
a) 4 electrodes
b) Elemental strip
c) No Insulating material
d) 4 plates
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It consists of an elemental strip in the middle of the system.
9. The given expression can be used to solve the electrode temperature t w1 and t w2
q gδ = h 1α 1+ h 2α 2
Where, α 1 = A (t w 2 – t a) and α 2 = (t w1 – t a).
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: α 1 = A (t w 1 – t a) and α 2 = (t w2 – t a).
10. A slab of insulating material of thickness 6 cm and thermal conductivity
1.4kJ/m hr deg is placed between and is in contact with two parallel electrodes, and
is then subjected to high frequency dielectric heating at a uniform rate of
140,000kJ/m3 hr. At steady state coefficients of combined radiation and convection
are 42 and 48 kJ/m2 hr deg. If atmospheric temperature is 25 degree Celsius, find
surface temperatures?
a) 144.10 degree Celsius and 134.47 degree Celsius
b) 123.50 degree Celsius and 154.34 degree Celsius
c) 121.60 degree Celsius and 115.45 degree Celsius
d) 165.40 degree Celsius and 165.45 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: α = -q g x2 /2k + h 1 α 1/k + α 1. At x =0.06 m and α = α 2, α 2 = -180 +
2.8 α 1. Also q g A δ = h 1 α 1 + h 2 α 2.
“Heat Generation Through Cylinder”.

1. A 25 mm diameter egg roll (k = 1 W/m degree) is roasted with the help of

microwave heating. For good quality roasting, it is desired that temperature at the
center of roll is maintained at 100 degree Celsius when the surrounding
temperature is 25 degree Celsius. What should be the heating capacity in W/m 3 of
the microwave if the heat transfer coefficient on the surface of egg roll is 20
W/m2 degree?
a) 113.31 k W/m3
b) 213.31 k W/m3
c) 313.31 k W/m3
d) 413.31 k W/m3
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t max = t a + q g R/2h + q g R2/4k.
2. The constants of integration are to be determined from the relevant boundary
conditions which are
(i) t = t w at r = R
(ii) q g (π L R2) = -k (2 π R L) (d t/d r)
(iii) Increasing temperature gradient
Choose the correct option?
a) Only i
b) Only ii
c) i and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Temperature gradient must be constant.
3. A concrete column used in bridge construction is cylindrical in shape with a
diameter of 1 meter. The column is completely poured in a short interval of time
and the hydration of concrete results in the equivalent of a uniform source strength
of 0.7 W/kg. Determine the temperature at the center of the cylinder at a time when
the outside surface temperature is 75 degree Celsius. The column is sufficiently
long so that temperature variation along its length may be neglected. For concrete
Average thermal conductivity = 0.95 W/m K
Average density = 2300 kg/m3
a) 190.92 degree Celsius
b) 180.92 degree Celsius
c) 170.92 degree Celsius
d) 160.92 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t max = t w + q g R2/4k. We get, q g = 0.7 W/kg.
4. The temperature distribution profile for a solid cylinder is
a) Parabolic
b) Linear
c) Ellipse
d) Hyperbolic
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It must be parabolic for maximum heat conduction.
5. For a solid cylinder, maximum temperature difference occurring at the center of
the rod is given by
a) t W – q g R2/4K
b) q g R2/4K
c) t W + q g R2/4K
d) t W + q g R2/4KL
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: As temperature distribution profile is parabolic so on integrating
between boundary conditions we get the result.
6. A slab of 12 cm thickness and generating heat uniformly at 10 6 W/m3 has
thermal conductivity of 200 W/m degree. Both surfaces of the slab are maintained
at 150 degree Celsius. Determine the heat flow rate at the quarter planes

a) 30000 W/m2
b) 40000 W/m2
c) 50000 W/m2
d) 60000 W/m2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: q g (π R2 L) = (t w – t a) (2 π R L) h.
7. Consider a convective heat flow to water at 75 degree Celsius from a cylindrical
nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50 mm diameter. The rate of heat generatioN is
50000000 W/m3 and convective heat transfer coefficient is I kW/m2 K. The outer
surface temperature of the fuel element would be
a) 625 degree Celsius
b) 700 degree Celsius
c) 550 degree Celsius
d) 400 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t w = t a + q g R/ 2h.
8. For a cylindrical rod with uniformly distributed heat sources, the thermal
gradient at half the radius location will be
a) Four times
b) Twice
c) One fourth
d) One half
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: t = t w + q g (R2 – r2)/4k. (d t /d r) r = R/2 = 1/2(d t/d r) r = R.
9. The maximum temperature for cylindrical coordinate occurring at r = 0 is
a) t max = t a +q g R/h + q g R2/4k
b) t max = t a +q g R/4h + q g R2/4k
c) t max = t a +q g R/2h + q g R2/4k
d) t max = t a +q g R/6h + q g R2/4k
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: As, t = t a +q g R/6h + q g R2/4k (R2 –r2).
10. In case of solid cylinder of radius R, the temperature distribution is given as
a) t – t w/t max – t w = 1 – (r/R)2
b) t – t w/t max – t w = 1 – (r/R)
c) t – t w/t max – t w = 1 – (r/R)3
d) t – t w/t max – t w = 1 – (r/R)4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: As we know for a long cylinder of radius R, t = t w + q g (R2 – r2)/4k.
On integrating this we get the answer. Where, t w is outer surface temperature and
t max is along cylinder axis.
“Heat Generation Through Sphere”.

1. Consider heat conduction through a solid sphere of radius R. There are certain
assumptions
(i) Unsteady state conditions
(ii) One-dimensional radial conduction
(iii) Constant thermal conductivity
Identify the correct statements
a) i and iii
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Statement 1 should be steady state condition.
2. An 8 cm diameter orange, approximately spherical in shape, undergoes ripening
process and generates 18000 k J/m3 hr of energy. If external surface of the orange
is at 6.5 degree Celsius, find out the temperature at the center of the orange. Take
thermal conductivity = 0.8 k J/ m hr degree for the orange material
a) 13.5 degree Celsius
b) 12.5 degree Celsius
c) 11.5 degree Celsius
d) 10.5 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: q g = 5000 W/m3, k = 0.222 W/m K and t = t W + q g R 2/6K = 12.5
degree Celsius.
3. Consider the above problem, calculate the heat flow from the outer surface of
the orange
a) 4.82 k J/hr
b) 5.82 k J/hr
c) 6.82 k J/hr
d) 7.82 k J/hr
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = 4/3 (π R 3 q g) = 1.34 J/s.
4. What is the heat flow for steady state conduction for sphere?
a) 4 Q R + Q G = Q R + d R
b) 3 Q R + Q G = Q R + d R
c) 2 Q R + Q G = Q R + d R
d) Q R + Q G = Q R + d R
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q R + Q G = Q R + d (Q R) d R/d R.
Where, Q R = Heat conducted in at radius R
Q G = Heat conducted in the element
Q R + d R = Heat conducted out at radius R + d R.
5. The general solution for temperature distribution in case of solid sphere is
a) t = t W + q g (R 2 – r 2)/4 k
b) t = t W + q g (R 2 – r 2)/8 k
c) t = t W + q g (R 2 – r 2)/6 k
d) t = t W + q g (R 2 – r 2)/2 k
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The temperature distribution is parabolic.
6. A solid sphere of 8 cm radius has a uniform heat generation 0f 4000000 W/m3.
The outside surface is exposed to a fluid at 150 degree Celsius with convective
heat transfer coefficient of 750 W/m2 K. If thermal conductivity of the solid
material is 30 W/m K, determine maximum temperature
a) 444.45 degree Celsius
b) 434.45 degree Celsius
c) 424.45 degree Celsius
d) 414.45 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: q g (4 π R3/3) = h 4 π R2 (t W – t a), t w = 292.22 degree Celsius
T MAX = t w + q g R 2/6 k.
7. Consider the above problem, find the temperature at 5 cm radius
a) 348.9 degree Celsius
b) 358.9 degree Celsius
c) 368.9 degree Celsius
d) 378.9 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: t – t w/t MAX – t w = 1 – (r/R) ½.
8. Identify the correct boundary condition for a hollow sphere with inside surface
insulated
a) At r = r 1, the conduction region is perfectly insulated
b) At r = r 1, the conduction region is partially insulated
c) Heat flow is infinity
d) Heat flow is negative
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In this range, the conduction region must be perfectly insulated.
9. A hollow sphere (k = 30 W/m K) of inner radius 6 cm and outside radius 8 cm
has a heat generation rate of 4000000 W/m3. The inside surface is insulated and
heat is removed by convection over the outside surface by a fluid at 100 degree
Celsius with surface conductance 300 W/m2 K. Make calculations for the
temperature at the outside surfaces of the sphere
a) 105.6 degree Celsius
b) 205.6 degree Celsius
c) 305.6 degree Celsius
d) 405.6 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: q g 4 π (R 3 – r 3)/3 = h 0 4 π r 2 (t 2 – t a).
10. Consider the above problem, also calculate the temperature at the inside
surfaces of the sphere
a) 138.3 degree Celsius
b) 327.8 degree Celsius
c) 254.7 degree Celsius
d) 984.9 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t = t 2 + q g (R 2 – r 2)/6 k – q g r 3 (1/r – 1/R)/3 k.
“Fins”.

1. A very long copper rod 20 mm in diameter extends horizontally from a plane

heated wall maintained at 100 degree Celsius. The surface of the rod is exposed to
an air environment at 20 degree Celsius with convective heat transfer coefficient of
8.5 W/m2 degree. Workout the heat loss if the thermal conductivity of copper is
400 W/m degree
a) 10.71 W
b) 20.71 W
c) 30.71 W
d) 40.71 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: P/A = 4/d and m = (h P/k A) ½ = (4 h/k d) ½ = 2.061.per meter.
2. Common applications of finned surfaces are with
(i) Electrical motors
(ii) Economizers for steam power plant
(iii) Convectors for steam and cold water heating systems
(iv) Cooling coils
Identify the correct option
a) i, ii and iv
b) i, ii and iii
c) i, ii, iii and iv
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It should be for hot water heating systems.
3. The extended surface used for the enhancement of heat dissipation is
a) Convective coefficient
b) Fourier number
c) Fin
d) No finned surface
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The surface area exposed to the surroundings is frequently increased
by the attachment of protrusions to the surfaces, and the arrangement provides a
means by which heat transfer rate can be improved.
4. It is said that fins can take a variety of forms
(i) Longitudinal fins of rectangular cross section attached to a wall
(ii) Cylindrical tubes with radial fins
(iii) Conical rod protruding from a wall
Identify the correct statement
a) i only
b) i and ii
c) ii and iii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Option b is also known as annular fins.
5. A steel rod (k = 30 W/m degree) 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm long protrudes from
a wall which is maintained at 10 degree Celsius. The rod is insulated at its tip and
is exposed to an environment with h = 50 W/m2 degree and t a = 30 degree Celsius.
Calculate the fin efficiency
a) 56.57%
b) 66.57%
c) 76.57%
d) 86.57%
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Fin efficiency = tan h ml/ml, where m = (h P/k A) ½ = 25.82 per
meter.
6. If the fin is sufficiently thin, so heat flows pertain to
a) One dimensional heat conduction
b) Two dimensional heat conduction
c) Three dimensional heat conduction
d) No heat flow is there
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: As, δ is less than b, so one dimensional heat conduction is there.
7. If heat dissipation for one fin is given by 377.45 k J/hour, then what is the heat
dissipation for 12 fins?
a) 7529.4 k J/hour
b) 6529.4 k J/hour
c) 5529.4 k J/hour
d) 4529.4 k J/hour
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For 12 fins, the heat dissipation will be equal to 12 (377.45) = 4529.4
k J/hour.
8. In order to achieve maximum heat dissipation, the fin should be designed in
such a way that has a
a) Maximum lateral surface towards the tip side of fin
b) Minimum lateral surface near the center line
c) Maximum lateral surface at the root side of fin
d) Maximum lateral surface near the center of fin
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Fins are so designed that lateral surface at the root side of the fin is
maximum. This aspect results into higher heat dissipation.
9. A steel rod (k = 30 W/m degree) 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm long protrudes from
a wall which is maintained at 10 degree Celsius. The rod is insulated at its tip and
is exposed to an environment with h = 50 W/m2 degree and t a = 30 degree Celsius.
Calculate the rate of heat dissipation
a) 2.658 W
b) 3.658 W
c) 4.658 W
d) 5.658 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = k A m tan h ml (t 0 – t a) = 3.658 W.
10. On a heat transfer surface, fins are provided to
a) Increase turbulence in flow for enhancing heat transfer
b) Increase temperature gradient so as to enhance heat transfer
c) Pressure drop of the fluid should be minimized
d) Surface area is maximum to promote the rate of heat transfer
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Fins are provided to a heat exchanger surface to augment the heat
transfer by increasing the surface area exposed to the surroundings.
“Steady Flow of Heat Along a Rod”.

1. Which one is true regarding rectangular fin?

a) A C = b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
b) A C = 2 b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
c) A C = 3 b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
d) A C = 4 b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For rectangle, A = (length) (breadth). Where, b = width and δ =
thickness.
2. Analysis of heat flow from the finned surface is made with the following
assumptions
(i) Uniform heat transfer coefficient, h over the entire fin surface
(ii) No heat generation within the fin generation
(iii) Homogenous material
Identify the correct option
a) i only
b) i and ii only
c) i, ii and iii
d) ii only
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The knowledge of temperature distribution is necessary for their
optimum design with regard to size and weight.
3. If heat conducted into the element at plane x is Q X = – k A C (d t/d x) X. Then
heat conducted out of the element at plane (x + d x) is
a) – 2k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
b) – k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
c) – 3k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
d) – 4k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat conducted out of the element is – [k A C (d t/d x) X + d x].
4. A heating unit is made in the form of a vertical tube of 50 mm outside diameter
and 1.2 m height. The tube is fitted with 20 steel fins of rectangular section with
height 40 mm and thickness 2.5 mm. The temperature at the base of fin is 75
degree Celsius, the surrounding air temperature is 20 degree Celsius and the heat
transfer coefficient between the fin as well as the tube surface and the surrounding
air is 9.5 W/m2 K. If thermal conductivity of the fin material is 55 W/m K, find the
amount of heat transferred from the tube without fin
a) 98.44 W
b) 88.44 W
c) 78.44 W
d) 68.44 W
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = h A d t = h (π d 0 H) (t 0 – t INFINITY).
5. The general solution of linear and homogenous differential equation (second
form) is of the form
a) γ = C 1 e 2 m x + C 2 e – m x
b) γ = C 1 e 3m x + C 2 e – m x
c) γ = C 1 e 4 m x + C 2 e – m x
d) γ = C 1 e m x + C 2 e – m x
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should contain m x and – m x term.
6. For steady flow of heat along a rod, the general equation is
d2α/dx 2 – m 2 α = 0
The value of constant m is
a) (h P/k A C)
b) (h P/k A C) 3/2
c) (h P/k A C) 1/2
d) (h P/k A C) 2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This provides a general form of the energy equation for one
dimensional heat flow.
7. In convection from the tip, we introduced a factor known as
a) Fin length
b) Correction length
c) No fin length
d) Radial length
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Just for simplicity we replace fin length by correction length.
8. Find the value of corrected length for rectangular fin?
Where, b is width and t is length of the fin
a) L C = L + b t/2 (b + t)
b) L C = L + b t/ (b + t)
c) L C = L + 2 (b + t)
d) L C = L + b t
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For rectangle, area = t b.
9. Which one is true for the spine?
a) A C = π d 2/4 and P = 4 π d
b) A C = π d 2/4 and P = 3 π d
c) A C = π d 2/4 and P = π d
d) A C = π d 2/4 and P = 2 π d
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A spine is a pin fin.
10. In convection from the tip what is the value of correction length?
a) L C = A C/P
b) L C = L + A C
c) L C = L + P
d) L C = L + A C/P
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should contain all the three terms i.e. L, A and P.
“Heat Dissipation From An Infinitely Long Fin “.

