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Mod 4 GENERIC ENGINEERING AND THE USES OF GMO Lecture Notes Students

The document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms. It describes the process of genetic engineering including inserting foreign DNA into an organism's genome. It outlines the benefits of genetic engineering such as developing disease resistant crops and producing insulin through bacteria. However, it also notes there are risks to consider with GMOs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views

Mod 4 GENERIC ENGINEERING AND THE USES OF GMO Lecture Notes Students

The document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms. It describes the process of genetic engineering including inserting foreign DNA into an organism's genome. It outlines the benefits of genetic engineering such as developing disease resistant crops and producing insulin through bacteria. However, it also notes there are risks to consider with GMOs.

Uploaded by

rasingtanyarose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science 11

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES


Quarter 2, Week 4

Name of Learner: _________________ Score: ________


Section: _________________________ Date: _________

Learning Competencies:
1. Describe the process of genetic engineering. (S11/12LT-11ej-17)
2. Evaluate the benefits and risks of GMOs. (SII/12LT-IIej-19)

LESSON 4 GENETIC ENGINEERING AND


THE USES OF GMO

Animal Reproduction

Reproduction (or procreation) is the biological process by which new “offspring”


(individual organisms) are produced from their “parents”. It is a fundamental feature of all
known life that each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. Most importantly,
reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species. The known methods of reproduction
are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual.

In sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals are combined to produce
genetically diverse offspring that differ from their parents. There are ways of asexual
reproduction namely, fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism.

Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and an egg. This can occur either inside (internal
fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) the body of the female. Humans provide an
example of the former, whereas frog reproduction is an example of the latter.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering is the process of adding the foreign DNA to the genome of an
organism. The target of adding one or more DNA is to have one or more traits that are not
found in a certain organism. On the other hand, it can also be a process of physically removing
genes from one organism and transfers the gene(s) for one or a few traits into another gene.
To understand how genetic engineering works, we must understand the following concept:

DNA

DNA is a molecule found in the nucleus of every body cell and is made up of 4 subunits
represented by the letters which is spell out as A, T, C and G. As cited by Bruce, Albert (2000).
The order of these sub-units in the DNA stands holds a code of information for the cell. The
genetic coding uses 4 letters to spell out the instructions sequence so how to make the
proteins organisms will need to grow and live. Small segments of DNA are called genes. Each

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gene holds the instruction on how to produce a single protein. Each organism may have a
thousand of genes. The set of all genes in an organism is called a genome.

Importance of Protein in Genetic Engineering

 Proteins do the work of the in cells.

 They can be part of structures (such as cell wall, organelles, tissues etc.)

 They can regulate reactions that take place in the cell or they can serve as enzymes which
speed up reaction.

 Everything you see in an organism is either made of proteins or the result of protein
actions.

Importance of DNA in Genetic Engineering

 DNA is a universal language, which means that genetic code is the same thing in all
organisms.

 When a gene for a desirable trait is taken from one organism and inserted into another, it
gives the recipient organism the ability to express the trait encoded by that gene.

Types of Genetic Engineering

Analytical Engineering is the research branch of genetic engineering in which virtual genetic
models are created using computer software.

 Several computer programs are used to hypothetically study the implications of


various genetic engineering activities if they are to be carried out in field practice.
For example, before going ahead and splicing two different genes in actual
application, preparing an analytical model based upon an appropriate program,
developed for the purpose, will give the researchers an idea whether splicing would
be successful at all and if successful, if the desired end would be achieved. This is a
better way of carrying out the trial and error stage and reduces risks of disaster
during experiments using real organisms, most likely animals.

Applied genetic engineering

 Genetic engineering, mentioned by Beckett, B.S 2000, is that field of genetic


engineering which pertains to practical application of genetic engineering tools to
manipulate the genes of living organisms for making genetic copies. To site certain
different characteristics in them that are not usual for the subjects. The first instance
is what we refer as cloning and the second set up refers to the premises of
transgenesis. While cloning is a highly regulated field, it has been carried out in
various subjects of animal and plant species with mixed results and uncertain
success rates.

 Transgenesis, on the other hand, is a comparatively common area and most of us


have partaken of the results of transgenesis sometime or the other.

Chemical Genetic Engineering

 Chemical genetic engineering can be called the main level of applied genetic
engineering since it deals with separating, classifying and graphing genes to prepare
them for applied genetic engineering activities and experiments.

 Chemical genetic engineering may include genetic mapping, studying genetic


interaction and genetic coding. In the case of genetic mapping, the DNA fragments

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are assigned to individual chromosomes and therefore, a genetic map is created
after the complete DNA sequencing of a subject is done.

 Genetic mapping is very important to understanding the disease-gene link and this
understanding lays the foundation of various genes.

 In studying genetic interactions helps researchers understand exactly what set and
combination of genes would produce a particular phenotype or set of morphological,
physiological and behavioral characteristics.

 Gene coding deals with studying and experimenting with amino acid sequences of
DNA and RNA. It is needed to understand the heredity trends and characteristics of
a subject. This can help in understanding the bases, possibilities and conditions of
undesirable hereditary characteristics, defects and disease in a bid to come out with
medical solutions for the same.

 Some scientists involved in the field of genetic research have been moving toward
the goal of being able to change DNA.

 Genetic engineering is very useful to enhance people’s lives. If future research


produces more effective, efficient and accurate processes to manipulate human
DNA, scientists will be able to create cures for diseases that are not curable today.

Even birth defects could be almost totally taken out if doctors were able to
change Childs genes before birth. This process could also be adapted to cure
hereditary diseases and prevent them from passing to the future generations.It could
also allow people with family histories of diseases, such as cancer, to "fix" their genetic
sequence to the disease.

Other way that genetic engineering could affect people lives is its application to
genetically modified plants and animals which are used as food.

If farmers breed plants and animals specifically subject to engineered procedure


to produce more meat or fruit, faster and easier than normal, then food would become
cheaper and more available.

In addition, genetic engineering might allow the creation of better tasting, or more
nutritious foods in the market.

 Genetic Engineering likewise can improve the health of society tremendously. Today
genetic engineering is used in the fight against problems such as diabetes and several
more illnesses.

Human chromosome can be inserted to the plasmid of bacterial plasmid for insulin
reproduction following these steps:

1. They use an enzyme to cut the insulin gene out of the chromosome

2. Plasmids are the removed from bacterial cell.

3. The plasmids are cut open with an enzyme

4. A human insulin gene is inserted into each plasmid

5. The genetic engineers encourage the bacteria to accept the genetically modified
plasmids. Bacteria with the insulin gene are then multiplied.

6. By culturing the genetically engineered bacteria, limitless supplies of insulin may be


produced.

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Uses of Genetically Modified Organisms

- GMOs will continue to developed and help farmers with their crops and to produce
safer, more consistent medicines and vaccines.

- Some GMO plants are resistant to contain herbicides making weed control easier and
more efficient. This allows for less tillage and less soil erosion.

- It creates internal defense in the plant that repels particular insect that would destroy the
crop. This means less insecticide application available. In addition, genetic engineering
might allow the creation of better tasting, or more nutritious foods in the market.

Genetic engineering likewise can improve the health of society tremendously. Today genetic
engineering is used in the fight against problems such as diabetes and several more illnesses.

Learner’s Reflection
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________
Parent’s / Guaradian’s Signiture over Printed Name Date

Reference:

Cadsi,R.D.,Lang-akan,P.B.(2020). Animal Reproduction. Learner’s Module in Earth and Life Science. DepEd
CAR: Learning Resource Management and Development System.

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