THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

FORM SIX INTER REGIONAL EXAMINATION 2022

IRINGA, LINDI AND MOROGORO
133/2 BIOLOGY 2

MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) there is a link between classification and evolutionary relationship:
 Classification is a system of arranging organisms into groups on the basis of
similarities and differences in their structures
 Classifying organisms help us in recognizing the basic arrangement of
hierarchical structures among diverse species.
 Evolution refers to slow gradual and continuous process by which the previous
existing organisms develop into another existing organisms (introduction = 02
marks)

 The organisms appear to be the same because of their inherited body design
which are the same, the more characterized two species have in common the
more closely they are related and likely to have a common ancestor more
recently. (02 marks)

 Phylogenic classification is based on evolution relationship, organisms

belonging to the same group are believed to have a common ancestor (01 mark)

 As similarities in embryology, morphology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry,

cell structure lead to placing organisms on the same group which also shows
evolutionary relationship (01 mark)

(b) viruses are extremely small particles consisting the genetic material (DNA/RNA)
enclosed in a protein coat, viruses are simple in structure, they do not possess many
 organelles as other living organisms. Viruses have been proved to show any living
characteristic when they are outside the host, they are therefore considered both non-
living and living organisms (introduction 02 marks)
Viruses as living organisms;
(i) They show host specificity
(ii) They possess either DNA or RNA genetic materials
(iii) They mutate to fit the host cell
(iv) They are sensitive to environmental changes
(v) They show stability to reagent
(any three features @ 01 marks= 03 marks)
Viruses as non-living
(i) They can be crystallized
(ii) They cannot replicate outside the host cells
(iii) Inability to have metabolic activities of their own
(any three points @ 01 mark = 03 marks)
2. (a) although the seed has viable embryo and the optimum conditions for germination are
present, failure to germinate may be caused by the following:
(i) hard Testa: this may hinder permeability of oxygen and water and prevent the
emergency of radicle and plumule.
(ii) presence of growth inhibitors e.g abscisic acids
(iii) enzymes: regardless with availability of optimum conditions for germination, enzymes
play important role in facilitating chemical reactions. Growth inhibitors affect enzyme’s activity
hence stops the process of seed germination ( 3 points @ 0.5= 1.5 marks)

Ways to overcome:
(i) To remove hard Testa; this can be done through the following ways:
 Soaking the seed in water to soften the seed coat
 By mechanical scarification
 By using fire
 Partial digestion through the animal alimentary canal
 By using concentrated acids e.g. Sulphur acids ( 5 points@ 0.5= 2.5 marks)
(ii) To remove growth inhibitors by washing using water e.g. pawpaw seeds and pumpkin
seed after being washed they are dried
 Treatment with growth promoting hormones in order to stimulate germination
or to remove germination inhibitors
(2 points @ 0.5 = 01 mark)
(iii) Enzymes: (0.5 marks)
 By removing inhibitors enzymes will be active and chemical controlled reactions will
be enhanced (0.5 marks)
(b) growth patterns in bean plants
Bean as an annual plant it shows sigmoid growth pattern (01 mark)

Sigmoid curve has the following phases:

(i) Lag phase: there is decrease in dry mass at germination because the food stored in
cotyledons and endosperms is oxidized to produce energy that is needed by the
developing seedling
(ii) Log phase/ exponential phase
As the first foliage leaves are formed the seedling starts to photosynthesize food
making use of some of it and storing some too. This leads to an increase in dry mass as
growth continues the plant develops full leaves. At this stage photosynthesis is at its
maximum and anabolism exceeds catabolism leading to an exponential increase in dry
mass hence exponential growth of the plant
(iii) Stationary/ plateau phase
When the plant is fully matured catabolism is equal to anabolism and therefore no
growth that occurs at this stage
(iv) Decelerating phase/ senescence
Is the period of negative growth during which catabolism exceeds anabolism. At this
point the cell death rate is high. (@ 0.5 marks = 02 marks)

Diagram of sigmoid curve

Caption- 01 mark
Diagram 01 mark
Labeling any 2@ 01 mark = 02 marks (total 04 marks)