1. In heat dissipation from an infinitely long fin, the boundary conditions are
a) t = t0 at x = infinity and t = ta at x = 0
b) t = t0 at x = 0 and t = ta at x = infinity
c) t = t0 at x = 0 and t = ta at x = 0
d) t = t0 at x = infinity and t = ta at x = infinity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: These conditions must be approached when ml is greater than 5.
2. The temperature distribution in case of infinitely long fin is
a) t – t a/t 0 – t a = mx
b) t – t a/t 0 – t a = -mx
c) t – t a/t 0 – t a = e-m x
d) t – t a/t 0 – t a = log (m x)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Exponential curve should be here.
3. The rate of heat transfer in case of infinitely long fin is given by
a) (h P k A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
b) (h P A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
c) (P k A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
d) (h k A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It should contain all the terms i.e. h, p, k and A.
4. Let us say there are two rods having same dimensions, one made of brass (k =
85W/m K) and the other of copper (k = 375W/m K), having one of their ends
inserted into a furnace. At a section 10.5 cm away from the furnace, the
temperature of brass rod is 120 degree Celsius. Find the distance at which the same
temperature would be reached in the copper rod? Both ends are exposed to the
same environment
a) 12.54 cm
b) 45.87 cm
c) 12.34 cm
d) 22.05 cm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For brass rod, 120 = t a + (t 0 – t a) e –m l and for copper rod, 120 = t a +
(t 0 – t a) e –M L So L = L 0 (k 2/k 1) = 22.05 cm.
5. Three rods, one made of silver (l = 420W/m K), second made of aluminum (k =
210W/m K) and the third made of iron (k = 70W/m K) are coated with a uniform
layer of wax all around. The rods are placed vertically in a boiling water bath with
250 mm length of each rod projecting outside. If all the rods are having following
dimensions i.e. diameter = 15 mm and length = 300 mm and have identical surface
coefficient 12.5W/ m2 K, work out the ratio of lengths up to which wax will melt
on each rod
a) 2.45:1:1.732
b) 1.732:1:2.45
c) 2.45:1.732:1
d) 1.732:1:2.45
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: k 1/l 12 = k 2/l 22 = k 3/l 32.
6. Let us assume there are two pieces of copper wire 0.1625 cm in diameter with a
device that melts it at 195 degree Celsius. The wires are positioned vertically in air
at 24 degree Celsius and the heat transfer coefficient of the wire is 17 W/ square m
K. Let us say k = 335W/m K i.e. of wire. Find out the energy input?

a) 1.234W
b) 2.652W
c) 4.562W
d) 9.435W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A C = π D 2/4 = 2.073 * 10 –6square meter. P = π D = 0.0051 m.
Q FIN = k A C m (t2 – t 1) = 1.326W.
7. A rod of 10 mm square section and 160 mm length with thermal conductivity of
50W/m K protrudes from a furnace wall at 200 degree Celsius with convective
coefficient 20 W/ square m K. Make calculations for the heat convective up to 80
mm length
a) 6.84W
b) 7.34W
c) 4.54W
d) 5.47W
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = k A C m (t 2 – t 1), m = (P h/k AC) 1/2 = 12.649 /m, so Q = 10.75W.
At x = 80 mm, (m x) = 1.01192, so T – 30/200 – 30 = 0.3635. Therefore net heat is
10.75 – k A C m (t 0.08 – t a) = 6.84W.
8. A fin protrudes from a surface which is held at a temperature higher than that of
its environment. The heat transferred away from the fin is
a) Heat escaping from the tip of the fin
b) Heat conducted along the fin length
c) Convective heat transfer from the fin surface
d) Sum of heat conducted along the fin length and that convected from the surface
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: As the temperature is higher, so it’s convective.
9. The value of correction length for equilateral fin is
a) L C = 2 L + a/4(3)1/2
b) L C = L + a/4(3)1/2
c) L C = 3 L + a/4(3)1/2
d) L C = 6 L + a/4(3)1/2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Area of triangle i.e. equilateral is (3)1/2/4.
10. The parameter m = (h P/k A C) 1/2 has been stated to increase in a long fin. If all
other parameters are constant, then
a) Profile of temperature will remain the same
b) Along the length temperature drop will be less
c) The parameter influences the heat flow only
d) The temperature drop along the length will be steeper
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For an infinitely long fin t – t a/t 0 – t a = e – m x. Dimensionless
temperature falls more with increase in factor m.
“Heat Dissipation From A Fin Insulated At The Tip”.

1. The relevant boundary conditions in case of heat dissipation from a fin insulated
at the tip are
a) t = t 0 at x = 0 and d t/d x = 0 at x = 0
b) t = t 0 at x = 0 and d t/d x = 0 at x = 1
c) t = t 0 at x = 1 and d t/d x = 0 at x = 1
d) t = t 0 at x = infinity and d t/d x = 0 at x = infinity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It should be at x = 0 and x = 1 respectively.
2. The temperature distribution in case of fin insulated at the tip is given by
a) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos h m (3 – x)/cos ml
b) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos h m (2 – x)/sin h ml
c) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos h m (l – x)/cos h ml
d) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos m (l – x)/sin ml
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It should contain cos h term and (1 – x) term.
3. The rate of heat transfer from the fin in case of fin insulated at the tip is
a) (h P k A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
b) (h k A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
c) (h P A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
d) (h P k)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It should contains all the terms i.e. h, A, P, k.
4. “Fin is insulated at the tip”. What does that mean?
a) Less heat is transferred from the tip
b) Heat will transferred from tip only
c) More heat is transferred from the tip

d) No heat is transferred from the tip

View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The fin is of finite length with the tip insulated and so no heat is
transferred from the tip.
5. Find the heat transfer rate from a hot surface for 6 fins of 10 cm length? The
base temperature of the fin is maintained at 200 degree Celsius and the film is
exposed to a convection environment at 15 degree Celsius with convective
coefficient 25W/square m K. Each fin has cross-sectional area 2.5 square
centimeter and is made of a material having thermal conductivity 250W/m K
a) 120.34W
b) 130.18W
c) 145.46W
d) 165.43W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: n = 6 and l = 10 cm = 0.1 m, ml = 0.4472, Q = 6[(250) (2.5 * 10 – 4)
(4.472) (200 – 15) tan h (0.4472) = 130.18W.
6. An array of 10 fins of anodized aluminum (k = 180W/m K) is used to cool a
transistor operating at a location where the ambient conditions correspond to
temperature 35 degree Celsius and convective coefficient 12W/square m K. The
distance AB is 3 mm, EF is 0.4 mm. The length of the fin is 5 mm and has its base
at 60 degree Celsius. Find the power dissipated by the fin array?
a) 8.673W
b) 1.432W
c) 0.786W
d) 0.128W
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: P = 2(3 + 0.4) = 6.8 mm, A = (3) (0.4) = 1.2 square meter, m = 19.44
per meter. So, Q = k A m (t 0 –ta) tan h ml = 0.0786, therefore heat loss from the
array of 10 fins = (0.0786) (10) = 0.786W.
7. An electronic semiconductor device generates 0.16 k J/hr of heat. To keep the
surface temperature at the upper safe limit of 75 degree Celsius, it is desired that
the heat generated should be dissipated to the surrounding environment which is at
30 degree Celsius. The task is accomplished by attaching aluminum fins, 0.5
square mm and 10 mm to the surface. Work out the number of fins if thermal
conductivity of fin material is 690W/m K and the heat transfer coefficient is 45k
J/square m hr K. Neglect the heat loss from the tip of the fin
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: P = 2(0.5 + 0.5) = 2 mm, A = (0.5) (0.5) = 0.25 square meter. m =
22.85 per meter, so Q = k A m (t 0 –ta) tan h ml = 39.77 * 10-3 k J/hr per fin. So
number of fins = 0.16/39.77 * 10 -3 = 4.02.
8. A rod of 10 mm diameter and 80 mm length with thermal conductivity 16W/ m
K protrudes from a surface at 160 degree Celsius. The rod is exposed to air at 30
degree Celsius with a convective coefficient of 25W/square m K. How does the
heat flow from this rod get affected if the same material volume is used for two
fins of the same length? Assume short fin with insulated end
a) 12.25 %
b) 25.6 %
c) 23.4 %
d) 21.2 %
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Case 1 – m1 = 25 per meter, m1 l = 25 * 0.08 = 2. Therefore, Q1 =
3.935W
Case 2 – d =0.00707 m, m2 = 29.73 per meter, m2 l = 2.378. Therefore, Q2 =
2.385W
% increase in heat flow = 4.77 – 3.935/3.935 = 0.21.
9. Two rods A and B of the same length and diameter protrude from a surface at
120 degree Celsius and are exposed at air at 25 degree Celsius. The temperatures
measured at the end of the rods are 50 degree Celsius and 75 degree Celsius. If
thermal conductivity of material A is 20W/ m K, calculate it for B
a) 31.13W/m K
b) 41.13W/m K
c) 51.13W/m K
d) 61.13W/m K
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: α/ α0 = t – t a/t 0– ta = 1/cos h ml. For rod A, cos h m1 l =3.8. Similarly
for rod 2, cos h m2 l = 1.9, m1/m2 = 1.599. So k2 = k1 (1.599)2 = 51.13W/m K.
10. A centrifugal pump which circulates a hot liquid metal at 500 degree Celsius is
driven by a 3600 rpm electric motor. The motor is coupled to the pump impeller by
a horizontal steel shaft of dia 25 mm. Let us assume the motor temperature as 60
degree Celsius with the ambient air at 25 degree Celsius, what length of shaft
should be specified between the motor and the pump? It may be presumed that the
thermal conductivity of the shaft material is 35W/m K and that the convective film
coefficient between the steel shaft and the ambient air is 15.7W/square m K
a) 38.96 cm
b) 54.76 cm
c) 23.76 cm
d) 87.43 cm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: 60 – 25/500 – 25 = cos h m (l – l)/cos h ml = 1/cos h ml, so ml = 3.3.
For a circular shaft of diameter d, P/A = 4/d, m = 8.47 per meter. So, l = 3.3/8.47 =
38.96 cm.
“Fin Performance”.

1. The utility of fin in dissipating a given quantity of heat is generally assessed on

the basic of how many parameters?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It depends on two parameters i.e. efficiency of fin and effectiveness
of fin.
2. A copper steel rod (k = 55 W/m degree) has been attached to a plane wall which
is maintained at a temperature of 350 degree Celsius. The rod is 8 cm long and has
the cross-section of an equilateral triangle with each side 5 mm. Determine the heat
dissipation from the rod if it is exposed to a convection environment at 25 degree
Celsius with unit surface conductance 100 W/m2 degree. Consider end surface loss
to be negligible
a) 10.26 W
b) 9.26 W
c) 8.26 W
d) 7.26 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For a fin of triangular cross-section, P = 3a and m = (h P/k A) ½ =
50.19 per meter.
3. For an infinitely long fin, the efficiency of fin is given by
a) 1/ml
b) 2/ml
c) 3/ml
d) 4/ml
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: On simplify (p h k A C) 1/2 (t 0 – ta) tan h (ml)/h (p l) (t 0 – ta), we get it
as tan h (ml)/ml. And here for very long fin numerator should be equal to 1.
4. For a fin of finite length with an insulated end, the fin efficiency is given as
a) tan h (ml)
b) tan (ml)/ml
c) tan h (m)/ml
d) tan h (ml)/ml
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: On simplify (h p k A C) 1/2 (t 1 – t 2) tan h (ml)/h (p l) (t 1 – t2), we get
it as tan h (ml)/ml.
5. For an infinitely long fin, the effectiveness of fin is given as
a) (P k/h AC)
b) (P k/h AC)3/2
c) (P k/h AC)1/2
d) (P k/h AC)2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Q FIN = (h k P AC) 1/2 (t2– t 1), so effectiveness is (h P k A C)1/2 (t 2 –
t 1)/h A(t 0 – t a).
6. For a straight rectangular fin of thickness δ and width b, choose the correct
option
a) P/AC = 1/ δ
b) P/AC = 2/ δ
c) P/AC = 3/ δ
d) P/AC = 4/ δ
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: As fin effectiveness in case of straight rectangular fin is (2k/h δ) 1/2.
So, P/A = 2(b + δ)/b δ.
7. “Effectiveness of fin is the ratio of the fin heat dissipation with fin to that of no
fin”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Fins are used to enhance heat transfer rate and the use of fin on a
surface can’t be recommended unless the enhancement in heat transfer justifies the
extra cost and complexity associated with the fins.
8. Three fins of equal length and diameter but made of aluminum, brass and cast
iron is heated to 200 degree Celsius at one end. If the fins dissipate heat to the
surrounding air at 25 degree Celsius, the temperature at the free end will be least in
a) Brass fin
b) Cast iron fin
c) Aluminum fin
d) Each fin will have the same temperature
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of aluminum is higher than that of others.
9. Two long rods A and B of the same diameter have thermal conductivities k and
4k and have one of their end inserted into a furnace at 400 K. At 9.5 m away
section from the furnace, the temperature of rod B is120 degree Celsius. So find
out at what end from the furnace end, the same temperature would be reached in
the rod A?
a) 0.25 m
b) 0.75 m
c) 0.15 m
d) 0.50 m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: k A /l A2 = k B /l B2, so it is 0.25 m.
10. The figure shows a 5 cm diameter rod, 90 cm long, which is having its lower
face grinded smooth. The remainder of the rod is exposed to 32 degree Celsius
room air and a surface coefficient heat transfer equal to 6.8 W/m2 degree exists
between the rod surface and the room air. The grinder dissipates mechanical
energy at the rate of 35 W. If thermal conductivity of rod material is 41.5 W/m
degree, find the temperature of the rod at the point where the grinding is taking
place
a) 161.45 degree celsius
b) 151.45 degree celsius
c) 141.45 degree celsius
d) 131.45 degree celsius
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For a circular rod of diameter d, P/A = π/d and m = (h P/k A)1⁄2 =
3.62 per meter.
“Design Considerations For Fins”.

1. The following factors need consideration for the optimum design of fins
(i) Cost
(ii) Space considerations
(iii) Weight considerations
Choose the correct option
a) i only
b) i and ii only
c) i, ii and iii
d) ii only
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The design will be considered optimum when the fins require
minimum cost of manufacture are light in weight.
2. A heating unit is made in the form of a vertical tube of 50 mm outside diameter
and 1.2 m height. The tube is fitted with 20 steel fins of rectangular section with
height 40 mm and thickness 2.5 mm. The temperature at the base of fin is 75
degree Celsius, the surrounding air temperature is 20 degree Celsius and the heat
transfer coefficient between the fin as well as the tube surface and the surrounding
air is 9.5 W/m2 K. If thermal conductivity of the fin material is 55 W/m K, find the
amount of heat transferred from the tube with fin
a) 1234 .98 W
b) 1004.84 W
c) 6539.83 W
d) 3829.46 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat flow rate convicted from the base, Q b = h A b (t 0 – t INFINITY) and
heat flow rate convicted from the fins, Q f = n k A C m (t 0– t a).
3. The fins would be effective for heat conduction if the ratio P k/h A C is
a) Greater than 5
b) Less than 5
c) Equal to 5
d) Varies between 2 to 9
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ratio perimeter divided by area multiply by length must be
greater than 5.
4. Consider the following statements pertaining to heat transfer through fins
(i) They must be arranged at right angles to the direction of flow of working fluid
(ii) The temperature along the fin is variable and accordingly heat transfer rate
varies along the fin elements
(iii) Fins are equally effective irrespective whether they are on the hot side or cold
side of the fluid
(iv) Fins are made of materials that have thermal conductivity higher than that of
wall
Identify the correct statements
a) iii and iv
b) i and iv
c) ii and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The statements made at serial number 3 and 4 are wrong. Fins are
located on the side where the convective coefficient has a low value.
5. An increase in fin effectiveness is caused by a high value of
(i) Convective coefficient
(ii) Thermal conductivity
(iii) Circumference
(iv) Area
Identify the correct statement
a) i and iii
b) iii and iv
c) ii and iv
d) ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Refer to the expression for fin effectiveness, an increase in fin
effectiveness is caused by high value of circumference and thermal conductivity.
6. A steel strap is serving as a support for the steam pipe. The strap is welded to the
pipe and bolted to the ceiling. The junction between the support strut and the
ceiling is adiabatic, and the outside temperature of steam pipe is 105 degree
Celsius. The strut AB is 60 cm high and AD = BC = 12.5 cm. It is 0.3 cm thick.
Workout the rate at which heat is lost to the surrounding air by the support strut. It
may be assumed that thermal conductivity for steel is 45 W/m degree, the total
outside surface coefficient is 17 W/m2 degree and the surrounding air is at 32
degree Celsius
a) 178 W
b) 168 W
c) 158 W
d) 148 W
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: α x/α 0 = t x – t a/t 0 – t a = cos m (l – x)/cos ml.
7. Choose the correct option regarding fin efficiency and fin effectiveness
a) 2 Fin effectiveness = A FIN/A B (Efficiency of fin)
b) 3 Fin effectiveness = A FIN/A B (Efficiency of fin)
c) Fin effectiveness = A FIN/A B (Efficiency of fin)
d) ½ Fin effectiveness = A FIN/A B (Efficiency of fin)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: On simplify the equations of fin efficiency and fin effectiveness we
get the result.
8. The handle of a saucepan, 30 cm long and 2 cm in diameter, is subjected to 100
degree Celsius temperature during a certain cooking operation. The average unit
surface conductance over the handle surface is 7.35 W/m2 degree in the kitchen air
at 24 degree Celsius. The cook is likely to grasp the last 10 cm of the handle and
hence the temperature in this region should not exceed 38 degree Celsius. What
should be the thermal conductivity of the handle material to accomplish it? The
handle may be treated as a fin insulated at the tip
a) 18.36 W/m degree
b) 17.36 W/m degree
c) 16.36 W/m degree
d) 15.36 W/m degree
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: α x/α 0 = t x –ta/t 0 –t a= cos m (l – x)/cos ml. Now, for a circular handle
of diameter d, P/A = 4/d.
9. Let us assume a square section fin split longitudinally and used as two fins. This
will result in
a) Increase or decrease in heat transfer depending on the material of fin
b) Heat flow remains constant
c) Decrease in heat transfer
d) Increase in heat transfer
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Heat transfer will definitely increases because it split into two fins i.e.
more surface area.
10. Mark the false statement regarding effectiveness of fin
a) A high value of film coefficient adversely affects the fin effectiveness
b) Fin effectiveness is improved if the fin is made from a material of low
conductivity
c) Fin effectiveness is improved by having thin fins
d) It can also be improved by having closely spaced fins
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It should be of high thermal conductivity.

