Chapter 6- New Questions and Ideas Upanishads:-

Life Story of Gautama Buddha: • Before the time of the Buddha, people were
•The creator of Buddhism is Siddhartha. struggling to find answers to complex
•He was also known as Gautama. problems. People are curious about life after death
•Gautama Buddha was born into the world around 2500 and the reason behind the sacrifice.
years prior. • Most thinkers believe that there must be eternal
•Buddha was from a little "Gana' named Sakya Gana. He souls after death. This particular
was a Kshatriya by birth. phenomenon is called atman or individual soul and
•He ventured out from home at an early age to discover brahman or universe soul. They firmly
more information about the believe that Atman and Brahman are similar.
existence and its sufferings and check those. • The thoughts of those thinkers are recorded in
•Wandering for many years. In those years, I met and Upanishads. These are part of the Vedic
discussed with other thinkers in many texts that followed.
places and was enriched by their knowledge. • Upanishad means "near, sit near." The dialogues of
• After an extended period, he finally found his way to teachers and students are included in
enlightenment. Later, he meditated the text. Sometimes a very indulgent conversation
for several days under a Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, Bihar. represents ideas.
This stage in the life of Buddha • Generally, the thinkers of the Upanishads are men.
Shakyamuni is called enlightenment. Afterward, he More specifically, most of them are
became enlightened and was named Brahman and Raja.
the Buddha or "Wise Man." • There are few thinkers. One of the most important
• The Buddha's next destination is Sarnath, near is Gagi. She is a famous apprentice and
Varanasi. He taught his disciples in participated in court debates.
Sarnath for the first time. • Most of the debates and discussions do not allow
• The rest of the Buddha's life walked from one place to the poor to enter. There is one
another. The only thing he did exception. One of the best thinkers at the time was
during this period was to teach people. Satyakama Jabala, a wretched slave. It
• His last breath was in Kushinagar. was taught by a brahmin teacher named Gautama.
• Some people are also trying to find the true meaning of • The famous thinker Shankaracharya put forward
life. several essential ideas in the last part of
the Upanishads.
Excerpts from the Buddha's teachings:
• Buddha's teachings, a person's life is full of kinds of Jainism:-
suffering and misfortune. The main • In the same period as Buddha Shakyamuni, the last
reasons behind the misery and unhappiness are craving of Jainism and the 24th generation
and desires. Tirthankara, Vardhamana Mahavira delivered his
• According to the Buddha, even if these wishes are discourse.
fulfilled, people will not be satisfied. • He belonged to the Lichchhavi dynasty and was
The Buddha described this particular concept as thirst or born in Kshatriya. Lichchhavis is part of
greed. Vajji Sangha.
• The Buddha taught people to reduce or lessen their • At the age of 30, Mahavira left home and began
desires. living in the forest.
• Generosity and respect for others (including animals) is • After twelve years of hardship and loneliness, he
one of the central teachings of has attained enlightenment.
the Buddha. • He taught a simple doctrine that men and women
• According to the Buddha's teachings, the lives in this should leave home to let people know
life and the lives after death should the truth about their lives.
be lives affected by human behavior. These actions are • Several famous terms used by Mahavira are
called karma. "ahimsa," "all beings," "desire for life," and so
• The Buddha's teachings have spread to all corners and on.
corners of the country because •Mahavira preached his doctrine in Prakrit so that
they are taught in colloquialism, one of the languages ordinary people can understand his
most effortless for ordinary people to philosophy of Prakrit has 4,444 different names in
understand. different parts of the country. For
• The Buddha also introduced us to have self-esteem and example, Magadha is a colloquial expression used in
self-evaluation. Magadha.
Created by: N. Srujan, TGT SST, Army Public School, A'nagar
•The followers of Mahavira are called Jainism. They lead
a short life. They used to collect
food by begging.
•Jains are very honest, and robbery is strictly prohibited
•Jains obey celibacy, all pieces must be handed over by
these people, including details of
their clothes.
•The Jainism Rules were complicated to follow.

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However, people left the house to get a new
way of living for lessons.

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•In general, merchants continued until the path of
Jainism. But farmers could not follow
him, where it would be difficult for them to let them free

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their desire.
•He preached Jainism in several areas of India, including
Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu.
•Mahavira and its teachings transmit long-term oral

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administration. The format of Jainism
preaching is located in Valabhi in Gujarat.