Growth pattern in beetle

 Beetle exhibit type of limited growth known as discontinuous growth pattern
 Beetle often moults periodically to grow because their hard-inelastic
exoskeleton does no expand to allow growth
 Therefore, for beetle to grow the exoskeleton has to shed off hence undergoes
ecdysis
 Moulting is followed by a sharp increase in body size often before
exoskeleton hardens and limit growth (4 points@ 0.5 = 02 marks)
 Therefore, in beetle growth occurs in spurts resulting in step like growth curve
as shown below

Diagram of discontinuous growth in beetle

 Caption 01 marks
Diagram 01 marks
Labelling any 2 @ 01= 02 marks (total 04 marks)
3 (a) a kidney is composed of a number of uriniferous tubules they are also known as nephrons
or renal tubules or kidney tubules. Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
Each kidney is formed of about 1 million nephrons. Nephrons are held together by a connective
tissue
(introduction 01 mark)
Parts of nephron and explanation
(i) Glomerulus- it is composed of blood capillaries formed by fine branches of the
afferent arterioles. These capillaries of glomerulus again unite to form efferent
arterioles. The afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole. The efferent arteriole
brings blood into the glomerulus while the efferent arteriole collects blood from the
glomerulus (02 marks)
(ii) Bowman’s capsule. It lies on the cortex. It is a thin double walled cup like depression.
It is the blind end of the nephron. The glomerulus is located in the concave depression
of the Bowman’s capsule. The Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus together are
called Malpighian (02 marks)
(iii) Proximal convoluted tubule- it lies in the cortex. It is also known as the first
convoluted tubule. The Bowman’s capsule continues into the proximal convoluted
tubule. It is line with layer of columnar epithelial cells. The columnar cells are with
numerous microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption (02 marks)
(iv) Loop of Henle- it lies in the medulla. It is U shaped. It has descending limb and an
ascending limb. Each limb has a thick region towards the cortex and a thin region
towards the medulla these regions are lined with columnar epithelial cells. Thin
region are lined with flat epithelial cells (02 marks)
(v) Distal convoluted tubule. It lies in the cortex its short terminal parts is called a
collecting tubule. The collecting tubule opens into the collecting duct. Distal
convoluted tubule is lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells (02 marks)
(vi) Collecting duct. It receives the contents of many renal tubules. The collecting duct is
al larger duct which receives collecting tubules of several nephrons. Collecting ducts
pass into renal medulla and join with each other (02 marks)
Diagram of nephron showing various parts
 (b) the body has ability to maintain constant osmotic conditions. This is because the body has
osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus. these osmoreceptors are sensitive to increase in
solute in the body. When the solute increases in the blood osmoreceptors are stimulated then they
stimulate thirsty area in the brain (introduction02 marks)
 The fisherman feels thirsty because the concentration of electrolyte in the body fluid is
higher than normal
 By drinking sea water which contains salt a lot of salts (electrolyte) the fisherman
increases further the concentration of electrolytes in the body fluid and further
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus thus, the thirty are in the brain is more stimulated
which worsen the thirsty.
 Like wise eating the large quantities of fish from the same sea water still rises the
concentration of electrolyte in the body since the bodies of fish have higher concentration
of electrolytes thus worsening the problem(correct explanation 05 marks)

4 (a) DNA molecule has four organic bases; Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and
Guanine (G) ( 02 marks)
 In living organisms there are at least 20 amino acids used to make proteins and that the
basesin the DNA must code for (01 mark)
 The four organic bases found in DNA have to code to give a minimum of twenty amino
acids that occur naturally in living organisms (01 marks)
 Therefore, triplet coding is adapted. This means 43 = 64 amino acids which would
produce more than enough (02 marks)
(b) protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generates new proteins from
available specific amino acids under descriptive given by a DNA molecule (02 marks)
Stages of protein synthesis
Protein synthesis has two stages:
(i) mRNA formation (transcription)
 part of DNA called cistron unzip so as to expose the organic bases required
for protein synthesis
 from the cytoplasm free nucleotide enters the nucleus through the nuclear
pore.
 The nucleotide aligns along the DNA strand and copies the information
(organic bases) in a complementary manner hence messenger
 Therefore,mRNA is formed in the nucleus
 After copying it leaves the nucleus and it goes and attaches to the ribosome of
the cell. (03 marks)
(ii) Translation stage
 The tRNA with its anti-codon part bind with amino acid to form a long chain
of amino acid and tRNA.
 This process requires ATP thus called amino acid- tRNA activation process
 Then the whole length of amino acid- tRNA complex move to the ribosome
where the anticodon part complement with codon part of the mRNA forming a
polymer chain of protein
 Unless the complementary triplet bases of codon and anticodon match, the
length of protein stops ( 05 marks)