“Heat Flow Through Triangular And Parabolic Fins”.

1. Which fin yields the maximum heat flow per unit weight?
a) Straight triangular fin
b) Curved triangular fin
c) Parabolic fin
d) Hyperbolic fin
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In straight triangular fin, there is maximum heat flow.
2. Heat dissipation by every segment of the fin is
a) Sometimes same
b) Same
c) Not same
d) Sometimes same or sometimes not same
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is always different as fins are not uniform with respect to cross-
sectional area.
3. “If a fin of a constant cross section is used, there would be wastage of material”.
Chose the correct option
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Cross section must vary to utilize the material.
4. Which one is true regarding parabolic fin?
a) It dissipates the minimum amount of heat at a minimum material cost
b) It dissipates the minimum amount of heat at a maximum material cost
c) It dissipates the maximum amount of heat at a maximum material cost
d) It dissipates the maximum amount of heat at a minimum material cost
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In this case, a parabolic fin is of great practical importance.
5. For parabolic fin, the curve follows which law?
a) y = C/x2
b) y = C x4
c) y = C x2
d) y = C x1/2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Equation of parabola is y = 4 x2 or x = 4 y2.
6. The correction length for cylindrical fin is
a) L C = L + d/4
b) L C = 2 L + d/4
c) L C = 3 L + d/4
d) L C = 4 L + d/4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Area = π d2/4. Where, d is the diameter.
7. Provision of fins on a given heat transfer surface will be more effective if there
is
a) Fewer but thick fins
b) Large number of thick fins
c) Fewer but thin fins
d) Large number of thin fins
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Increase in ratio of perimeter P to be cross sectional area A C brings
about improvement in the effectiveness of fins.
8. The heat dissipation at any section of parabolic fin is given by
a) (t2 – t1) (b) (δ)
b) k (t2 – t1) (b) (δ)
c) k (t2 – t1) (δ)
d) k (t2 – t1) (b)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = qx (A X) = k (t2 – t1) (b) (δ).
9. An air cooled cylindrical wall is to be fitted with triangular fins of 3 cm
thickness at base and 12 cm in height. The fins are made from stainless steel with
density 8000 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity 17.5 W/m K. The wall temperature is
600 degree Celsius and the fin is exposed to an environment with t a = 30 degree
Celsius and h = 20 W/m2 K. What is the temperature distribution along the fin?
a) t = 10 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
b) t = 20 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
c) t = 30 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
d) t = 40 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: α/α 0 = t – t 0/t 0 – t a = I 0 [2 B (x) ½]/ I 0 [2 B (l) ½]. Here B = (2 h l/k
δ) ½ = 3.028.
10. Consider the above problem, make calculations for the rate of heat flow per
unit mass of fin material used
a) 126.53 W/kg
b) 154.76 W/kg
c) 134.87 W/kg
d) 165.46 W/kg
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = b (2 h k δ) ½ α 0 I 1 [2 B (L) ½/ I 0 [2 B (L) ½ = 1822 W. Mass of
fin per meter width = 14.4 kg. Therefore rate of heat flow per unit mass =
1822/14.4 = 126.53 W/kg.
“Thermometric Well”.

1. The convective coefficient in boilers and condenser is

a) Low
b) High
c) Moderate
d) Depends on time and temperature
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For low heat transfer rate it is high.
2. In thermometer, heat is dissipated from which end?
a) Back side
b) Front side
c) Middle
d) No heat is dissipated
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In thermometric well heat dissipation is from the end.
3. The thermometric well is treated as a fin of
a) It is not treated as a fin
b) Infinite length
c) Finite length
d) It depends on the amount of heat dissipation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Generally for maximum heat dissipation it is treated as a fin of finite
length.
4. Thermometric well apparatus doesn’t consist of
a) Thermometer
b) Pipe line
c) Oil
d) Ammeter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It doesn’t consist of an ammeter.
5. For what purpose we use thermometric well?
a) To measure current
b) To measure resistance
c) To measure temperature of gas
d) To stop heat dissipation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We use this apparatus for the measurement of a temperature of gas
flowing through pipeline.
6. In thermometric well, the error can be minimized by
(i) The value of parameter ml slows down by some quantity.
(ii) Lagging of the tube so that conduction of heat along its length is arrested.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Here, we increase the value of parameter ml.
7. Suppose there are two reservoirs A and B. Let TA and TB be the temperatures of
respective reservoirs. At any instant say TA = TB. In this case, maximum
temperature occurs at
a) Middle
b) Left
c) Right
d) All over the rod
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here temperatures are same so x = ½ i.e. middle of the rod.
8. The relevant boundary conditions in case of heat transfer from a bar connected
to two heat sources at different temperatures are
a) α = α 1 at x = 0 and α = α 2 at x = infinity
b) α = α 1 at x = 1 and α = α 2 at x = 2L
c) α = α 1 at x = infinity and α = α 2 at x = 1
d) α = α 1 at x = 0 and α = α 2 at x = L
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should be at x = o and x = L.
9. “The tube that is used in a thermometric well is considered as a hollow fin and
the temperature distribution is obtained by using the relation applicable to
infinitely long fin”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The relation applicable to fin with insulated tip is used here.
10. “The diameter of well does not have any effect on temperature measurement by
the thermometer”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here, there is no relation between well diameter and temperature.

“Time Constant”.

1. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to

a) Minimum time taken to record a temperature reading
b) Attain 50% of initial temperature difference
c) Attain the final value to be measured
d) Attain 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The time constant of a thermocouple represents the time required to
attain 63.2% value.
2. A thermocouple junction of spherical form is to be used to measure the
temperature of the gas stream. The junction is at 20 degree Celsius and is placed in
a gas stream which is at 200 degree Celsius. Make calculations for junction
diameter needed for the thermocouple to have thermal time constant of one second.
Assume the thermos-physical properties as given below
k = 20 W/ m K
h = 350 W/m2 K
c = 0.4 k J/kg K
p = 8000 kg/m3
a) 0.556 mm
b) 0.656 mm
c) 0.756 mm
d) 0.856 mm
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: T = p V c/h A = p r c/3h. So, r = 3 h T/p c = 0.000328 m = 0.328 m.
3. A low value of time constant can be achieved for a thermocouple by
(i) Increasing the wire diameter
(ii) Increasing the value heat transfer coefficient
(iii) Use light metals of low density and low specific heat
a) ii and iii
b) i and iii
c) i and ii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Diameter of wire should be less.
4. Which of the following has units of time constant? (Where, P is density, A is
area, c is specific heat and V is volume)
a) p V/h A
b) p c/h A
c) p V c/h A
d) V c/h A
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It has the unit of time and is time constant of the system.
5. “Thermal radiation suffers no attenuation in a vacuum”.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is gradual loss of intensity of any kind of flux.
6. How does the body temperature falls or rises with time?
a) Logarithmic
b) Parabolic
c) Linear
d) Exponentially
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The rate depends on the parameter h A/p V c.
7. The lumped parameter solution for transient conduction can be conveniently
stated as
a) t – t a/t I – t a = 2 exponential (- B I F 0)
b) t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- B I F 0)
c) t – t a/t I – t a = 3 exponential (- B I F 0)
d) t – t a/t I – t a = 6 exponential (- B I F 0)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This is the general solution for lumped system parameter.
8. An iron billet (k = 65 W/m K) measuring 20 * 15 * 80 cm is exposed to a
convective flow resulting in convection coefficient of 11.5 W/m2 K. Determine the
Biot number
a) 0.02376
b) 0.008974
c) 0.004563
d) 0.006846
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: B = h L C/k = 0.006846.
9. A mercury thermometer with bulb idealized as a sphere of 1 mm radius is used
for measuring the temperature of fluid whose temperature is varying at a fast rate.
For mercury

k = 10 W/m K

α = 0.00005 m2/s
h = 10 W/m2 K
If the time for the temperature change of the fluid is 3 second, what should be the
radius of thermocouple to read the temperature of the fluid?
For the thermocouple material
k = 100 W/m K
α = 0.0012 m2/s
h = 18 W/m2 K
a) .864 mm
b) .764 mm
c) .664 mm
d) .564 mm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: T = k l/h α. So, radius is 0.864 mm.
10. A thermocouple junction of spherical form is to be used to measure the
temperature of the gas stream. The junction is at 20 degree Celsius and is placed in
a gas stream which is at 200 degree Celsius. Make calculations for junction
diameter needed for the thermocouple to have thermal time constant of one second.
Assume the thermos-physical properties as given below
k = 20 W/ m K
h = 350 W/m2 K
c = 0.4 k J/kg K
p = 8000 kg/m3
a) 0.456 mm
b) 0.556 mm
c) 0.656 mm
d) 0.756 mm
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: T = p V c/h A = p r c/3 h.
“Transient Heat Conduction Solids With Infinite Thermal Conductivity”.
1. A flat wall of fire clay, 50 cm thick and initially at 25 degree Celsius, has one of
its faces suddenly exposed to a hot gas at 950 degree Celsius. If the heat transfer
coefficient on the hot side is 7.5 W/m2 K and the other face of the wall is insulated
so that no heat passes out of that face, determine the time necessary to raise the
center of the wall to 350 degree Celsius. For fire clay brick

Thermal conductivity = 1.12 W/m K

Thermal diffusivity = 5.16 * 10 -7 m2/s
a) 43.07 hours
b) 53.07 hours
c) 63.07 hours
d) 73.07 hours
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: t – t a/t 0 – t a = 0.86. Also, α T/l 2 = 0.32.
2. Glass spheres of 2 mm radius and at 500 degree Celsius are to be cooled by
exposing them to an air stream at 25 degree Celsius. Find maximum value of
convective coefficient that is permissible. Assume the following property values
Density = 2250 kg/m3
Specific heat = 850 J/kg K
Conductivity = 1.5 W/m K
a) 245 W/m2K
b) 235 W/m2K
c) 225 W/m2K
d) 215 W/m2K
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: l = volume/surface area = r/3. So, h = (0.1) (k) (3)/r.
3. The transient response of a solid can be determined by the equation. (Where, P
is density, V is volume, c is specific heat and A is area)
a) – 4 p V c = h A (t – t0)
b) – 3 p V c = h A (t – t0)
c) – 2 p V c = h A (t – t0)
d) – p V c = h A (t – t0)
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It can be determined by relating rate of change of internal energy with
conductive heat exchange at the surface.
4. A 2 cm thick steel slab heated to 525 degree Celsius is held in air stream having
a mean temperature of 25 degree Celsius. Estimate the time interval when the slab
temperature would not depart from the mean value of 25 degree Celsius by more
than 0.5 degree Celsius at any point in the slab. The steel plate has the following
thermal physical properties
Density = 7950 kg/m3
C P = 455 J/kg K
K = 46 W/m K
a) 6548 s
b) 6941 s
c) 4876 s
d) 8760 s
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c). Now A/V = 100 per
meter.
5. An average convective heat transfer coefficient for flow of air over a sphere has
been measured by observing the temperature-time history of a 12 mm diameter
copper sphere (density = 9000 kg/m3 and c = 0.4 k J/kg K) exposed to air at 30
degree Celsius. The temperature of the sphere was measured by two thermocouples
one located at the center and the other near the surface. The initial temperature of
the ball was 75 degree Celsius and it decreased by 10 degree Celsius in 1.2
minutes. Find the heat transfer coefficient
a) 27.46 W/m2 K
b) 21.76 W/m2 K
c) 29.37 W/m2 K
d) 25.13 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c). So, h = 25.13 W/m2 K.
6. Transient condition means
a) Conduction when temperature at a point varies with time
b) Very little heat transfer
c) Heat transfer with a very little temperature difference
d) Heat transfer for a short time
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The term transient or unsteady state designates a phenomenon which
is time dependent.
7. Which of the following is not correct in a transient flow process?
a) The state of matter inside the control volume varies with time
b) There can be work and heat interactions across the control volume
c) There is no accumulation of energy inside the control volume
d) The rate of inflow and outflow of mass are different
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In transient heat conduction there is accumulation of energy inside
the control volume.
8. A cylindrical stainless steel (k = 25 W/m K) ingot, 10 cm in diameter and 25 cm
long, passes through a heat treatment furnace which is 5 meter in length. The initial
ingot temperature is 90 degree Celsius, the furnace gas is at 1260 degree Celsius
and the combined radiant and convective surface coefficient is 100 W/m2 K.
Determine the maximum speed with which the ingot moves through the furnace if
it must attain 830 degree Celsius temperature. Take thermal diffusivity as 0.45 *
10 -5 m2/s
a) . 000116 m/s
b) .000216 m/s
c) . 000316 m/s
d) . 000416 m/s
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c). Now, A/V = 2(r + L)/r L =
0.48 per cm. Also, T = 1158.53 second so required velocity is 0.25/1158.53.
9. The curve for unsteady state cooling or heating of bodies is
a) Hyperbolic curve asymptotic both to time and temperature axis
b) Exponential curve asymptotic both to time and temperature axis
c) Parabolic curve asymptotic to time axis
d) Exponential curve asymptotic to time axis
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: α/α 0 = exponential [- h A T/p c V], which represents an exponential
curve.
10. What is the wavelength band for TV rays?
a) 1 * 10 3 to 34 * 10 10 micron meter
b) 1 * 10 3 to 2 * 10 10 micron meter
c) 1 * 10 3 to 3 * 10 10 micron meter
d) 1 * 10 3 to 56 * 10 10 micron meter
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This is the maximum and minimum wavelength for TV rays.

“Transient Heat Conduction In Solids With Finite Conduction”.

1. Diagram shows transient heat conduction in an infinite plane wall. Identify the
correct boundary condition in transient heat conduction in solids with finite
conduction
a) t = t i at T = 0
b) d t /d x = 1 at x = 0
c) d t /d x = infinity at x = 1
d) d t / d x = infinity at x = 0
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: d t / d x = 0 at x = 0. The solution of controlling differential equation
in conjunction with initial boundary conditions would give an expression for
temperature variation both with time and position.
2. Let there is some conduction resistance, then temperature becomes a function of
(i) Biot number
(ii)Fourier number
(iii) Dimensionless parameter
a) i and ii
b) ii and iii
c) i and iii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should be the function of all of the above i.e. Biot number, Fourier
number and dimensionless parameters which includes all the dimensionless
numbers.
3. The value of Biot number and Fourier number, as used in the Heisler charts, are
evacuated on the basis of a characteristics parameter s which is the thickness in
case of plates and the surface radius in case of cylinders and spheres.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It must be semi thickness instead of thickness.
4. A large steel plate 50 mm thick is initially at a uniform temperature of 425
degree Celsius. It is suddenly exposed on both sides to an environment with
convective coefficient 285 W/m2 K and temperature 65 degree Celsius. Determine
the center line temperature.
For steel, thermal conductivity = 42.5 W/m K and thermal diffusivity = 0.043
m2/hr
a) 261 degree Celsius
b) 271 degree Celsius
c) 281 degree Celsius
d) 291 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: t 0 – t a/t I – t a = 0.6.
5. With respect to above problem, determine the temperature inside the plate 12.5
mm from the mid plane after 3 minutes
a) 272.36 degree Celsius
b) 262.36 degree Celsius
c) 252.36 degree Celsius
d) 22.35 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: x/l = 0.5 and t 0 – t a/t I – t a = 0.96.
6. When Biot number exceeds 0.1 but is less than 100, use is made of Heislers
charts for the solution of transient heat conduction.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Heisler charts are extensively used to determine the temperature
distribution and heat flow rate when both conduction and convection resistance are
of equal importance.
7. In transient heat conduction, the two significant dimensionless parameters are
a) Reynolds number and Fourier number
b) Reynolds number and Biot number
c) Reynolds number and Prandtl number
d) Biot number and Fourier number
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: These two are dimensionless numbers. Biot number is given by the
ratio of internal conduction resistance to the surface convection resistance whereas
Fourier number signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect
through a solid.
8. A 12 cm diameter cylindrical bar, initially at a uniform temperature of 40 degree
Celsius, is placed in a medium at 650 degree Celsius with convective coefficient of
22 W/m2 K. Determine the time required for the center to reach 255 degree
Celsius. For the material of the bar:
Thermal conductivity = 20 W/m K
Density = 580 kg/m3
Specific heat = 1050 J/kg K
a) 1234.5 seconds
b) 1973.16 seconds
c) 3487.3 seconds
d) 2896.4 seconds
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: 1/B I = k/h R = 0.1515, t – t a/t I – t a = 0.647. X / l = 0 (center of the
bar). Therefore, α T/R2 = 0.18.
9. Consider the above problem, calculate the temperature of the surface at this
instant
a) 476.4 degree Celsius
b) 453.5 degree Celsius
c) 578.9 degree Celsius
d) 548.6 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: r/R = 1 and 1/B I = 0.1515. t 0 – t a/t I – t a = 0.18.
10. A solid which extend itself infinitely in all directions of space is termed as
finite solid.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is known as infinite solid. This type of solid can extend itself in x-
direction, y-direction and z-direction.
“Biot Number”.