Sangha:-
• Men and women who left home lived in a place

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together known as Sangha.
• Buddhist sangha rules were written in, known as
Vinaya Pitaka. This book told San has
separate sectors for men and women
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•He took a man and woman from Sanga in Meditation
was one of the primary forms of main
lives. Apart from that, there was a brief time to be able to
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organize the city and the village.
The Mendigo was known as a place Bhikkhus.
• Several sects participated in Sanghas, including
Brahmins, Kshatriya. merchants,
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Barbers, and Barbers.

Viharas:-
• The monastery is the place of practice for Buddhist and
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Jain monks and nuns. Here are

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permanent shelters for monks and nuns.

•Another name for monasteries is Viharas.
•In the past, monasteries were made of wood. Later they
were made of bricks.
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• Wealthy merchants donated most of the land on which

monasteries were built.
Created by: N. Srujan, TGT SST, Army Public School, A'nagar
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Chapter 7: From a Kingdom to an Empire
Introduction: The Mauryan Empire

Ashoka's Pillars: Lions on Indian currency have a rich Pataliputra's Grandeur: He described Pataliputra as
history, originating from stone pillars in Sarnath, com- a magnificent city with massive walls, numerous
missioned by Ashoka, one of history's greatest rulers. towers, and multi-storey houses, including the king's
palace.
Mauryan Empire: Ashoka's empire was established by

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his grandfather, Chandragupta Maurya, over 2300 years Ashoka, the Unique Ruler:

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ago, supported by the counsel of Chanakya (Kautilya),
whose teachings are found in the Arthashastra. The Most Famous Mauryan: Ashoka, the most
renowned Mauryan ruler, propagated his message
Diverse Regions and Languages: The empire encom- through inscriptions, many of which were written in

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passed various regions with cities such as Pataliputra, Prakrit and the Brahmi script.
Taxila, and Ujjain, each having unique cultures, lan-
guages, and resources. Diversity extended from people to Ashoka's Conquest and Change of Heart:
languages, food, and clothing.

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Conquest in Kalinga: Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga
What Sets Empires Apart: turned him away from violence and war.

Resources and Armies: Emperors required more re- Inscription on Kalinga War: An inscription reveals
sources and larger armies to manage and protect expan- his regret for the suffering caused by conquest and

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sive empires. his commitment to dhamma.

Bureaucracy and Taxation: The governance involved

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numerous officials collecting taxes and managing the What Was Ashoka's Dhamma?
population.
Teaching Dhamma: Ashoka's dhamma focused on
instructing his subjects in ethical and moral princi-
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Administration and Governance:
ples, drawing inspiration from the Buddha's teach-
ings.
Central Authority: Pataliputra was directly controlled by
the emperor, where officials collected taxes and main- Addressing Issues: He aimed to resolve various
tained order. societal problems, including religious conflicts, ani-
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mal sacrifice, and mistreatment of slaves and ser-

Provincial Rule: Outlying regions like Taxila and Ujjain vants.
were ruled with some autonomy while adhering to local
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customs and rules. Methods of Teaching: Officials called dhamma

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mahamatta spread the message, while inscriptions

Resource Collection: Vast regions and forests provided and messengers conveyed his ideas beyond the
various resources like blankets, gold, and precious stones, empire.
which were collected as tribute or tax.
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Promoting Welfare: Ashoka implemented practical

initiatives like road construction, well digging, and
Mauryan Dynasty:
rest house building. He also provided medical care
to both humans and animals.
Chandragupta to Ashoka: The Mauryas formed a dy-
nasty with key rulers being Chandragupta, his son
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Ashoka's Messages to His Subjects:

Bindusara, and Bindusara's son, Ashoka.
Tribute vs. Taxes: Principles of Dhamma: Ashoka advocated kind-
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ness, respect for elders, compassion for all crea-

Regular Taxes: Taxes were collected regularly from the tures, and the giving of gifts to brahmins and monks.
populace, while tribute was collected as and when possi-
ble. Religious Tolerance: He emphasized religious tol-
Megasthenes' Descriptions: erance, respecting other religions and understanding
The Emperor's Grandeur: Megasthenes, an ambassador their main ideas.
from West Asia, wrote about the emperor's opulence and
elaborate royal processions.

