JOB – 5

AIM: - PC Troubleshooting and Maintenance.

We can simply maintain our pc by following steps:
1.First of all we need to check power supply if it’s properly working or not.
2.Then we need to make sure our pc’s ram, motherboard and BIOS are in working condition
After checking the above condition , once we turn on power supply , Booting process will take
place .
BOOTING PROCESS:
Definition- Booting is basically the process of starting the computer. When the CPU is first
switched on it has nothing inside the Memory. In order to start the Computer , load the Operating
System into the Main Memory and then Computer is ready to take commands from the User. Learn
the types of booting.
Steps of booting

1.The Startup : It is the first step that involves switching the power ON. It supplies electricity to
the main components like BIOS and processor.

BIOS: Power On Self-Test : It is an initial test performed by the BIOS. Further, this test performs
an initial check on the input/output devices, computer’s main memory, disk drives, etc. Moreover,
if any error occurs, the system produces a beep sound.

Loading of OS : In this step, the operating system is loaded into the main memory. The operating
system starts working and executes all the initial files and instructions.

System Configuration: In this step, the drivers are loaded into the main memory. Drivers are
programs that help in the functioning of the peripheral devices.

Loading System Utilities: System utilities are basic functioning programs, for example, volume
control, antivirus, etc. In this step, system utilities are loaded into the memory.

User Authentication: If any password has been set up in the computer system, the system checks
for user authentication. Once the user enters the login Id and password correctly the system finally
starts.
BIOS POWER SUPPLY UNITS (PSU) EXPLAINED:
The power supply unit (PSU) is an essential hardware component in every computer system.
Its primary role is to transform external electrical power into the specific voltage and current
needed by the various components within the computer. Essentially, the PSU serves as the heart
of the system, ensuring stable and reliable power delivery, which is crucial for the smooth
operation of the entire computing infrastructure.

PSU ERRORS DEMYSTIFIED:

Encountering errors in the power supply unit (PSU) can disrupt the functionality of your
computer system. Here are some common PSU errors and their implications:
1. Voltage Fluctuations: Inconsistent voltage output from the PSU can lead to system instability
and malfunctions. This issue necessitates using a multimeter to verify if the PSU is providing
the correct voltages.
2. Overheating: Excessive heat buildup within the PSU can result in its failure, causing
disruptions to your system's operation. Ensuring proper ventilation and cooling for the PSU, as
well as cleaning any dust accumulation, is essential in preventing overheating issues.
3. Fan Failure: If the PSU fan malfunctions or stops working, it can lead to overheating and
subsequent system failures. Checking and replacing the fan, if necessary, is crucial to maintain
proper cooling and prevent PSU-related errors.
4. Capacitor Issues: Bulging or leaking capacitors on the PSU can lead to power delivery
problems and system instability. Visually inspecting the capacitors for any signs of damage is
essential in identifying and resolving this issue.
5. Overloading: Overloading the PSU beyond its capacity can cause shutdowns or damage to
the system. It's important to verify that the power supply meets the power requirements of your
computer system to prevent overloading-related errors.
6. Short Circuits: Exposed wires or damaged components in the PSU can result in short circuits,
leading to system malfunctions or even damage. Inspecting the PSU for any signs of exposed
wires or damaged components is crucial in preventing short circuit-related errors.

ERROR IN MOTHERBOARD : Motherboard errors can vary, ranging from hardware issues
like faulty components to software-related problems. Common signs include system crashes,
boot failures, or peripherals not working. To diagnose, check connections, update drivers, and
run hardware diagnostics. If issues persist, consult manufacturer support or seek professional
help.
1. Overheating: Inadequate cooling can cause the processor to overheat, leading to instability.
Ensure proper cooling solutions and monitor temperatures.
2. Software Conflicts: Incompatible or outdated software can cause processor errors. Update
BIOS, drivers, and operating system to resolve compatibility issues.
3. Voltage Issues: Incorrect voltage settings may impact the processor's stability. Check BIOS
settings for proper voltage configurations.
4. Hardware Malfunction: A damaged or faulty processor can result in errors. Test the processor
on another compatible system or replace it if necessary.
5. Stress Testing:
Run stress tests to assess the processor's stability under heavy loads. This can help identify
issues related to performance.
6. Malware or Virus: Infections can affect processor performance. Regularly scan your system
for malware and viruses using reliable security software.
7. Motherboard Compatibility: Ensure that the motherboard is compatible with the processor.
Check for BIOS updates that support the specific processor model.
8. Power Supply Issues: Inadequate or unstable power supply can impact the processor. Verify
that the power supply meets the system requirements.
9.External Factors: Environmental conditions such as excessive dust or improper .

ERROR IN RAM :- RAM errors can lead to system instability and crashes. Symptoms include
frequent blue screens, application crashes, or system freezes. To address RAM issues, try
reseating the modules, testing one stick at a time, and running a memory diagnostic tool. If
problems persist, faulty RAM or motherboard slots may be the cause, requiring replacement or
professional assistance.
CAUSE OF ERRORS :-
ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE :- Voltage fluctuations or electromagnetic interference
COSMIC RAYS :- High-energy particles from space that can flip bits.
OVERHEATING : -Excessive heat can degrade RAM over time
AGING :- Gradual deterioration due to usage over time
ERROR IN PROCESSOR :-
1. Overheating: Inadequate cooling can cause the processor to overheat, leading to instability.
Ensure proper cooling solutions and monitor temperatures.
2. Software Conflicts: Incompatible or outdated software can cause processor errors. Update
BIOS, drivers, and operating system to resolve compatibility issues.
3. Voltage Issues: Incorrect voltage settings may impact the processor's stability. Check BIOS
settings for proper voltage configurations.
4. Hardware Malfunction: A damaged or faulty processor can result in errors. Test the processor
on another compatible system or replace it if necessary.
5. Stress Testing: Run stress tests to assess the processor's stability under heavy loads. This can
help identify issues related to performance.
6. Malware or Virus: Infections can affect processor performance. Regularly scan your system
for malware and viruses using reliable security software.
7. Motherboard Compatibility: Ensure that the motherboard is compatible with the processor.
Check for BIOS updates that support the specific processor model.
8. Power Supply Issues: Inadequate or unstable power supply can impact the processor. Verify
that the power supply meets the system requirements.
9. External Factors: Environmental conditions such as excessive dust or improper
CONCLUSION: Regular PC maintenance is imperative for upholding the reliability and
efficiency of personal computers. Through meticulous tasks like conducting POST diagnostics,
interpreting beep codes for issue identification, scrutinizing the power supply via a multimeter,
and substituting defective components when necessary, technicians adeptly troubleshoot and
uphold PCs to ensure seamless operation. Consistent maintenance is pivotal in forestalling
hardware malfunctions and elongating the lifespan of computers, thereby conserving both time
and finances for users