Diagrammatical representation (03 marks)

5 (a) Population of any place is dynamic and not static. Explain the factors that causes the

phenomenon in any area:

Factors for growth and decrease in population in any area are

(i) Birth rate

Reproductive capacity of the population leads to an increase in population
(ii) Migration
Movement of organism out/into the population can cause rise/decrease in population in
the area of destination and origin respectively
(iii) Emigration
Movement of people/organism out of the population. This cause decrease in population in
the area of origin but increase in the area of destination
(iv) Mortality

Death rate of organisms in a population can cause decrease in population

(b) eutrophication is the enrichment of water bodies by nutrients causing changes to the aquatic
ecosystem such as multiplication of algae and green protoctista. Multiplication which use up
oxygen and begin to die of
 during decomposition of the dead algae and green protoctista aerobic decomposers
mainly bacteria multiply and use up even more oxygen leading to death of aerobic
organisms such as fish due to lack of oxygen.
Effects of eutrophication
 species diversity decreases due to death
 accumulation of nutrients in the water bodies due to death and decomposition of aquatic
organisms
 reduction of the quality of water due to presence of minerals which are not required
 it caused disagreeable odour due to rotten organic matter such algae, protoctists and fish
 it makes water bodies turbid preventing visibility by some aquatic organisms

6 (a) speciation is the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. It involves
the splitting of a single evolutionary lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages
Types of speciation
 allopatric speciation
 this is a type of speciation which occurs when barriers such mountain ranges, sea, rivers
or forest geographically isolate groups of organisms that evolved to be separate species
into different locations.
The separated pupations adapt to their own unique environments becoming so genetically
different from one another that members of one pupation cannot breed with members of
the other.
 Sympatric speciation
This is the type of speciation that occurs among individuals in the same geographical
location i.e. it does not involve geographical separation of population as cause of genetic
isolation. Sympatric speciation requires the development of some forms of reproductive
isolating mechanisms which arise by selection within a geographically confined area
 Parapatric speciation
This is a mode of speciation in which a small population is isolated at the periphery of a
larger population and becomes isolated to the extent of becoming a new species

(b) reproductive isolating mechanism is the biological property of an organism that prevent
interbreeding.
 Reproductive isolation occurs when actively reproductive members of a given population
fail to interbreed

Categories of reproductive isolating mechanisms

(i) Pre zygotic isolating mechanism
These are isolating mechanisms that interfere with the reproduction process before the
formation of the zygote.
They include the following:
(a) Ecological isolation: in this case species do not meet because they are in different
habitat hence no mating can take place
(b) Behavior isolation
It occurs when animals exhibit different courtship patterns which do not stimulate
or do not accepted by the opposite sex
(c) Incompatibility/ mechanical isolation. this occurs in two ways:
(i) Physical incompatibility which is caused by differences in the genitalia that
prevent successful copulation
(ii) Physiological incompatibility this is a result of physiological changes that
prevent fertilization. these changes take place in the female reproductive
system where the gametes may be prevented from meeting or sperms may
 fail to survive due to the presence of natural spermicide in the female
reproductive system
(d) Seasonal isolation (temporal isolation)
It involves the timing of courtship behavior and gamete production in organisms.
If the breeding seasons of the two groups of organisms do not coincide i.e. if they
become reproductively mature at different times of the year, they cannot breed
(e) Spatial isolation- it occurs in population that are separated by great distances

(ii) post zygotic isolating mechanisms

These are mechanisms which interfere with reproduction process after fertilization has
taken place
They include
 Hybrid in viability: this happens when hybrids are produced but fail to survive to
maturity
 Hybrid sterility: this occurs when the hybrids fail to produce functional gametes for
example a cross between a horse and a donkey producing a mule which is sterile. A mule
cannot produce a mule.
 Hybrid breakdown: the F1 hybrids are fertile but members of the F2 generation and back
cross of the F1 hybrids and parental stocks fail to develop or are i fertile