Created by: N Srujan, APS A'nagar

CHAPTER 8 - VILLAGES, TOWNS AND TRADE can visit workshop should go in daylight, submit work,
Iron tools and agriculture: receive their wages
Founded When & where- 4) Should be enough light to work examination
1. 3000 year ago (1000 BC)- in Indian subcontinent 5) Superintendent should talk about only work else pu-
2. 2500 year ago (500BC)- increased iron use nishment
Which tools- 6) Incomplete work punishment for women- Fine,
1. Axes- Cutting trees 2. Plough- Agriculture use Cutting thumbs
Other steps to increase production: irrigation- A closer look — Arikamedu-
1. Villages are needed for cities to grow • In Puducherry • Time- 1900-2200 year ago • Coastal village
2. King needed money for armies, forts, etc. ◘Findings- ①Big Brick Structure- Warehouse

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3. King helped farmers to grow more food- ②Amphorae ➼ double-handled jars from

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a. Gave iron tools Mediterranean region
b. Planned irrigation (canals,wells,tanks&artificial
⬉③Arretine (City in Italy) Ware ➼ stamped red
lakes)
4. This helped farmers to grow more, earn more money glazed pottery made by pressing wet clay into a mould
④Roman lamps, glassware, gems

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5. As farmer get richer they will pay more tax making king
richer ⑤Small tank- used to dye cloth ⑥Evidence of semi
Who lived in the villages?- precious stone and glass bead making
An Account by a Greek Sailor-
◘Barygaza gulf (Bharuch)- •hard & needed skillful fisher-
Uzhavar

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men to navigate •Imports- wine, copper, tin,lead,
coral,topaz,cloth,gold & silver coins •Exports- plants
Gram bhojak- •Largest landowners •Powerful village person from the Himalayas,ivory,agate,Carnelian,cotton,silk
•Acted as- Village Head, Tax collector for king, Judge, Police & perfumes
•Having slaves for work •Hired worker for farming Trade and traders-
•Hereditary post, passing on to son •Traders carried things form one place to other for selling by

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Other people in village- •Blacksmith •Potter •Carpenter •Weaver sea and land route
The earliest Tamil compositions- ↳Results in NBPW found at several sites
Sangam Literature = Earliest works in Tamil ➼ Composed: 300 BC •Famous southern items- gold, pepper, precious stones
↳compiled in assemblies •Where? ➼ Madurai
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↳Pepper famous in Rome, known as black gold
Coins- ◘Used for- 500 years ◘Type- Punch-marked •Found roman gold coins in south India
Explaination- These were not carved out of metal but stamped with •Traders Sea routes- Took advantage of Winds to cross sea
symbols
e.g. Sailing with south-west monsoon winds help
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Cities with many functions-
traders reach India's West coast from East Africa
Mathura- Important for 2500+ years
New kingdoms along the coasts-
Functions: ①At the cross roads ➼ north-south 🔀 east- •South India having coastline,hills,plateaus,rivers (Kaveri-
northwest ②Center of Mathura Art (Fine Sculpture art) most fertile)
③2nd capital of Kushan Dynasty ④Religious center of ◘ Muvendar- means Three chiefs ➼Chol, Cher & Pandya
lic

Buddhism, Jainism & Krishna worship

↳➊ controlled Kaveri and Coasts, became powerful
Findings here - short inscriptions recording ➊ Gifts by
(300BC) ➋ Had 1 inland & 1 coast capital➼Puhar or
men and women (kings,queens,officers,merchants,craft-
Kaveripattinam (Chola port-city), Madurai (Pandya's
persons) to monasteries ➋ mentions of goldsmiths,
capital) ➌ didn't collected taxes, collected tribute and
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blacksmiths, weavers, Makers of basket,garland,perfume

distributed with- supporters, soldiers, family, poets
Crafts and craftspersons-
◙ Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)- hard, wheel made, ◘ Satavahan- ➊100BC ➋Became powerful in west-India
metallic looking ware with a shiny black surface ➌important ruler- Gautamiputra Satakarni & his
Making Process- exposing earthenware at high temperature mother Gautami Balashri.(info from an inscription)
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in furnace results in blackening of its outer surface ➍they known as - Lords of dakshinapath ➎ He sent
Found in- northern part of the subcontinent armies to East,West & South India
◙ From text we know- ①Cloth manufacturing was important Silk Route and the Kushanas-
➴Centers: North‣Varanasi, South‣Madurai •Silk route- famous trade route specially for transporting silk
◙ Shrenis- Merchant's & craft-person's associations ↳one branch was to seaport of Indus for shipping to Rome
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Functions- ①Craft-person Shrenis ➼ 1) provided training ◘ Kushanas- ➊2000 year ago ➋ruled over central Asia &
2) procured raw material 3) distributed finished goods north-west India ➌2 power center-Peshawar &
② Merchant's shrenis ➼ 1) organizing trades Mathura ➍Controlled silk route➡ Benefit: taxes,
③ Shrenis served as banks ➡ 1) Money given by men &
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tributes,gifts ⮌ In return: Protection to Traders from