1. A gold ring (k = 65 W/m K) measuring 15 * 10 * 60 cm is exposed to a surface

where h = 11.5 W/m2 K. Find the value of biot number
a) 0.68
b) 0.58
c) 0.48
d) 0.38
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Biot number = h l/k = 0.48.
2. In the lumped system parameter model, the variation of temperature with time is
a) Linear
b) Exponential
c) Sinusoidal
d) Cube
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential [-h A T/p V c].
3. Which of the following dimensionless number gives an indication of the ratio of
internal (conduction) resistance to the surface (convective) resistance?
a) Biot number
b) Fourier number
c) Stanton number
d) Nusselt number
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is the ratio of conduction resistance to that of convective resistance.
4. Lumped parameter analysis for transient heat conduction is essentially valid for
a) B I < 0.1
b) 1 < B I < 10
c) 0.1 < B I < 0.5
d) It tends to infinity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is generally accepted that lump system analysis is applicable if Biot
number is less than 0.1.
5. In the non-dimensional Biot number, the characteristics length is the ratio of
a) Perimeter to surface area of solid
b) Surface area to perimeter of solid
c) Surface area to volume of solid
d) Volume of solid to its surface area
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We introduced characteristics length for lump system analysis.
6. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height and
at 30 degree Celsius are placed in a furnace at 750 degree Celsius with convective
coefficient 80 W/m2 degree. Calculate the time required to heat the pieces to 600
degree Celsius. Assume the following property values
Density = 7850 kg /m3
Specific heat = 480 J/kg K
Conductivity = 40 W/m degree
a) 226 sec
b) 326 sec
c) 426 sec
d) 526 sec
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c).
7. The quantity h L C/k is known as
a) Biot number
b) Fourier number
c) Stanton number
d) Nusselt number
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Biot number = conduction resistance/convection resistance.
8. For a plat plate (thickness δ, breadth b and height h) the heat exchange occurs
from both the sides. The characteristics length is equal to
a) δ/4
b) δ/3
c) δ/2
d) δ
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: l = δ b h/2 b h = δ/2.
9. Fourier number is given by
a) α T/LC2
b) 2 α T/LC2
c) 3 α T/LC2
d) 4 α T/LC2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect
through a solid. Where, α is thermal diffusivity, T is time constant and L C is
characteristics length
10. Identify the correct relation between Biot number and Fourier number
a) 4 b T = B I F 0
b) 2 b T = B I F 0
c) 3 b T = B I F 0
d) b T = B I F 0
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: B I = h L C/k and F 0 = α T/LC2.
“Lump System Analysis”.

1. According to lumped system analysis, solid possesses thermal conductivity that

is
a) Infinitely large
b) Infinitely small
c) Moderate
d) 50% small
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Solutions to the many of the transient heat flow problems are
obtained by the lumped system parameter analysis.
2. The temperature and rate of heat conduction are undoubtedly dependent on
a) Time coordinates
b) Space coordinates
c) Mass coordinates
d) Both time and space coordinates
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should depend on both time coordinates and space coordinates.
3. Glass spheres of 2 mm radius and at 500 degree Celsius are to be cooled by
exposing them to an air stream at 25 degree Celsius. Find the minimum time
required for cooling to a temperature of 60 degree Celsius. Assume the following
property values
Density = 2250 kg/m3
Specific heat = 850 J/kg K
Conductivity = 1.5 W/m K
a) 13.78 seconds
b) 14.78 seconds
c) 15.78 seconds
d) 16.78 seconds
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c).
4. Which is true regarding lumped system analysis?
(i) Conductive resistance = 0
(ii) Convective resistance = 0
(iii) Thermal conductivity = 0
(iv) Thermal conductivity = infinity
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) i, ii and iv
c) i and iv
d) ii and iv
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Solids have infinite thermal conductivities. It implies that internal
conductance resistance is very low.
5. Which of the following is an example of lump system analysis?
a) Heating or cooling of fine thermocouple wire due to change in ambient
temperature
b) Heating of an ingot in an furnace
c) Cooling of bars
d) Cooling of metal billets in steel works
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Others are the examples of non-periodic variation.
6. What is the criterion for the applicability of lump system analysis?
a) Mean length
b) Normal length
c) Characteristics length
d) Mass no
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The first set in establishing criteria for the applicability of lump
system analysis is to define a characteristics length.
7. What is the value of characteristics length for cylinder?
a) R/5
b) R/4
c) R/3
d) R/2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: π R2 L/2 π R L = R/2.
8. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height and
at 30 degree Celsius are placed in a furnace at 750 degree Celsius with convective
coefficient 80 W/m2 degree. Find the value of biot number if thermal conductivity
is 40 W/m degree
a) 0.0082
b) 0.0072
c) 0.0062
d) 0.0052
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a cylindrical piece, the characteristic linear dimension is, l =
volume/surface area = .00441 m. So, biot number = hl/k = -.00882.
9. What is the value of characteristics length for sphere?
a) R/2
b) R/3
c) R/4
d) R/5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: 4/3 π R3/4 π R2 = R/3.
10. What is the value of characteristics length for cube?
a) L/3
b) L/4
c) L/5
d) L/6
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: L3/6 L2 = L/6.
“Transient Heat Conduction In Infinite Thick Solids”.

1. “An infinite solid is one which extends itself infinitely in all directions of
space”. Identify the correct option
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the infinite solid is split in the middle by the plane, each half is
known as semi-infinite solid.
2. The boundary conditions in case of transient heat conduction in infinite thick
solids are
(i) t (x = 0) = t i
(ii) t (0, T) = t a for T greater than zero
(iii) t (infinity, T) = t i for T greater than zero
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) i and iii
c) ii and iii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Boundary conditions are those by which we could find out the values
of constant.
3. The perturbation time varies as
a) d 2/α
b) 2 d 2/α
c) 3 d 2/α
d) 4 d 2/α
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: At penetration depth d, there will be 1% perturbation.
4. The temperature perturbation at all the surface has penetrated to the depth
a) 1.6 (α T) 1/2
b) 2.6 (α T) 1/2
c) 3.6 (α T) 1/2
d) 4.6 (α T) ½
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: At penetration depth d, there will be 1% perturbation at a time t.
5. A water line is buried underground in dry soil that has an assumed initial
temperature of 4.5 degree Celsius. The pipe may have no flow through it for long
period of time, yet it will not be drained in order that no freezing occurs, the pipe
must be kept at a temperature not lower than 0 degree Celsius. The pipe is to be
designed for a 30 hour period at the beginning of which the soil surface
temperature suddenly drops to – 17 degree Celsius. Workout the minimum earth
covering needed above the water pipe so as to prevent the possibility of freezing
during 36 hour cold spell. The soil in which the pipe is buried has the following
properties

Density = 640 kg/m3

Specific heat = 1843J/kg degree
Thermal conductivity = 0.345 W/m degree
a) 0.25 m
b) 0.35 m
c) 0.45 m
d) 0.55 m
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t i – t a = erf [x/2 (α T) ½].
6. At the penetration depth d, there will be 1% perturbation at a time given by
a) 4 d 2/13 α
b) 3 d 2/13 α
c) 2 d 2/13 α
d) d 2/13 α
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: d/2 (α t) ½ = 1.8.
7. A large steel ingot, which has been uniformly heated to 750 degree Celsius, is
hardened by quenching it in an oil bath that is maintained at 25 degree Celsius.
What length of time is required for the temperature to reach 600 degree Celsius at a
depth of 1 cm? Thermal diffusivity for the steel ingot is 1.21 * 10 -5 m2/s. The ingot
may be approximated as a flat plate
a) 4.55 seconds
b) 3.55 seconds
c) 2.55 seconds
d) 1.55 seconds
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = erf [x/2 (α T) ½].
8. A mild steel plate 5 cm thick and initially at 40 degree Celsius temperature is
suddenly exposed on one side to a fluid which causes the surface temperature to
increase to and remain at 90 degree Celsius. Calculate maximum time that the slab
be treated as a semi-infinitely body
For steel, thermal diffusivity = 1.25 * 10 –5 m2/s
a) 100 seconds
b) 200 seconds
c) 300 seconds
d) 400 seconds
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: T MAX = δ 2/4 α (0.5)2 = 200 seconds.
9. Consider the above problem, find the temperature at the center of the slab one
minute after the change in surface temperature
a) 66 degree Celsius
b) 76 degree Celsius
c) 86 degree Celsius
d) 96 degree Celsius
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = erf [x/2 (α T) ½]. Therefore, temperature at the center
of the slab is t a + 0.48 (t I – t a).
10. Water pipes are to be buried underground in a wet soil (thermal diffusivity =
2.78 * 10 -3 m2/s) which is initially at 4.5 degree Celsius. The soil surface
temperature suddenly drops to -5 degree Celsius and remains at this value for 10
hours. Calculate the minimum depth at which the pipe be laid if the surrounding
soil temperature is to remain above 0 degree Celsius. The soil may be considered
as semi-infinite solid
a) 0.467 m
b) 0.367 m
c) 0.267 m
d) 0.167 m
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = erf [x/2 (α T) ½]. Thus x = 2 (0.50) (α T) ½ = 0.167 m.
“Periodic Variation”.

1. When the surface temperature variation inside a solid are periodic in nature, the
profile of temperature variation with time may assume
a) Triangular
b) Linear
c) Parabolic
d) Hyperbolic
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Any type of waveform can be analyzed and resolved into an infinite
number of sine and cosine waves.
2. The surface temperature oscillates about the mean temperature level in
accordance with the relation
a) α S,T – α S,A = 2 sin (2 π n T)
b) α S,T – α S,A = 5 sin (2 π n T)
c) α S,T – α S,A = sin (2 π n T)
d) α S,T – α S,A = 3 sin (2 π n T)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: α S,T = t S,T – t M.
3. The temperature variation of a thick brick wall during periodic heating or
cooling follows a sinusoidal waveform. During a period of 24 hours, the surface
temperature ranges from 25 degree Celsius to 75 degree Celsius. Workout the time
lag of the temperature wave corresponding to a point located at 25 cm from the
wall surface. Thermo-physical properties of the wall material are; thermal
conductivity = 0.62 W/m K; specific heat = 450 J/kg K and density = 1620 kg/m3
a) 3.980 hour
b) 6.245 hour
c) 2.648 hour
d) 3.850 hour
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: d T = x/2 (1/α π n) ½ where x = 0.25 m and n = frequency.
4. A single cylinder 2-stroke engine operates at 1500 rpm. Calculate the depth
where the temperature wave due to variation in cylinder is damped to 1% of its
surface value. For the cylinder material, thermal diffusivity = 0.042 m2/hr
a) 0.1996 cm
b) 0.3887 cm
c) 0.2774 cm
d) 0.1775 cm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: α X,A = α S,A exponential [-x (π n/α) ½] where frequency = 1500 * 60.
5. The temperature distribution at a certain time instant through a 50 cm thick wall
is prescribed by the relation
T = 300 – 500 x – 100 x2 + 140 x3
Where temperature t is in degree Celsius and the distance x in meters has been
measured from the hot surface. If thermal conductivity of the wall material is 20 k
J/m hr degree, calculate the heat energy stored per unit area of the wall
a) 4100 k J/hr
b) 4200 k J/hr
c) 4300 k J/hr
d) 4400 k J/hr
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: d t/d x = -500 + 200 x + 420 x2. Now heat storage rate = Q IN –
Q OUT = 10000 – 5900 = 4100 k J/hr.
6. A large plane wall, 40 cm thick and 8 m2 area, is heated from one side and
temperature distribution at a certain time instant is approximately prescribed by the
relation
T = 80 – 60 x +12 x2 + 25 x3 – 20 x4
Where temperature t is in degree Celsius and the distance x in meters. Make
calculations for heat energy stored in the wall in unit time.
For wall material:
Thermal conductivity = 6 W/m K and thermal diffusivity = 0.02 m2/hr.
a) 870.4 W
b) 345.6 W
c) 791.04 W
d) 238.5 W
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Q IN = – k A (d t/d x)X = 0 = 2880 W and Q OUT = – k A (d t/d x)X = 0.4 =
2088.96 W.
7. Consider the above problem, calculate rate of temperature change at 20 cm
distance from the side being heated
a) 0.777 degree Celsius/hour
b) 0.888 degree Celsius/hour
c) 0.999 degree Celsius/hour
d) 0.666 degree Celsius/hour
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: d t/d T = α d 2t/d x 2 = 0.888 degree Celsius/hour.
8. At a certain time instant, the temperature distribution in a long cylindrical fire
tube can be represented approximately by the relation
T = 650 + 800 r – 4250 r2
Where temperature t is in degree Celsius and radius r is in meter. Find the rate of
heat flow such that the tube measures: inside radius 25 cm, outside radius 40 cm
and length 1.5 m.
For the tube material
K = 5.5 W/m K
α = 0.004 m2/hr
a) 3.672 * 10 8 W
b) 3.672 * 10 2 W
c) 3.672 * 10 5 W
d) – 3.672 * 10 5 W
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = – k A (d t/d r), Rate of heat storage = Q IN – Q OUT = – 3.672 *
10 5 W.
9. Consider he above problem, find the rate of change of temperature at the inside
surface of the tube
a) – 35 degree Celsius/hour
b) – 45 degree Celsius/hour
c) – 55 degree Celsius/hour
d) – 65 degree Celsius/hour
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: d t/d T = α [d 2t/d r2 + d t/r d r] = – 55 degree Celsius/hour.
10. Time lag is given by the formula
a) x/2 [1/ (α π n) ½].
b) x/3 [1/ (α π n) ½].
c) x/4 [1/ (α π n) ½].
d) x/5 [1/ (α π n) ½].
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The time interval between the two instants is called the time lag.
Absorptivity”.

1. Energy strikes a vertical hemispherical plate with an intensity of 640 W/m2. The
absorptivity is thrice the transmissivity and twice the reflectivity. Determine the
rate of transmission
a) 236.74 W/m2
b) 116.37 W/m2
c) 187.87 W/m2
d) 456.09 W/m2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Rate os transmission = (0.5455) (640)/3 = 116.37 W/m2.
2. The absorptivity of a surface depends upon
(i) Direction of reflected radiation
(ii) Temperature of the surface
(iii) Composition
Identify the correct statements
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and iii
c) ii only
d) ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It depend upon the direction of incident radiation. Absorptivity is the
fraction of total energy absorbed by the body.
3. What is the absorptivity of the gray body?
a) Below unity
b) Unity
c) 2
d) 2.5
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Gray body absorbs a certain fixed percentage of impinging radiations.
4. A body that reflects all the incident thermal radiations is called a
a) Opaque body
b) Gases
c) Black body
d) Specular body
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In this case reflection is regular. For such bodies reflectivity is unity
and transmissivity is equal to zero.
5. Energy strikes a vertical hemispherical plate with an intensity of 640 W/m2. The
absorptivity is thrice the transmissivity and twice the reflectivity. Determine the
rate of absorption
a) 449.12 W/m2
b) 349.12 W/m2
c) 249.12 W/m2
d) 149.12 W/m2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Rate of absorption = (0.5455) (640) = 349.12 W/m2.
6. Let 220 W/m2 of radiant energy is absorbed by a convex surface, 90 W/m2 is
reflected and 40 W/m2 is transmitted through it. What is the value of absorptivity?
a) 0.72
b) 0.62
c) 0.52
d) 0.42
View Answer
7. For a grey surface
a) Reflectivity equals emissivity
b) Emissivity equals transmissivity
c) Absorptivity equals reflectivity
d) Emissivity is constant
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Emissivity is constant only for grey surfaces because grey surface
radiates much more than any of the other surface.
8. Which quantity can be neglected for gases?
a) Transmissivity
b) Reflectivity
c) Absorptivity
d) None can be neglected
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Gases are known to reflect very little of the radiation incident on their
surface.
9. Absorptivity of a body is equal to its emissivity
a) Under thermal equilibrium conditions
b) For a polished surface
c) At one particular temperature
d) At shorter wavelengths
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In most case absorptivity of a body is equal to its emissivity under
thermal equilibrium conditions.
10. Electromagnetic waves strikes a hot body maintained at 900 degree Celsius
which has a reflectivity of 0.66 and a transmissivity of 0.022. Let the absorbed flux
be 60 W/m2. Determine the rate of incident flux
a) 168.67 W/m2
b) 178.67 W/m2
c) 188.67 W/m2
d) 198.67 W/m2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Absorptivity + Reflectivity + Transmissivity = 1. So, incident flux =
60/0.318 = 188.67 W/m2.
“Black Body”.
1. Radiation heat transfer is characterized by
a) Due to bulk fluid motion, there is a transport of energy
b) Thermal energy transfer as vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the
material
c) Movement of discrete packets of energy as electromagnetic waves
d) There is circulation of fluid by buoyancy effects
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: EM waves is characterized by radiant heat transfer.
2. Which is true regarding radiation?
a) Radiation travels only in medium
b) Radiation travels without any medium
c) Radiation travels in medium but sometimes without medium
d) Radiation travels in medium or without medium
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is true that radiation travels in medium or without medium.
3. Radiation exchange occurs in
a) Solid
b) Vacuum
c) Liquid
d) Gas
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It occurs more effectively only in vacuum.
4. Energy released by a radiating surface is not continuous but is in the form of
successive and separate packets of energy called
a) Photons
b) Protons
c) Electrons
d) Neutrons
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The photons are propagated through space as rays.
5. The electromagnetic waves are emitted as a result of
(i) Vibrational movement
(ii) Rotational movement
(iii)Atomic or sub-atomic particles comprising the matter
Identify the correct statement
a) i and ii
b) ii and iii
c) i and iii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The emission occurs when the body is excited by an oscillating
electrical signal.
6. Thermal radiations occur in the portion of electromagnetic spectrum between the
wavelengths
a) 10 -2 to 10 -4 micron
b) 10 -1 to 10 -2 micron
c) 0.1 to 10 2 micron
d) 10 -2 micron onwards
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The radiation waves propagates with the speed of light, and their
wavelength ranges from 0.1 to 100 micron meter.
7. A perfectly black body
a) Absorbs all the incident radiation
b) Allow all the incident radiation to pass through it
c) Reflects all the incident radiation
d) Has its surface coated with lamp black or graphite
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A black body is a perfect emitter and absorber.
8. What is the wavelength band for cosmic rays?
a) Up to 45 * 10 -7 micron meter
b) Up to 23 * 10 -7 micron meter
c) Up to 19 * 10 -7 micron meter
d) Up to 4 * 10 -7 micron meter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This is its maximum wavelength.
9. For a prescribed wavelength a black body radiates how much energy at the
temperature of body?
a) Maximum
b) Minimum
c) 20%
d) 50%
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A black body neither reflects nor transmits any amount of incident
radiations.
10. Radiation emitted by a black surface is a function of wavelength and
temperature but is independent of direction.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The black body is a diffused emitter.
“Stefan- Boltzman Law”.