women was invested robbers
2) Earned interest was used to support monasteries (Vihars)
Rules for spinning and weaving-
• Rules mentioned in Arthashastra
• Who were allowed- 1) Widows 2) divyang young women
3) nuns 4) courtesan's mothers 5) king's retired women
servants 6) retired women from temple service
• Other rules- 1) They will be Paid according to work quality and
quantity 2) house restricted women should send maid to
collect raw material from superintendent 3) Women who Created by: N. Srujan, TGT SST, APS A'nagar
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The iron pillar: His Ch 10 Recording and preserving old stories
 Iron Pillar, Mehrauli, Delhi  Hindu stories recorded as Puranas.
 Remarkable skill of Indian craftspersons  Puranas: stories about gods, creation, kings.
 7.2m high, over 3 tonnes  Mahabharata: war between Kauravas, Pan-
 Made around 1500 years ago davas.
 Inscription mentions ruler named Chandra, Gupta dy-  Ramayana: Rama's exile, Sita's abduction,
nasty Lanka battle.
 Remarkable lack of rust despite centuries  Mahabharata, Ramayana written down ~1500
years ago.
Buildings in brick and stone:  Vyasa is attributed to compiling Mahab-
harata, Puranas.
 Skilled Indian crafts in buildings like stupas
 Valmiki is Ramayana's recognized author.
 Stupas have common features: Relic box, mud or
 Bhagavad Gita part of Mahabharata.
baked brick, dome structure, pradakshina patha
 Amaravati had a magnificent stupa with stone carv-
ings 2000 years old Stories told by ordinary people
 Rock-cut artificial caves with elaborate decorations  Ordinary people told stories, composed po-
 Earliest Hindu temples: Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, garb- ems, songs, performed plays.
hagriha, shikhara, mandapa  Stories preserved in Jatakas, Panchatantra.
 Mahabalipuram and Aihole had finest stone temples  Jatakas stories depicted on stupas, paintings
in Ajanta.
How were stupas and temples built?  Monkey king story: lived with followers,
mango tree, Varanasi king, saving monkeys,
 Stages in building: Find good quality stone, quarry, death.
transport, shape, carve, place.
 Sculpture of story found at Bharhut stupa in
 Kings/Queens financed structures, used treasury. central India.
 Devotees brought gifts, used for decorations.
 Various occupations contributed (merchants, farmers,
etc).
Writing books on science
 Names of contributors inscribed on pillars, railings,  Aryabhata: Wrote Aryabhatiyam; explained
walls. day-night, eclipses, circle circumference cal-
culation.
 Varahamihira, Brahmagupta,
Painting Bhaskaracharya: Other mathematicians/as-
 Ajanta: Caves carved over centuries, mainly Bud- tronomers, made discoveries.
dhist monasteries.  India invented zero, adopted by Arabs, spread
 Paintings inside caves, done in torchlight. to Europe, worldwide use.
 Colours vivid even after 1500 years, made of plants  Ayurveda: Ancient Indian health science,
and minerals. Charaka, Sushruta famous practitioners.
 Artists remain unknown.  Charak Samhita (by Charak): Book on
medicine.
The world of books  Susruta Samhita (by Sushruta): Elaborate sur-
 Epics: long, grand compositions about heroic figures, gical procedures.
gods.
 Tamil epic "Silappadikaram" by poet Ilango, ~1800 Metallurgy
years ago.  Harappans skilled in metallurgy, mastered
 "Manimekalai" by Sattanar, ~1400 years ago. copper, bronze.
 Kalidasa wrote in Sanskrit.  India Bronze Age: Harappans; Iron Age: suc-
 "Silappadikaram" passage: Kannagi's grief, destruc- cessors.
tion of Madurai.  Advanced iron types: forged, wrought, cast.
 Epic manuscripts lost, rediscovered ~100 years ago.  Ancient India major contributions to metal-
 "Manimekalai" follows daughter of Kovalan and lurgy.
Madhavi.
 Kalidasa, known from Chapter 9.
Chapter 5: Major Domains of the Earth
Introduction: Life on Earth

Earth is unique as it supports life due to the presence of land, water, and air.
Earth's environment comprises the Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere, where these
components interact.
Lithosphere: The Solid Earth

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Lithosphere is the solid part of the Earth's surface, consisting of rocks and thin soil layers vital for sustaining

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life.
Divisions: Continents (large landmasses) and Ocean Basins (huge water bodies connected globally.
Remarkable: Elevation is measured from sea level; Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is Earth's deepest
point.