1. The Stefan-Boltzmann constant has units of

a) kcal/m2 hr K4
b) kcal/m hr K4
c) kcal/hr K4
d) kcal/m2 K4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, q = α A T4.
2. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law of thermal radiation
a) q = α A T
b) q = α A T4
c) q = α A T3
d) q = α A T5
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: α is Stefan-Boltzmann constant whose value is 5.67 * 10 -8 W/m2 K4.
3. Calculate the radiant flux density from a black surface at 400 degree Celsius?
a) 1631.7 W/m2
b) 31.7 W/m2
c) 631.7 W/m2
d) 11631.7 W/m2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: E = σ T4 = 5.67 * 10 –8 (400 + 273)4 = 11631.7 W/m2.
4. If the emitted radiant energy is to be doubled, to what temperature surface of
black body needs to be raised? Take radiant flux density as 11631.7 W/m 2.
a) 894.4 K
b) 200.4 K
c) 800.3 K
d) 600.4 K
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: 2(11631.7) = 5.67 * 10 –8 T 4.
5. A furnace having inside temperature of 2250 has a glass circular viewing of 6
cm diameter. If the transmissivity of glass is 0.08, make calculations for the heat
loss from the glass window due to radiation
a) 234.54 W
b) 652.32 W
c) 328.53 W
d) 762.32 W
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Q = σ A T4 (t) = 328.53 W.
6. The value of radiation coefficient or the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is
a) 5.67 * 10 -8 W/m2 K4
b) 5.67 * 10 -7 W/m2 K4
c) 5.67 * 10 -6 W/m2 K4
d) 5.67 * 10 -5 W/m2 K4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: q = α A T4.
7. Measurements were made of the monochromatic absorptivity and
monochromatic hemispherical irradiation incident on an opaque surface, and the
variation of these parameters with wavelength may be approximated by the result
shown below. Determine the total hemispherical absorptivity
a) 0.557
b) 0.667
c) 0.777
d) 0.887
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Incident flux = 800(8 – 2) – 4800 W/m2. Absorptivity = 3200/4800 =
0.667.
8. What is the wavelength band for Ultraviolet rays?
a) 1 * 10 -6 to 3.9 * 10 -1 micron meter
b) 1 * 10 -4 to 3.9 * 10 -1 micron meter
c) 2 * 10 -3 to 3.9 * 10 -1 micron meter
d) 1 * 10 -2 to 3.9 * 10 -1 micron meter
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This is the maximum and minimum wavelength for Ultraviolet rays.
9. A black body of total area 0.045 m2 is completely enclosed in a space bounded
by 5 cm thick walls. The walls have a surface area 0.5 m 2 and thermal
conductivity 1.07 W/ m K. If the inner surface of the enveloping wall is to be
maintained at 215 degree Celsius and the outer wall surface at 30 degree Celsius,
calculate the temperature of the black body
a) 547.3 K
b) 287.4 K
c) 955.9 K
d) 222.2 K
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Q r = σ A (T b4 – Tw4), Q c = k A d t/δ = 1979.5 W. So temperature of
black body is 955.9 K.
10. What is the wavelength band for solar radiation?
a) 1 * 10 -1 to 3 micron meter
b) 1 * 10 -1 to 2 micron meter
c) 1 * 10 -1 to 1 micron meter
d) 1 * 10 -1 to 10 micron meter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This is the maximum and minimum wavelength for solar radiation.
“Kirchoff’s Law”.

1. If radiant energy E B emitted by the black surface strikes the non-black surface.
If non-black surface has absorptivity α, it will absorb how much radiations?
a) α E B
b) 2 α E B
c) 3 α E B
d) 4 α E B
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The remainder (1 – α) will be reflected back for full absorption at the
black surface.
2. If two surfaces are at the same temperature, then the conditions correspond to
mobile thermal equilibrium for which the resultant interchange of heat is zero are
a) 3 E – α E B = 0
b) 2 E – α E B = 0
c) E – α E B = 0
d) ½ E – α E B = 0
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The remainder (1 – α) will be reflected back for full absorption at the
black surface.
3. The absorptivity of black body equals to
a) 2
b) 1
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The absorptivity of black body equals to unity.
4. A diathermanous body
a) Shines as a result of incident radiation
b) Gets heated up a result of absorption of incident radiation
c) Allows all the incident radiation to pass through it
d) Partly absorbs and partly reflects the incident radiation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It behaves like a body that allows all the incident radiation to pass
through it.
5. Choose the false statement
a) Snow is nearly black to thermal radiation
b) Absorption of radiation occurs in a very thin layer of material near the surface
c) Transmissivity varies with the wavelength of incident radiation
d) Most of the engineering materials have rough surfaces, and these rough surfaces
give regular (specular) reflections
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Rough surfaces give diffused reflections. Reflections from highly
polished and smooth surfaces have regular characteristics.
6. The emissivity and the absorptivity of a real surface are equal for radiation with
identical temperature and wavelength. This law is referred to as
a) Kirchhoff’s law
b) Lambert’s law
c) Planck’s law
d) Wein’s displacement law
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Emissivity and absorptivity are related by Kirchhoff’s law.
7. With an increase in wavelength, the monochromatic emissive power of a black
body
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Decreases, reaches a minimum and then increases
d) Increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It firstly increases to its maximum value and then decreases to zero.
8. The temperature of a solid surface changes from 27 K to 627 K. The emissive
power changes would then confirm to the ratio
a) 6:1
b) 9:1
c) 81:1
d) 27:1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: E2/E1 = (T2/T1)4 = 81.
9. If the temperature of a hot body is increased by 50%, the amount of radiations
emitted by it would increase by nearly
a) 200%
b) 500%
c) 50%
d) 100%
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: E2/E1 = (T2/T1)4 = 5.06.
10. Consider two surfaces, one absolutely black and the other non-black. These
surfaces are arranged parallel to each other and so close that the radiation of one
falls totally on the other. Choose the correct option
a) 1 denotes the radiant energy E emitted by the non-black surface impinges on the
black surface
b) 1 denotes the radiant energy E emitted by the black surface impinges on the
non-black surface
c) 2 and 3 denotes the quantity α E b
d) 4 denotes the quantity (1 – α) E b
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The radiant energy E b emitted by the black surface strikes the non-
black surface. If the non-black surface has absorptivity α, it will absorb α
E b radiations.

“Intensity Of Radiations”.

1. The solid angle is defined by a region by the rays of a sphere, and is measured as
a) An/r 2
b) An/r
c) An/r 3
d) An/r 4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Solid angle is represented by α. Where, An is projection of incident
surface normal to line of propagation.
2. The plane angle is defined by a region by the rays of a circle, and is measured as
a) 3 L/ r
b) 2 L/ r
c) L/ r
d) 4 L / r
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is the ratio of arc of length on the circle to the radius of the circle.
Where L is the arc of length and r is the radius of the circle.
3. When the incident surface is a sphere, the projection of surface normal to the
line of propagation is the silhouette disk of the sphere which is a circle of the
diameter of
a) Parabola
b) Sphere
c) Triangle
d) Hyperbola
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It must be a circle of a diameter of a sphere.
4. If I n denotes the normal intensity and I α represents the intensity at angle α, then
a) I α = 2 I n cos α
b) I α = 3 I n cos α
c) I α = 4 I n cos α
d) I α = I n cos α
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The intensity of radiation in a direction from the normal is
proportional to cosine of the angle.
5. The intensity of normal radiation I n is how much times the emissive power?
a) 1/π
b) 2/ π
c) 3/ π
d) 4/ π
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: I n = σ T 4/ π and E = σ T 4.
6. A small surface emits diffusively, and measurements indicate that the total
intensity associated with emission in the normal direction I n = 6500 W/square m
sr. The emitted radiation is intercepted by three surfaces. Mark calculations for
intensity associated with emission

a) 3500 W/m2 sr
b) 4500 W/m2 sr
c) 5500 W/m2 sr
d) 6500 W/m2 sr
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For a diffusion emitter, the intensity of the emitted radiation is
independent of direction.
7. Consider a deep-space probe constructed as 1 m diameter polished aluminum
sphere. Estimate the equilibrium temperature that the probe reaches if the solar
energy received is 300 W/m2. For solar radiation, absorptivity of aluminum is 0.3
and the average emissivity appropriate for aluminum at low temperature is 0.04
a) 415.67 K
b) 315.67 K
c) 215.67 K
d) 115.67 K
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q in = α q A P = 70.7 W. Q out = E σ b A T 4.
8. The total emissive power of the emitter with area d A and temperature T is given
by
a) E = 2 σ T 4 d A
b) E = 3 σ T 4 d A
c) E = σ T 4 d A
d) E = ½ σ T 4 d A
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: E = I n π d A.
9. A black body of 0.2 m2 area has an effective temperature of 800 K. Calculate the
intensity of normal radiations
a) 1234.65 W/m2 sr
b) 7396.28 W/m2 sr
c) 3476.74 W/m2 sr
d) 8739.43 W/m2 sr
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In = α T 4/π = 7396.28 W/m2 sr.
10. The energy radiated out decreases with increases in α and becomes zero at an
angle of
a) 45
b) 30
c) 0
d) 90
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: I α = I n cos α. So at 90 degree it becomes zero.
“Heat Exchange Between Black Bodies”.
1. Engineering problems of practical interest are involved with heat exchange
between two or more surfaces, and this exchange is strongly dependent upon
(i) Radiative properties
(ii) Temperature levels
(iii) Surface geometrics
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) i and iii
c) ii and iii
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For black surface, it is necessary to determine what portion of
radiation emitted by one will be intercepted by the other.
2. The fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from one surface element
and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections is called
(i) Radiation shape factor
(ii) Geometrical factor
(iii) Configuration factor
Choose the correct answer
a) i only
b) ii only
c) i, ii and iii
d) iii only
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Radiation shape factor, geometrical factor and configuration factor
are all same.
3. The interchange factor is also known as
a) Equivalent emissivity
b) Irradiation
c) Radiosity
d) Shape factor
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The interchange factor is also known as equivalent emissivity.
4. For the same type of shapes, the value of the radiation shape factor will be
higher when
a) Surfaces are closer
b) Surfaces are larger and held closer
c) Surfaces are moved further apart
d) Surfaces are smaller and held closer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Obviously the value of radiation shape factor will be higher when
surfaces are larger and held closer.
5. A thin shield of emissivity E 3 on both sides is placed between two infinite
parallel plates of emissivities E 1 and E 2 and temperatures T 1 and T 2. If E 1 = E 2 =
E 3, then the fraction radiant energy transfer without shield takes the value
a) 0.25
b) 0.50
c) 0.75
d) 1.25
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio of radiant energy transfer without and with shield is given
by
(1/E 1 + 1/E 2 – 1)/ [(1/E 1 + 1/E 3 – 1) + (1/E 3 + 1/E 2 – 1)].
6. The grey body shape factor for radiant heat exchange between a small body
(emissivity = 0.4) in a large enclosure (emissivity = 0.5) is
a) 0.1
b) 0.2
c) 0.4
d) 0.5
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: (F) 12 = 1/ (1 – E 1 + 1 + 0).
7. Two long parallel surfaces, each of emissivity 0.7 are at different temperatures
and accordingly have radiation exchange between them. It is desired to reduce 75%
of this radiant heat transfer by inserting thin parallel shields of equal emissivity 0.7
on both sides. What should be the number of shields?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 1
d) 3
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Without shields/with shield = 1/N + 1.
8. An enclosure consists of four surfaces 1, 2, 3 and 4. The view factors for
radiation heat transfers are
F 11 = 0.1
F 12 = 0.4
F 13 = 0.25
The surface areas A 1 and A 2 are 4 m2 and 2 m2. The view factor F 41 is
a) 0.50
b) 0.75
c) 0.1
d) 0.25
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: F 11 + F 12 + F 13 + F 14 = 1.
9. The value of shape factor depends on how many factors?
a) 4
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Geometry and orientation.
10. Find the shape factor F 12 for the arrangement shown in the figure. The areas
A 1 and A 2 are perpendicular but do not share the common edge
a) 0.03
b) 0.04
c) 0.05
d) 0.06
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A 5 = A 1 + A 3 and A 6 = A 2 + A 4. The sequence of the solution is,
A 5 F 56 = A 1 F 16 + A 3 F 36.
“Shape Factor”.

1. Which of the following is a wrong statement according to the shape factor is

equal to one?
a) For any surface completely enclosed by another surface
b) For infinite parallel planes radiating only to each other
c) For a flat or convex surface with respect to itself
d) Inside cylinder to outer cylinder of a long co-axial cylinder
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For a flat or convex surface, the shape factor with respect to itself is
zero. This aspect stems from the fact that for any part of flat or convex surface, one
cannot see any other part of the same surface.
2. Establish a relation for the shape factor of cylindrical cavity with respect to itself
of depth h and diameter d. The cavity is closed on its outer surface with a flat plate

a) 4 h/4 h + d
b) 4 h + d/h
c) 4 h + d/4 h
d) h/4 h + d
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: F 11 + F 12 = 1 and F 21 + F 22 = 1. But F 22 = 0, so F 11 = 1 – A 2 / A 1.
3. The reciprocity theorem states that
a) F 12 = F 21
b) A 1 F 12 = A 2 F 21
c) A 1 F 21 = A 2 F 12
d) A 2 F 21 = A 1 F 12
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It indicates the net radiation exchange can be calculated by
computing one way configuration factor from either surface to the other.
4. Two radiating surface A 1 = 6 m2 and A 2 = 4 m2 have shape factor F 12 = 0.1.
Then the shape factor F 21 will be
a) 0.12
b) 0.18
c) 0.15
d) 0.10
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A 1 F 12 = A 2 F 21.
5. What is the value of shape factor for two infinite parallel surfaces separated by a
distance x?
a) 0
b) 1
c) x
d) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: All the radiation emitted by one falls on the other so shape factor is
unity.
6. What is the shape factor of a sphere of diameter d inside a cubical box of length
l = d?

a) π/6
b) 2 π/6
c) π/3
d) π/4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: F 11 + F 12 = 1 or F 12 = 1. So, F 21 = π/6.
7. What is the shape factor of hemispherical surface closed by a plane surface of
diameter d?
a) 0
b) 1.5
c) 1
d) 0.5
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: F 11 + F 12 = 1 and F 21 = 1. Therefore, F 11 = 0.5.
8. Establish a relation for shape factor for a conical cavity with respect to itself of
depth h and diameter d. The cavity is closed on its outer surface with a flat plate

a) 1 – d/ (4 h 2 + d) 1/2
b) 1 – d/ (4 h 2 + d 2) 1/2
c) 1 – d/ (4 h + d 2) 1/2
d) 1 – d/ (h 2 + d 2) 1/2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: F 11 = 1 – A 2 / A 1 = 1 – 2 sin α = 1 – d/ (4 h 2 + d 2) ½.
9. What is the shape factor for a hemispherical bowl with respect to itself of
diameter d? The cavity is closed on its outer surface with a flat plate
a) 1.5
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) 2.5
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: F 11 = 1 – A 2 / A 1 = 0.5.
10. Consider a system of concentric spheres of radius r 1 and r 2 (r 2 is greater than
r 1). If r 1 = 5 cm, determine the radius r 2 if it is desired to have the value of shape
factor F 21 equal to 0.6

a) 6.45 cm
b) 7.45 cm
c) 8.45 cm
d) 9.45 cm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: From reciprocity theorem, A 1 F 12 = A 2 F 21.
“Heat Exchange Between Non Black Bodies”.