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Continents: Seven Major Landmasses
Asia: Largest continent, occupies one-third of Earth's land area.
Europe: Smaller than Asia, west of Asia, bound by water bodies, highly indented coastlines.
Africa: Second-largest continent, Equator crosses the middle, Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert.

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North America: Third-largest, linked to South America via the Isthmus of Panama, Northern and Western
Hemisphere.
South America: Lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, Andes mountain range and the Amazon River.
Australia: Smallest, Southern Hemisphere, entirely surrounded by oceans.

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Antarctica: Massive Southern Hemisphere continent, permanently covered with ice sheets.
Hydrosphere: Earth's Blue Component
Hydrosphere covers over 71% of Earth's surface, including oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, underground water,
and water vapor in the atmosphere.
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Freshwater scarcity: Over 97% of Earth's water is salty seawater, and most freshwater is locked in glaciers or
underground.
Oceans: The Largest Water Bodies
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Pacific Ocean: The largest, encircling Asia, Australia, North, and South America.
Atlantic Ocean: Second-largest, 'S' shaped, with highly indented coastlines, crucial for commerce.
Indian Ocean: Triangular, bound by Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Southern Ocean: Surrounds Antarctica, extends to 60 degrees south latitude.
Arctic Ocean: Around the North Pole, connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait.
ic

Atmosphere: Earth's Protective Blanket

Atmosphere envelops Earth, providing vital air to breathe and protection from the sun's rays.
Divided into five layers based on composition, temperature, and properties: Troposphere, Stratosphere,
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Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.

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Composition: Mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with traces of carbon dioxide and other gases.
Significance: Oxygen supports life, nitrogen aids in organism growth, and carbon dioxide helps maintain the
planet's warmth.
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Biosphere: The Realm of Life

The biosphere is the narrow zone where land, water, and air meet, sustaining diverse life forms.
Organisms range from microbes to large mammals, all interconnected and interdependent for survival.
Two broad categories: Plant Kingdom and Animal Kingdom.
Interactions and Challenges: Human activities like deforestation, agriculture, natural calamities, land changes
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due to earthquakes, water pollution, air pollution, and global warming affect the balance of the Earth's domains.
These domains - Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Biosphere - are interconnected and
interdependent, forming the dynamic and fragile environment of our planet. Understanding their interactions
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and preserving this delicate balance is essential for the continued existence of life on Earth.

Created by: N Srujan, APS A'nagar

Geography Chapter 6:
Geographical Features:
Boundaries: Himalayas in the north, Arabian Sea in the west, Bay of Bengal in the east,
Indian Ocean in the south.
Size: 3.28 million sq. km; 3,200 km north-south, 2,900 km east-west.
Landforms: Mountains, desert, plains, plateaus, coasts, and islands.

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Climate: Varied; from desert to tropical.
Vegetation: Diverse; from alpine to rainforests.
Wildlife: Varied; from tigers to elephants.

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Language and Culture: Diverse but united by common traditions.
India's Neighbors: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar,
Maldives, China, Bangladesh

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Land Boundaries: 7 countries; 2 are island nations (Sri Lanka and Maldives).
Administrative Divisions:

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States and Union Territories: 28 states, 8 UTs, and 1 national capital (Delhi).
Formation: States based on language.
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Physical Divisions:
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Himalayas: 3 main ranges; Great Himalaya, Middle Himalaya, Shiwalik.
Northern Plains: Formed by rivers; fertile lands.
Great Indian Desert: Sandy, dry, and hot.
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Peninsular Plateau: Triangular; rich in minerals.

Western and Eastern Ghats: Bordering plateaus.
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Coastal Plains: Fertile deltas formed by rivers.

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Islands:
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Lakshadweep: Coral islands in the Arabian Sea.

Andaman and Nicobar: Southeast in the Bay of Bengal.
Tsunami of 2004: Impacted Andaman and Nicobar Islands; varied responses.
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Other Facts:
Coral Islands: Formed from marine animal skeletons.
Sundarbans Delta: Formed by Ganga and Brahmaputra.
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Time Zones: Unlike large countries like the USA and Canada, India has only one stan-
dard time zone.
Peninsula: Surrounded by water on three sides.
Created by: N Srujan, APS A'nagar
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Civics Chapter 6