1. Consider radiant heat exchange between two non-black parallel surfaces. The
surface 1 emits radiant energy E 1 which strikes the surface 2. Identify the correct
option
a) The value of B is α E1
b) The value of C is (1 – α1) E 1
c) The value of D is (1 – α1) (1 – α2) 2 E 1
d) The value of E is (1 – α1) 2 (1 – α2) E 1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The surface 1 emits radiant energy E 1 which strikes the surface 2.
From it a part α2 E 1 is absorbed by the surface 2 and the remainder (1 – α2) E 1 is
reflected back to surface 1 and so on.
2. A large plane, perfectly insulated on one face and maintained at a fixed
temperature T 1 on the bare face, has an emissivity of 0.84 and loses 250
W/m2 when exposed to surroundings at nearly 0 K. The radiant heat loss from
another plane of the same size is 125 W/m2 when bare face having emissivity 0.42
and is maintained at temperature T 2 is exposed to the same surroundings.
Subsequently these two planes are brought together so that the parallel bare faces
lie only 1 cm apart and the heat supply to each is so regulated that their respective
temperatures T 1 and T 2 remains unchanged. Determine he net heat flux between
the planes
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q 12 = F 12 A 1 σ b (T 14 – T 24). Since T 1 = T 2, we get Q 12/A1 = 0.
3. Interchange factor for body 1 completely enclosed by body 2 (body 1 is large) is
given by
a) 2/ [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
b) 1/ [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
c) 4/ [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
d) 3/ [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: This is the interchange factor for the radiation from surface 1 to
surface 2.
4. A thermos flask has a double walled bottle and the space between the walls is
evacuated so as to reduce the heat flow. The bottle surfaces are silver plated and
the emissivity of each surface is 0.025. If the contents of the bottle are at 375 K,
find the rate of heat loss from the thermos bottle to the ambient air at 300 K
a) 5.38 W
b) 6.38 W
c) 7.38 W
d) 8.38 W
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q 12 = F 12 A 1 σ b (T 14 – T 24). F 12 = 1/ (1/E 1 + 1/E2 – 1) = 0.01266.
5. A 250 mm by 250 mm ingot casting, 1.5 m high and at 1225 K temperature, is
stripped from its mold. The casting is made to stand on end on the floor of a large
foundry whose wall, floor and roof can be assumed to be at 300 K temperature.
Make calculation for the rate of radiant heat interchange between the casting and
the room. The casting material has an emissivity of 0.85
a) 161120 W
b) 171120 W
c) 181120 W
d) 191120 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q 12 = F 12 A 1 σ b (T 14 – T 24). F 12 = 0.85 and A 1 = (0.25)2 + 4(1.5)
(0.25) = 1.5625 m2.
6. Interchange factor for infinitely long concentric cylinders is given by
a) 1/ [A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
b) [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
c) 2/ [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
d) 1/ [1/E 1 + A1/A2 (1/E 2 – 1)].
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This is the interchange factor for the radiation from surface 1 to
surface 2.
7. What is the geometric factor for infinitely long concentric cylinders?
a) 1
b) 0.5
c) 0.33
d) 0.75
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The inner cylinder is completely enclosed by the outer cylinder and
as such the entire heat radiations emitted by the emitted by the inner cylinder are
intercepted by the outer cylinder.
8. What is the geometric factor for concentric spheres?
a) 0.85
b) 0.33
c) 1
d) 0.95
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The inner sphere is completely enclosed by the outer sphere and as
such the entire heat radiations emitted by the emitted by the inner sphere are
intercepted by the outer cylinder.
9. The net heat interchange between non-black bodies at temperature T 1 and T 2 is
given by
a) f 12 F 12 σ (T 14 – T 24)
b) f 12 F 12 A 1 σ (T 14 – T 24)
c) f 12 A 1 σ (T 14 – T 24)
d) F 12 A 1 σ (T 14 – T 24)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The factor f 12 is called the interchanging factor from surface 1 to
surface 2.
10. A thermos flask has a double walled bottle and the space between the walls is
evacuated so as to reduce the heat flow. The bottle surfaces are silver plated and
the emissivity of each surface is 0.025. If the contents of the bottle are at 375 K
and temperature of ambient air is 300 K. What thickness of cork (k = 0.03 W/m
degree) would be required if the same insulating effect is to be achieved by the use
of cork?
a) 26.8 cm
b) 25.8 cm
c) 24.8 cm
d) 23.8 cm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = k A (t 1 – t 2)/δ. So, δ = 0.268 m = 26.8 cm.
” Types Of Flow”.

1. How many types of fluid flow are characterized in the realms of fluid
mechanics?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: There are two types of flow i.e. laminar and turbulent flow.
2. In which fluid flow, the motion of fluid particles is irregular?
a) Turbulent
b) Laminar
c) One dimensional
d) Two dimensional
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It proceeds along erratic and unpredictable paths.
3. Following are the characteristics of turbulent flow
(i) Eddying
(ii) Sinuous
(iii) Rectilinear
Identify the correct option
a) ii and iii
b) i and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Obviously a turbulent flow is eddying and sinuous rather than
rectilinear in character.
4. The nature of the fluid flow is governed by the following parameters
(i) Mean flow velocity
(ii) Density of fluid
(iii) Dynamic viscosity of the fluid
Identify the correct statements
a) i and iii
b) i only
c) i, ii and iii
d) ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Osborne Reynolds, an English scientist confirmed the existence of
these two regimes experimentally.
5. The value of convective coefficient of air in case of free convection is
a) 3-7 W/m2 K
b) 3-4 W/m2 K
c) 8-9 W/m2 K
d) 9-9.5 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In case of air, the value of convective coefficient is small i.e. 3
W/m2 K to 7 W/m2 K. This is due to presence of some moisture in air.
6. The fluid particles move in flat or curved un-mixing layers or streams and
follow a smooth continuous path. This type of flow is known as
a) Steady flow
b) Stream flow
c) Turbulent flow
d) Laminar flow
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The paths of fluid movement are well defined so it is laminar flow.
7. The characteristic dimension d in the relation R E = V d p/δ is the equivalent
diameter and is defined as how many times the cross-sectional flow area divided
by the wetted perimeter
a) 7
b) 4
c) 1
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is defined as four times the equivalent diameter and is defined as
how many times the cross-sectional flow area divided by wetted perimeter.
8. For a duct of rectangular cross-section with length l and breadth b, the value of
d e is
a) l b / l + b
b) 2 l b
c) 2 l b / l + b
d) 4 l b / l + b
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: d e = 4 (l) (b)/2 l + 2 b.
9. In many flow situations, the duct can be
(i) Circular
(ii) Rectangle
(iii) Trapezoidal
(iv) Annulus
Identify the correct option
a) i and ii
b) i, ii, iii and iv
c) i, ii and iii
d) iii and iv
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In many flow situations, the duct is not circular but is a rectangle,
trapezoidal or even annulus formed by a tube within another tube.
10. If an annulus has an inner diameter of d 1 and an outer diameter of d 2 then the
equivalent diameter is
a) 2 d 2 – d 1
b) d 2 – 2 d 1
c) d 1 – d 2
d) d 2 – d 1
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: 4 (π/4) (d 22 – d 12)/π (d 1 + d 2).
“Reynolds Number”.

1. The ratio of inertia force to viscous force is known as

a) Grashof number
b) Reynolds number
c) Fourier number
d) Nusselt number
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Reynolds number is indicative of the relative importance of inertial
and viscous effects in a fluid motion.
2. Velocity within the given fields would be similar in magnitude, direction and
turbulence pattern when
a) Nusselt number are different
b) Nusselt number are same
c) Reynolds number are different
d) Reynolds number are same
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Reynolds number constitutes an important criterion of kinematic and
dynamic similarity in forced convection heat transfer.
3. Reynolds number is given by the quantity
a) p V l/δ
b) 2 p V l/δ
c) 3 p V l/δ
d) 4 p V l/δ
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: p V 2 l 2/ δ V l.
Where, p is density
δ is viscosity
V is volume
l is length.
4. Air enters a rectangular duct measuring 30 cm by 40 cm with a velocity of 8.5
m/s and a temperature of 40 degree Celsius. The flowing air has a thermal
conductivity 0.028 W/m K, kinematic viscosity 16.95 * 10 -6 m2/s and from
empirical correlations the Nusselt number has been approximated to be 425. Find
out the flow Reynolds number
a) 1.1719 * 10 6
b) 2.1719 * 10 6
c) 0.1719 * 10 6
d) 4.1719 * 10 6
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: R e = V d e/v.
5. Consider the above problem, find the convective heat flow coefficient
a) 24.71 W/m2 K
b) 34.71 W/m2 K
c) 44.71 W/m2 K
d) 54.71 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: h = N U k/d e.
6. For laminar flow, Reynolds number should be
a) Less than 2300
b) Equal to 2300
c) Greater than 2300
d) Less than 4300
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In laminar flow, the fluid particles move in flat or curved un-mixing
layers or streams and follow a smooth continuous path.
7. For turbulent flow, Reynolds number must be
a) Less than 5000
b) Equal to 6000
c) Less than 6000
d) Greater than 6000
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In turbulent flow, the motion of fluid particles is irregular, and it
proceeds along erratic and unpredictable paths.
8. What is the value of convective coefficient of air and superheated steam in case
of forced convection?
a) 30-900 W/m2 K
b) 30-700 W/m2 K
c) 30-300 W/m2 K
d) 30-400 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In forced convection, flow of fluid is caused by a pump, a fan or by
the atmospheric winds. These mechanical devices provide a definite circuit for the
circulating currents.
9. Heat is being transferred by convection from water at 48 degree Celsius to glass
plate whose surface is exposed to water at 40 degree Celsius. The thermal
conductivity of water is 0.6 W/m K and the thermal conductivity of glass is 1.2
W/m K. The spectral gradient of temperature in the water at the water glass
interface is 10 -4 K/m. The heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 K is

a) 0.0
b) 750
c) 6.0
d) 4.8
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: q = h d t = 6000. Therefore, h = 6000/48 – 40.
10. For transient flow, the value of Reynolds number may vary between
a) 1450-9870
b) 1200-4500
c) 2300-6000
d) 6000-9000
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The term transient designates a phenomenon which is time dependent
“Types of Convection”.

1. Conduction plus fluid flow in motion is known as

a) Radiation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Heat exchanger
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is convection i.e. conduction plus some velocity. It is the process of
energy transport affected by the mixing of a fluid medium.
2. How many types of convection are there?
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is of three types i.e. forced convection, natural convection and
mixed convection.
3. Which of the following heat flow situations pertains to free or natural
convection?
a) Air conditioning installations and nuclear reactors
b) Flow of water inside the condenser tubes
c) Cooling of internal combustion engine
d) Cooling of billets in atmosphere
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Cooling of billets in atmosphere is both free and natural convection.
4. Mark the system where heat transfer is given by forced convection
a) Chilling effect of cold wind on warm body
b) Fluid passing through the tubes of a condenser and other heat exchange
equipment
c) Heat flow from a hot pavement to surrounding atmosphere
d) Heat exchange on the outside of cold and warm pipes
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the fluid motion involve in the process is induced by some external
means then it is called forced convection.
5. Forced convection in a liquid bath is caused by
a) Intense stirring by an external agency
b) Molecular energy interactions
c) Density difference brought about by temperature gradients
d) Flow of electrons in a random fashion
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the fluid motion involve in the process is induced by some external
means then it is called forced convection.
6. A finned tube hot water radiator with a fan blowing air over it is kept in rooms
during winter. The major portion of the heat transfer from the radiation is due to
a) Combined conduction and radiation
b) Radiation to the surroundings
c) Better conduction
d) Convection to the air
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Convection is a process in which thermal energy is transferred
between solid and fluid flowing through it.
7. A body cooling from 80 degree Celsius to 70 degree Celsius takes 10 minutes
when left exposed to environmental conditions. If the body is to cool further from
70 degree Celsius to 60 degree Celsius under the same external conditions, it will
take
a) Same time of 10 minutes
b) More than 10 minutes
c) Less than 10 minutes
d) Time will depend upon the environmental conditions
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = h A (t b – t a). Apparently, the cooling depends upon the same
temperature difference.
8. On a summer day, a scooter rider feels more comfortable while on the move
than while at a stop light because
a) An object in motion captures less radiation
b) Air has a low specific heat and hence it is cooler
c) More heat is loss by convection and radiation while in motion
d) Air is transparent to radiation and hence it is cooler than the body
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The situation corresponds to forced convection when the scooter is in
motion and the convective heat transfer coefficient for forced convection is greater
than that for free convection.
9. What is the value of convective coefficient of oil in case of forced convection?
a) 1460-3000 W/m2 K
b) 460-3000 W/m2 K
c) 60-3000 W/m2 K
d) 160-3000 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In forced convection, the flow of fluid is caused by a pump, fan or by
atmospheric winds. Convection mechanism involving phase changes leads to the
important fields of boiling and condensation.
10. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate, all made of the same material and
having the same mass are initially heated to the temperature of 250 degree Celsius.
When left in air at room temperature, what will be their response to cooling?
a) Cube will cool faster than sphere but slower than the circular plate
b) They will cool at the same rate
c) Sphere will cool faster
d) Circular plate will cool at the slower rate
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = h A (T – t). Here cooling depends upon the surface area of the
body.

“Nusselt Number”.

1. Which quantity signifies the ratio of temperature gradient at the surface to a

reference temperature gradient?
a) Reynolds number
b) Nusselt number
c) Fourier number
d) Stanton number
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is given by h l/k.
2. The determination of a value of Nusselt number or the convective film
coefficient forms a basis for the computation of heat transfer by convection.
Towards that end, following approaches have been suggested
(i) Non-dimensional analysis and experimental correlations
(ii) Hydrodynamic concept of velocity boundary layer
(iii) Reynolds similarity between the mechanism of fluid friction in the boundary
layer and the transfer of heat by convection
Identify the correct one
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and ii
c) ii and iii
d) i and iii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It should be dimensional analysis and experimental correlations.
3. Nusselt number is given by
a) h l/k
b) 2 h l/k
c) 3 h l/k
d) 4 h l/k
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The length parameter l specifies the geometry of solid body.
4. The temperature profile at a particular location in a thermal boundary layer is
prescribed by n expression of the form
t (y) = A- B y + C y 2
Where, A, B and Care constants. What is the value of heat transfer coefficient?
a) B k/ (t s – t infinity)
b) 2 B k/ (t s – t infinity)
c) 3 B k/ (t s – t infinity)
d) 4 B k/ (t s – t infinity)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: h = – k/ (t s – t infinity) [d t/d y] y = 0 and (d t/d y) y = 0 = – B.
5. The temperature profile at a particular location on a surface is prescribed by the
identity
(t s – t) / (t s – t infinity) = sin (π y/0.015)
If thermal conductivity of air is stated to be 0.03 W/m K, determine the value of
convective heat transfer coefficient
a) 6.48 W/m 2 K
b) 6.38 W/m 2 K
c) 6.28 W/m 2 K
d) 6.18 W/m 2 K
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: h = – k/ (t s – t infinity) [d t/d y] y = 0. Therefore h = – k/ (t s – t infinity) [π
(t s – t infinity)/0.015].
6. Air at 20 degree Celsius flows over a flat plate maintained at 75 degree Celsius.
Measurements shows that temperature at a distance of 0.5 mm from the surface of
plate is 50 degree Celsius. Presuming thermal conductivity of air is 0.0266 W/m K,
estimate the value of local heat transfer coefficient
a) 23.18 W/m 2 K
b) 24.18 W/m 2 K
c) 25.18 W/m 2 K
d) 26.18 W/m 2 K
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: h = – k/ (t s – t infinity) [d t/d y] y = 0 and d t/d y = – 50 * 10 3 degree
Celsius/m.
7. Air at 20 degree Celsius flows over a flat surface maintained at 80 degree
Celsius. Estimate the value of local heat transfer coefficient if the local heat flow at
a point was measured as 1250 W/m2. Take thermal conductivity of air as 0.028
W/m K
a) 23.83 W/m 2 K
b) 22.83 W/m 2 K
c) 21.83 W/m 2 K
d) 20.83 W/m 2 K
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = h A (t s – t infinity).
8. Consider the above problem, calculate the temperature gradient at the surface
a) – 44636 degree Celsius/m
b) – 34636 degree Celsius/m
c) – 24636 degree Celsius/m
d) – 14636 degree Celsius/m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: (d t/d y) y = 0 = – h (t s – t infinity)/k.
9. At the interface of solid body, heat flows by conduction and is given by
a) A (t s – t infinity)
b) h A (t s – t infinity)
c) h (t s – t infinity)
d) h A
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = – k A (d t/d y) y = 0.
10. For a given value of Nusselt number, the convective surface coefficient h is
directly proportional to
a) Length
b) Mass
c) Thermal conductivity
d) Density
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is directly proportional to k and inversely proportional to
significant length.
“System of dimensions”.

1. What is the dimension of heat?

a) M L T -2
b) M L 2 T -2
c) M L 2 T -1
d) M L 2 T
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Unit of heat is Joule. It is a form of energy that can be transferred
from an object of high temperature to the lower one.
2. What is the dimension of dynamic viscosity?
a) M L -1 T -1
b) L -1 T -1
c) M L -2 T -1
d) M L -1 T -2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Unit of dynamic viscosity is kg/meter second. It is defined as a
quantity measuring the force needed to overcome internal friction of a moving
liquid.
3. What is the dimension of kinematic viscosity?
a) M L 2T -2
b) L 2T -2
c) L 2T -1
d) M L 2T -1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s. It is defined as dynamic viscosity
per unit density.
4. What is the dimension of energy?
a) M L 2 T -2
b) M L 2 T -1
c) M L 1 T -2
d) M L T -2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Unit of energy is m N. It is a form of energy that can be transferred
from one object to another.
5. What is the dimension of force?
a) M L T -1
b) L T -2
c) M T -2
d) M L T -2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Unit of force is N. It is a push or pull that can stop a moving object.
6. What is the dimension of density?
a) M L -3 T
b) M L -3
c) M L -3 T 2
d) M L -2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Unit of density is kg/m3. It is defined as mass per unit volume.
7. What is the dimension of acceleration?
a) M L T -2
b) L T -4
c) M L T -1
d) L T -2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Unit of acceleration is m/s2. It is defined as force per unit mass.
8. What is the dimension of specific heat?
a) L T -1 α -1
b) M L T -1 α -1
c) L T -2 α -1
d) M L T -2 α -1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Unit of specific heat is k J/kg K. The specific heat is the amount of
heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree celsius.
9. What is the dimension of thermal conductivity?
a) M L T -3 α -1
b) M L T -3
c) M L T -2 α -1
d) M L T -3 α -2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Unit of thermal conductivity is W/m K. It is the amount of heat per
unit time per unit area that can be conducted through a plate of unit thickness of a
given material.
10. What is the dimension of gravity?
a) M L T -2
b) L T -2
c) M L T -1
d) L T -4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Unit of gravity is m/s2. It is a force that attracts a body towards itself.
“Dimensional Homogeneity”.

1. How is dimensional homogeneity related with fundamental units of

measurements?
a) Independent
b) Dependent
c) Dependent but can vary
d) Twice
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This implies that the length dimension can be added to subtract from
only a length dimension.
2. What is the time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum of length L and
mass m?
a) 2 π (L/g) 3/2
b) 2 π (L/g)
c) 2 π (L/g) 2
d) 2 π (L/g) 1/2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The time period of a simple pendulum means the time it takes for one
complete revolution.
3. The principle of dimensional homogeneity serves the following useful concepts
(i) It helps to check whether an equation of any physical phenomenon is
dimensionally homogenous or not
(ii) It helps to determine the dimensions of a physical quantity
(iii) It helps to convert the units from one system to another
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) ii only
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It serves all the aspects.
4. The equation of friction loss in a pipe of length l and diameter d through which
fluid flows with velocity v is
a) h i = 4 f V 2/d g
b) h i = 4 f V 2/d 2 g
c) h i = 4 f V 2/d 2 g
d) h i = 4 f V 2/2 g
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Here f is any constant with no dimensions whatsoever.
5. Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow along a stream line is given as
a) p/w + V 2/2 g + y = 2
b) p/w + V/2 g + y = constant
c) p/w + V 2/2 g + y = 1
d) p/w + V 2/2 g + y = constant
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This is the Bernoulli’s equation and is dimensionally homogenous.
6. The convective film coefficient in k cal/m2 hr degree can be converted to J/m2 s
degree by multiplying it with a factor
a) 1.1627
b) 1.1527
c) 1.1427
d) 1.1327
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Both k cal/m2 hr degree and J/m2 s are the units of convective film
coefficient.
7. The pressure in kg/cm2 can be converted to N/m2 by multiplying it with a factor
a) 9.807 * 10 2
b) 9.807 * 10 3
c) 9.807 * 10 4
d) 9.807 * 10 5
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Both kg/cm2 and N/m2 are the units of pressure.
8. How many Newton’s are there in one kg?
a) 9.507
b) 9.607
c) 9.707
d) 9.807
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: 1 kg = 9.807 N. Newton is the unit of force and kg is the unit of mass.
9. How many Joule are there in 1 k cal?
a) 3186
b) 4186
c) 5186
d) 6186
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: 1 k cal = 4186 J. Joule is the unit of work done.
10. How many fundamental quantities are there?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: These are M, L and T. M is mass, L is length and T is time.
“Dimensional Analysis – Advantages And Limitations”.

1. Ratio of actual velocity to sonic velocity is known as

a) Mach number
b) Peclet number
c) Reynolds number
d) Grashof number
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is the ratio of the speed of a body to the speed of sound in the
surrounding medium.
2. The value of Prandtl number for air is about
a) 0.1
b) 0.4
c) 0.7
d) 1.1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is about 0.7. It is indicative of the relative ability of the fluid to
diffuse momentum and internal energy by molecular mechanisms.
3. Let us say Mach number (greater than one), the flow is
a) Sonic
b) Subsonic
c) Supersonic
d) No flow
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Compressibility effects are important for supersonic aircraft, and
shock waves are generated by the surface of the object. It is supersonic.
4. Free convection heat flow does not depend on
a) Density
b) Coefficient of viscosity
c) Gravitational force
d) Velocity
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It does not depend on coefficient of viscosity.
5. Which dimensionless number has a significant role in forced convection?
a) Prandtl number
b) Peclet number
c) Mach number
d) Reynolds number
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is indicative of the relative importance of inertial and viscous
effects in a fluid motion. Reynolds number is important in forced convection.
6. The non-dimensional parameter known as Stanton number is used in
a) Forced convection heat transfer
b) Condensation heat transfer
c) Natural convection heat transfer
d) Unsteady state heat transfer
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is the ratio of heat transfer coefficient to the flow of heat per unit
temperature rise due to velocity of the fluid. It is used only in forced convection
heat transfer.
7. The Prandtl number will be lowest for
a) Water
b) Liquid metal
c) Lube oil
d) Aqueous solution
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is minimum in case of liquid metal.
8. The dimensionless parameter l 3 p 2 β g d t/µ 2 is referred to as
a) Stanton number
b) Schmidt number
c) Grashof number
d) Peclet number
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It indicates the relative strength of the buoyant to viscous forces. It is
the Schmidt number.
9. Figure depicts the variation of which two numbers?

a) Nusselt number and Reynolds number

b) Stanton number and Reynolds number
c) Peclet number and Grashof number
d) Nusselt number and Stanton number
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It depicts variation of Nusselt number and Reynolds number for flow
of air over a pipe of 25 mm outside diameter. This correlation curve permits the
evaluation of Nusselt number for air flow over any size of pipe as long as Reynolds
number of that arrangement lies within the range.
10. Heat is loss from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed horizontally in ambient
air at 30 degree Celsius. If the Nusselt number is 25 W/m2 K and thermal
conductivity of the air is 0.03 W/m K, then heat transfer coefficient will be
a) 7.5 W/m2 K
b) 16.5 W/m2 K
c) 25 W/m2 K
d) 30 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: N = h d/k. So, h = N k/d = 7.5 W/m2 K.

“Correlations For Forced Convection”.

1. The convective heat transfer coefficient in laminar flow over a flat plate
a) Increases with distance
b) Increases if a higher viscosity fluid is used
c) Increases if a denser fluid is used
d) Decreases with increase in free stream velocity
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It mostly increases if a denser fluid is used.
2. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the average value of a Nusselt number is
prescribed by the relation
Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.33
Which of the following is then a false statement?
a) Density has to be increased four times
b) Plate length has to be decreased four times
c) Specific heat has to be increased four times
d) Dynamic viscosity has to be decreased sixteen times
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The dynamic viscosity has an inverse relation to 1/6 power. To
double the convective heat transfer coefficient, the dynamic viscosity has to be
decreased 64 times.
3. For turbulent flow over a flat plate, the average value of Nusselt number is
prescribed by the relation
Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.33
Which of the following is then a false statement?
The average heat transfer coefficient increases as
a) 1/5 power of plate length
b) 2/3 power of thermal conductivity
c) 1/3 power of specific heat
d) 4/5 power of a free stream velocity
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The average heat transfer coefficient reduces with length as 1/5th
power of the length.
4. A nuclear reactor with its core constructed of parallel vertical plates 2.25 m high
and 1.5 m wide has been designed on free convection heating of liquid bismuth.
Metallurgical considerations limit the maximum surface temperature of the plate to
975 degree Celsius and the lowest allowable temperature of bismuth is 325 degree
Celsius. Estimate the maximum possible heat dissipation from both sides of each
plate. The appropriate correlation for the convection coefficient is
Nu = 0.13 (Gr Pr) 1/3
a) 143 MW
b) 153 MW
c) 163 MW
d) 173 MV
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 2 h A d t = 153 MW.
5. Consider the above problem, find the value of Grashoff number
a) 101.3 * 10 12
b) 102.3 * 10 12
c) 103.3 * 10 12
d) 104.3 * 10 12
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Grashof number = l 3 p 2 β g d t/µ 2.
6. A thin walled duct of 0.5 m diameter has been laid in an atmosphere of
quiescent air at 15 degree Celsius and conveys a particular gas at 205 degree
Celsius. Base your calculations on one meter length of the duct, estimate the
convective coefficient of heat transfer
a) 5.086 W/m2 K
b) 6.086 W/m2 K
c) 7.086 W/m2 K
d) 8.086 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: h = 1.37 (d t/l) 0.25 = 5.086 W/m2 K.
7. Free correction modulus is given by
a) p 2 β g c P/µ
b) p 2 β g c P/k
c) p 2 β g c P/µ k
d) p 2 β g c P
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It contains only fluid properties and is called the free convection
modulus.
8. The free convection coefficient is given by
h = C 1 d t m/l 1 – 3m
The value of exponent for laminar flow is
a) 0.5
b) 0.6
c) 0.7
d) 0.8
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For laminar flow h = C 1 (d t/l) 0.25.
9. For inclined plates we multiply Grashoff number with
a) Cos 2 α
b) Sin 2 α
c) Sin α
d) Cos α
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should be multiplied with cos α, as α is angle with the horizontal.
10. The free convection coefficient is given by
h = C 1 d t m/l 1 – 3m
The value of exponent for turbulent flow is
a) 0.43
b) 0.33
c) 0.23
d) 0.13
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For turbulent flow h = C (d t).
“Laminar Flow”.

1. The Nusselt number is related to Reynolds number in laminar and turbulent

flows respectively as
a) R e-1/2 and R e0.8
b) R e1/2 and R e0.8
c) R e-1/2 and R e-0.8
d) R e1/2 and R e-0.8
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Nusselt number = h l/k and Reynolds number = p V l/µ.
2. A hot plate of 15 cm2 area maintained at 200 degree celsius is exposed to still air
at 30 degree Celsius temperature. When the smaller side of the plate is held
vertical, convective heat transfer rate is 15 per cent higher than bigger side of the
plate is held vertical. Find size of the plate. The appropriate correlation for the
convection coefficient is

Nu = 0.60 (Gr Pr) 0.25

a) l = 5.123 cm and b = 2.928 cm
b) l = 6.123 cm and b = 3.928 cm
c) l = 7.123 cm and b = 4.928 cm
d) l = 8.123 cm and b = 5.928 cm
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: t f = 200 + 30/2 = 115 degree celsius. Pr = µ c/k, Gr = b3 p 2 β g d
t/µ 2 and Nu = h b/k.
3. Which of the following is true for laminar flow?
a) 104 < G r P r < 107
b) 104 < G r P r < 108
c) 104 < G r P r < 109
d) 104 < G r P r < 1010
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The product G r P r is often referred to as Rayleigh number, and its
value sets the criterion of laminar character of flow.
4. A horizontal heated plate at 200 degree Celsius and facing upwards has been
placed in still air at 20 degree Celsius. If the plate measures 1.25 m by 1 m, make
calculations for the heat loss by natural convection. The convective film coefficient
for free convection is given by the following empirical relation
h = 0.32 (α) 0.25 W/m2 K
Where α is the mean film temperature in degrees kelvin
a) 6006 W
b) 5006 W
c) 4006 W
d) 3006 W
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: α = 273 + 200 + 20/2 = 383 degree Celsius. Therefore, rate of heat
loss = h A d t = 3006 W.
5. For laminar flow, Reynolds number must not be less than
a) 1000
b) 2000
c) 20000
d) 40000
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It should not be less than 40000.
6. For laminar flow, Prandtl number must be more than
a) 0.05
b) 0.2
c) 0.6
d) 0.3
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It must be more than 0.6. It is indicative of the relative ability of the
fluid to
7. Air at atmospheric pressure and 20 degree Celsius flows with 6 m/s velocity
through main trunck duct of air conditioning system. The duct is rectangular in
cross-section and measures 40 cm by 80 cm. Determine heat loss per meter length
of duct corresponding to unit temperature difference. The relevant thermos-
physical properties of air are
v = 15 * 10 -6 m 2/s
α = 7.7 * 10 -2 m2/hr
k = 0.026 W/m degree
a) 32.768 W
b) 42.768 W
c) 52.768 W
d) 62.768 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = h A d t, Area = 2 (a + b) (1) = 2.4 m2, h = 365.34 k/l.
8. The local film coefficient for laminar flow past a flat plate may be obtained from
the correlation
a) Nu = 0.332 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.33
b) Nu = 0.332 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.43
c) Nu = 0.332 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.53
d) Nu = 0.332 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.63
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Fluid properties are evaluated at mean film temperature.
9. For a plate of length l, an average value of Nusselt number is given by
a) Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.54
b) Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.74
c) Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.27
d) Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr) 0.33
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For a plate of length l, an average value of Nusselt number or
convection coefficient may be obtained by integration.
10. The correlation for liquid metal is given by
a) Nu = 0.465 (Re) (Pr)
b) Nu = 0.565 (Re) (Pr)
c) Nu = 0.665 (Re) (Pr)
d) Nu = 0.765 (Re) (Pr)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is valid for Pr less than or equal to 0.05.
“Turbulent Flow”.

1. Which of the following is true for turbulent flow?

a) G r P r > 108
b) G r P r > 109
c) G r P r > 103
d) G r P r > 1015
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The product G r P r is often referred to as Rayleigh number, and its
value sets the criterion of turbulent character of flow.
2. Mc Adam relation is given by
a) Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4
b) Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.3
c) Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.2
d) Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here, n = 0.4 if the fluid is being heated.
3. Investigate the effect of following condition on the average value of heat
transfer coefficient in flow through a tube
Two fold increases in flow velocity by varying mass flow rate
It may be presumed that there is no change in the temperature of the liquid and the
tube wall, and that the flow through the tube is turbulent in character
a) 64.1% decrease
b) 64.1% increase
c) 74.1%decrease
d) 74.1% increases
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: h 2/h 1 = (V 2/V 1) 0.8 = .0741 = 74.1%
4. Consider the above problem for two fold increase in the diameter of the tube, the
flow velocity is maintained constant by change in the rate of liquid flow
a) 15%
b) 14%
c) 13%
d) 12%
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: h 2/h 1 = (d 1/d 2) 0.2.
5. Calculate the rate of heat loss from a human body which may be considered as a
vertical cylinder 30 cm in diameter, and 175 cm high while standing in a 30 km/hr
wind at 15 degree Celsius. Human has a surface temperature of 35 degree Celsius
a) 588.86 W
b) 688.86 W
c) 788.86 W
d) 888.86 W
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = h A d t, h = Nu k/d.
6. A heat treat steel plate measures 3 m by 1 m and is initially at 30 degree Celsius.
It is cooled by blowing air parallel to 1 m edge at 9 km/hr. If the air is at 10 degree
Celsius. Estimate the convection heat transfer from both sides of the plate
a) 477.7 W
b) 547.7 W
c) 647.7 W
d) 747.6 W
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = h A d t, h = Nu k/d.
7. Consider the above problem, find the value of Reynolds number
a) 166003
b) 177003
c) 188003
d) 199003
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Re = p V l/µ = 16603
8. The oil pan of 1.6 engine approximates a flat plate 0.3 m wide by 0.45 m long
and protrudes below the framework of the automobile. The engine oil is at 95
degree Celsius and the ambient air temperature is 35 degree Celsius. If the
automobile runs at 36 km/hr, make calculations for the rate of heat transfer from
the oil-pan surface. Assume negligible resistance to conduction through the oil pan
a) 190.37 W
b) 180.37 W
c) 170.37 W
d) 160.37 W
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Q = h A d t, where h = (Nu) (k)/l and Nu = 0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Pr).33.
9. Air flows through a 10 cm internal diameter tube at the rate of 75 kg/hr.
Measurements indicate that at a particular point in the tube, the pressure and
temperature of air are 1.5 bar and 325 K whilst the tube wall temperature is 375 K.
Find heat transfer rate from one meter length in the region of this point
The general non-dimensional correlation for turbulent flow in the tube is
Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4
Where the fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature
a) 147.35 W
b) 157.35 W
c) 167.35 W
d) 177.35 W
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = h A d t, where h = (Nu) (k)/l = 177.35 W.
10. Consider the above problem, find the value of Nusselt number
a) 40.46
b) 50.56
c) 60.66
d) 70.76
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4 = 40.46.
“Condensation”.

1. Condensation refers to a change from the

a) Solid to a liquid phase
b) Vapor to a liquid phase
c) Liquid to a solid phase
d) Liquid to a vapor phase
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Condensation is a convective heat transfer process that is associated
with a change in the phase of a fluid.
2. Condensation process is very common in
(i) Boilers
(ii) Condensers
(iii) Evaporators
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and iii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This process is very common in power plants and refrigeration
systems.
3. The convective coefficients for condensation usually lie in the range
a) 30-300 W/m2 K
b) 60-3000 W/m2 K
c) 300-10000 W/m2 K
d) 2500-10000 W/m2 K
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The convective coefficient for condensation should be high because
condensation refers to a change from the vapor to a liquid phase.
4. Drop wise condensation usually occurs on
a) Oily surface
b) Glazed surface
c) Smooth surface
d) Coated surface
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It generally occurs on oily surface. It is the convective heat transfer
process that is associated with a change in the phase of a fluid.
5. Consider the following statements
(i) If a condensing liquid does not wet a surface, then drop wise condensation will
not take place on it
(ii) Drop wise condensation gives a higher transfer rate than film wise
condensation
(iii) Reynolds number of condensing liquid is based on its mass flow rate
(iv) Suitable coating or vapor additive is used to promote film wise condensation
Identify the correct statement
a) i and ii
b) ii, iii and iv
c) iv only
d) i, ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All are correct except the last one because suitable coating or vapor
additive is not used to promote film wise condensation.
6. Depending upon the behavior of condensate up on the cooled surface, the
condensation process are classified into how many distinct modes?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Film condensation and drop wise condensation.
7. A plate condenser was designed to be kept vertical. How would the
condensation coefficient be effected if due to site constraints, it has to be kept at 60
degree to the horizontal?
a) 1.53% reduction in condensation coefficient
b) 2.53% reduction in condensation coefficient
c) 3.53% reduction in condensation coefficient
d) 4.53% reduction in condensation coefficient
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: h VER = 0.943 [k 3 p 2 g h f g/δ l (t sat – t s)] 0.25, h INC = 0.943 [k 3 p 2 g
sin α h f g/δ l (t sat – t s)] 0.25.
8. Saturated steam is allowed to condense over a vertical flat surface and the
condensate film flows down the surface. The local coefficient of heat transfer for
condensation
a) Remains constant at all heights of the surface
b) Decreases with increasing distance from the top of the surface
c) Increases with increasing thickness of film
d) Increases with increasing temperature differential between the surface and
vapour
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It decreases with increasing thickness of condensate film.
9. In condensation over a vertical surface, the value of convection coefficient
varies as
a) k 0.25
b) k 0.33
c) k 0.75
d) k -0.5
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: h = 0.943 [k 3 p 2 g h f g/δ l (t sat – t s)] 0.25.
10. For film wise condensation on a vertical plane, the film thickness δ and heat
transfer coefficient h vary with distance x from the leading edge as
a) δ decreases, h increases
b) Both δ and h increases
c) δ increases, h decreases
d) Both δ and h decreases
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Thickness increases and heat transfer coefficient decreases.
“Thermal Boundary Layer”.
1. Which field is set up when a fluid flows past a heated or cold surface?
a) Energy
b) Temperature
c) Mass
d) Time
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The temperature field encompasses a very small region of fluid.
2. The zone or thin layer wherein the temperature field exists is called the
a) Single boundary layer
b) Multi boundary layer
c) Hydrodynamic boundary layer
d) Thermal boundary layer
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: It is known as the thermal boundary layer. The temperature gradient
results due to heat exchange between the plate and the fluid.
3. The thickness of thermal boundary layer is arbitrarily defined as the distance
from the plate surface at which
a) t S – t/t S – t INFINITY = 0.34
b) t S – t/t S – t INFINITY = 0.10
c) t S – t/t S – t INFINITY = 0.99
d) t S – t/t S – t INFINITY = 0.87
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It should be 0.99. The convection of energy reduces the outward
conduction in the fluid and consequently the temperature gradient decreases away
from the surface.
4. The convection of energy reduces the outward conduction in the fluid so
temperature gradient
a) Decreases
b) Increases
c) Constant
d) Becomes twice
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The temperature gradient is infinite at the leading edge and
approaches zero as the layer develops downstream.
5. The velocity profile of the hydrodynamic boundary layer is dependent upon
a) Time
b) Viscosity
c) Temperature
d) Mass
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It depends upon viscosity as the fluid velocity varies from zero at the
solid surface to the velocity of free stream flow at a certain distance away from the
solid surface.
6. Consider an elemental control volume for mass balance continuity equation.
Which one of the following is correct?

a) Value of 1 is 2 v + d u/d x (d y)
b) Value of 2 is u + d u/d y (d x)
c) Value of 1 is v + d u/d x (d y)
d) Value of 2 is 2 u + d v/d x (d x)
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The flow velocity changes in the direction of x axis and the rate of
change is d u/d x.
7. Which is true for two dimensional boundary layer?
a) d u/d x – d v/d y = 1
b) d u/d x – d v/d y = 0
c) d u/d x + d v/d y = 1
d) d u/d x + d v/d y = 0
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: This a two dimensional general equation. This equation also
represents the continuity equation.
8. The differential energy equation for flow past a flat plate is given by
a) u d t/d x + v d t/d y = µ/p c (d u/d y) 2 + k d 2 t/p c d y 2
b) u d t/d x + v d t/d y = µ/p c (d u/d y) + k d 2 t/p c d y 2
c) u d t/d x + v d t/d y = k d 2 t/p c d y 2 + µ/p c (d u/d y) -2
d) u d t/d x + v d t/d y = µ/p c (d u/d y) -1 + k d 2 t/p c d y 2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Here heat generation due to viscous effects is not neglected.
9. The assumptions for thermal boundary layer are
(i) Steady compressible flow
(ii) Negligible body forces, viscous heating and conduction in the flow direction
(iii) Constant fluid properties evaluated at the film temperature
Identify the correct option
a) i and iii
b) i, ii and iii
c) ii and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It is steady incompressible flow. The temperature of the fluid changes
from a minimum at the plate surface to the temperature of the mainstream at a
certain distance from the surface.
10. The relationship between the thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer
thickness is governed by the
a) Peclet number
b) Prandtl number
c) Stanton number
d) Fourier number
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is governed by the Prandtl number, which is indicative of the
relative ability of the fluid to diffuse momentum and internal energy by molecular
mechanisms.
“Classification of Heat Exchanger”.

1. Some examples of heat exchanger are

(i) Condensers and evaporators in refrigeration units
(ii) Evaporator of an ice plant and milk chiller of a pasteurizing plant
(iii) Automobile radiators and oil coolers of heat engines
Identify the correct answer
a) i only
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: All are the examples of heat exchanger.
2. Heat exchangers are classified into how many categories?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Nature of heat exchange process, relative direction of motion of fluid,
mechanical design of heat exchange surface and physical state of heat exchanging
fluids.
3. Based upon the nature of heat exchange process, the heat exchangers are
classified into how many categories
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Direct contact, regenerators and recuperators.
4. The energy transfer between the hot fluid and cold fluids is brought about by
their complete physical mixing in
a) Direct contact heat exchanger
b) Regenerators
c) Recuperators
d) Boilers
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In this type of heat exchanger, there is a simultaneous transfer of heat
and mass.
5. Which type of flow arrangement is this?

a) Counter flow
b) Parallel flow
c) Regenerator
d) Shell and tube
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In this type of arrangement, the fluids enter the unit from the same
side, flow in the same direction and leave from the same side.
6. Which of the following is not an example of recuperators type heat exchanger?
a) Automobile radiators
b) Condensers
c) Chemical factories
d) Oil heaters for an aero plane
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Recuperators are not used in chemical factories.
7. In how many categories heat exchangers are classified on the basis of direction
of flow of fluids?
a) 4 categories
b) 3 categories
c) 2 categories
d) 1 categories
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Parallel, counter and cross flow.
8. In how many categories heat exchangers are classified on the basis of
mechanical design of heat exchanger surface?
a) 2
b) 4
c) 1
d) 3
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Concentric tubes, shell and tube and multiple shell.
9. In how many categories heat exchangers are classified on the basis of physical
state of heat exchanging fluids?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Condenser and evaporator.
10. Many types of heat exchangers have been developed to meet the widely
varying applications. Based upon their
(i) Operating principle
(ii) Arrangement of flow path
(iii) Design
Identify the correct statements
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and ii
c) ii and iii
d) i and iii
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Heat exchanger is a process equipment designed for the effective
transfer of heat energy between two fluids.
“Mean Temperature Difference”.

1. Assumptions made for calculation of logarithmic mean temperature difference

are
(i) Constant overall heat transfer coefficient
(ii) The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
(iii) There is no conduction of heat along the tubes of heat exchanger
Identify the correct statements
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and iii
c) i and ii
d) ii and iii
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: These assumptions are made for simplicity. During heat exchange
between two fluids, the temperature of the fluids change in the direction of flow
and consequently there occurs a change in the thermal head causing the flow of
heat.
2. A cold fluid (specific heat 2.95 k J/kg K) at 10 kg/min is to be heated from 25
degree Celsius to 55 degree Celsius in a heat exchanger. The task is accomplished
by extracting heat from hot water (specific heat 4.186 k J /kg K) available at mass
flow rate 5 kg/min and inlet temperature 85 degree Celsius. Identify the type of
arrangement of the heat exchanger
a) Concentric tubes
b) Parallel flow
c) Counter flow
d) Shell and tubes
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: m h c h (t h 1 – t h 2) = m c c c (t c 2 – t c 1).
3. In a food processing plant, a brine solution is heated from – 12 degree Celsius to
– 65 degree Celsius in a double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger by water entering
at 35 degree Celsius and leaving at 20.5 degree Celsius. Let the rate of flow is 9
kg/min. Estimate the area of heat exchanger for an overall heat transfer coefficient
of 860 W/m2 K. For water c P = 4.186 * 10 3 J/kg K
a) 1. 293 m2
b) 0.293 m2
c) 7. 293 m2
d) 8. 293 m2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = m c P d t = 9104.5 J/s. A = Q/ U α m.
advertisement
4. Exhaust gases (c P = 1.12 k J/kg K) flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at
the rate of 1200 kg/hr are cooled from 400 degree Celsius to 120 degree Celsius.
This cooling is affected by water (c P = 4.18 k J/kg K) that enters the system at 10
degree Celsius at the rate of 1500 kg/hr. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
500 k J/m2 hr degree, what heat exchanger area is required to handle the load for
parallel flow arrangement?
a) 7.547 m2
b) 6.547 m2
c) 5.547 m2
d) 4.547 m2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: m h c h (t h 1 – t h 2) = m c c c (t c 2 – t c 1).
5. A steam condenser is transferring 250 k W of thermal energy at a condensing
temperature of 65 degree Celsius. The cooling water enters the condenser at 20
degree Celsius with a flow rate of 7500 kg/hr. Calculate the log mean temperature
difference
a) 28.25 degree Celsius
b) 29.25 degree Celsius
c) 30.25 degree Celsius
d) 31.25 degree Celsius
View Answer
6. Consider the above problem, find what error would be introduced if the
arithmetic mean temperature difference is used rather than the log-mean
temperature difference? Take overall heat transfer coefficient for the condenser
surface as 1250 W/m2 K
a) 7.61%
b) 7.71%
c) 7.81%
d) 7.91%
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: α = α 1 + α 2/2. Error = 7.08 – 6.52/7.08 = 7.91%.
7. For what value of end temperature difference ratio, is the arithmetic mean
temperature difference 5% higher than the log-mean temperature difference?
a) 2.4
b) 2.3
c) 2.2
d) 2.1
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: α 1/ α 2 = 2.2.
8. A company is heating a gas by passing it through a pipe with steam condensing
on the outside. What percentage change in length would be needed if it is proposed
to triple the heating capacity?
a) 200%
b) 400%
c) 600%
d) 800%
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Present capacity, Q 1 = U 1 A 1 α 1 and new capacity, Q 2 = U 2 A2 α 2.
According to the given condition, U 2 A 2 α 2 = 3 U 1 A 1 α 1.
9. A steam condenser is transferring 250 k W of thermal energy at a condensing
temperature of 65 degree Celsius. The cooling water enters the condenser at 20
degree Celsius with a flow rate of 7500 kg/hr. If overall heat transfer coefficient
for the condenser surface is 1250 W/m2 K, what surface area is required to handle
this load?
a) 4.08 m2
b) 5.08 m2
c) 6.08 m2
d) 7.08 m2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = U A α m. So, A = 7.08 m2.
10. Exhaust gases (c P = 1.12 k J/kg K) flowing through a tubular heat exchanger at
the rate of 1200 kg/hr are cooled from 400 degree Celsius to 120 degree Celsius.
This cooling is affected by water (c P = 4.18 k J/kg K) that enters the system at 10
degree Celsius at the rate of 1500 kg/hr. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
500 k J/m2 hr degree, what heat exchanger area is required to handle the load for
counter flow arrangement?
a) 2.758 m2
b) 3.758 m2
c) 4.758 m2
d) 5.758 m2
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: m h c h (t h 1 – t h 2) = m c c c (t c 2 – t c 1).
“Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer”.

1. The concept of the hydrodynamic boundary layer was first suggested by

a) Isaac Newton
b) Ludwig Prandtl
c) Rodridge
d) Fourier
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It was suggested by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904. This is the thin layer
where velocity changes continuously.
2. The free stream undisturbed flow has a uniform velocity U INFINITY in the
a) X-direction
b) Y-direction
c) Z-direction
d) Any direction
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is in the x-direction only. Particles of fluid adhere to the plate
surface as they approach it and the fluid is slowed down considerably.
3. The thin layer where velocity changes continuously is called
a) Differential layer
b) Thermal boundary layer
c) Hydrodynamic boundary layer
d) Velocity distribution layer
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In this layer the flow is rotational and shear stresses are present.
4. The conditions for flow beyond the boundary layer and its outer edge are
a) d u/d y = 0 and u = U 0
b) d u/d y = Infinity and u = U INFINITY
c) d u/d y = 1 and u = U 0
d) d u/d y = 0 and u = U INFINITY
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All the variation in fluid velocity is concentrated in a comparatively
thin layer in immediate vicinity of the plate surface.
5. The pattern of flow in the boundary layer is judged by the
a) Reynolds number
b) Fourier number
c) Peclet number
d) Grashof number
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Re = U INFINITY x/v.
6. Consider the diagram given below and identify the correct option

a) The velocity gradient is zero everywhere

b) The velocity profile changes at every instant of time
c) Boundary layers from the pipe walls meet the pipe anywhere
d) Thickness of the boundary layer is limited to the pipe radius
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Thickness of the boundary layer is limited to the pipe radius because
of the flow being within a confined passage.
7. The transition from laminar to turbulent pattern of flow occurs at values of
Reynolds number between
a) 1000-2000
b) 300000-500000
c) 500000-700000
d) 35750-45678
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It occurs at a higher value. The pattern of flow in the boundary layer
is judged by the Reynolds number, Re = U INFINITYY x/v.
8. The entrance length required for the flow to become fully-developed turbulent
flow is dependent on
(i) Surface finish
(ii) Downstream conditions
(iii) Fluid properties
Identify the correct answer
a) ii and iii
b) i and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and ii
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It depends on surface finishing, various upstream and downstream
conditions and various fluid properties.
9. What is the value of the thickness of the boundary layer at leading edge of the
plate?
a) 0.33
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) 0
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The thickness of the boundary layer is variable along the flow
direction.
10. The boundary layer thickness is taken to be at a distance from the plate surface
to a point at which the velocity is given by
a) u = 0.99 U INFINITY
b) u = 0.75 U INFINITY
c) u = 0.50 U INFINITY
d) u = 0.33 U INFINITY
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Velocity is one per cent of the asymptotic limit.