Republic of the Philippines

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

Ministry of Basic, Higher and Technical Education
EASTERN KUTAWATO ISLAMIC INSTITUTE, INC.
Buluan, Maguindanao

SCIENCE-10
First Quarter – Module

EASTERN KUTAWATO ISLAMIC INSTITUTE,

INC.
Junior High School Department

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School Philosophy

The Eastern Kutawato Islamic Institute Incorporated is an institution believes in

the students package in which students are well raised with sense of love, respect,

morality, responsibility, humanity and stewardship to be catalyst of more progressive

and peaceful society with just and lasting organic solidarity.

School Vision

The Eastern Kutawato Islamic Institute Incorporated envisions its learners to be a

constructive citizen that posses academic knowledge, full potentials, and moral

standards in order to answer the moral decay and other societal illness and gain moral

ethical, spiritual, creative and respectful way of which goes along competitiveness.

School Mission

To provide a competent and responsible learners that serves as an assets of

growing society, build a strong engagement with the stakeholders, maintain productivity

of learning environment to achieve the maximum level of potential in every development

stage, and produce a learner that goes global competitiveness.

Goals

Educate students to be a responsible citizen of community and prepare young

individual to face the demands of the changing world.

Objectives
1. To prepare learners for higher education.
2. To become responsible citizen and leaders of the society.
3. To produce quality graduates be the catalyst of the community
4. To produce constructive citizens that engage in organic and medical solidarity
among the community inspired with love respect, responsibility and humbleness.

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 5. To establish a learners with just and lasting perception of life to address the
needs and demands of society and reform the pedagogical learners into a 21 st
century learners.

CORE VALUES (FREEDOM)

F- FAITH

R- RESPECT

E- EDUCATION

E- EFFECTIVENESS

D- DIVERSITY

O- OPENNESS

M- MODERATION

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 CITATION

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of

the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or

office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.

Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of

royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,

trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.

Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from

their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim

ownership over them.

This module was carefully examined and revised in accordance with the standards

prescribed by DepEd. All parts and sections of the module are assured not to have violated any

rules stated in the Intellectual Property Rights for learning standards.

The Editors

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CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate understanding of...

1. the relationship among the locations of volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and

mountain ranges the prevention, detection, and treatment of diseases affecting the
circulatory and respiratory systems,

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners should be able to...
1. demonstrate ways to ensure disaster preparedness during earthquakes, tsunamis,
and volcanic eruptions
2. suggest ways by which he/she can contribute to government efforts in reducing
damage due to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake

epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory
Describe the different types of plate boundaries
Explain the different processes that occur along the plate boundaries
Describe the possible causes of plate movement
Enumerate the lines of evidence that support plate movement

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LESSON 1: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and
Mountain Ranges
INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

In your Grade 9 Science, part of your lessons was about volcanoes. You have learned
about the position of the Philippines in the Ring of Fire and its relationship to the presence of
active and inactive volcanoes in our country.
In this quarter, the topics will focus solely on a theory that explains the existence of volcanoes
and other geologic features. You have two modules to understand this theory better.
In the first module, you will use some of your science skills such as graphing, measuring,
analyzing and interpreting data, and inferring for you to attain the desired outcomes.
What are the outcomes that are expected from you? First, you should identify the volcanoes and
earthquakes types of boundaries created because of lithospheric movements. Secondly, you
must relate the movement of Earth’s lithosphere to the occurrence of different geologic
changes. And finally, you will explain the processes that are taking place along the boundaries.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question.
1. What is the outermost layer of the Earth?
A. crust B. inner core C. mantle D. outer core

2. The crust and upper mantle make up Earth’s .

A. asthenosphere B. continents C. core D. lithosphere

3. Which statement about the Earth’s crusts is CORRECT?

A. Continental and oceanic crusts have the same weight.
B. Continental crust is heavier than oceanic crust.
C. Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Volcanoes,
Earthquakes, and Mountain Ranges!
D. Oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust.
4. What do we call the continuously moving part of the earth’s crust?
A. fault B. fissure C. fracture D. plate

5. Which theory states that the entire crust is broken and is continuously moving?
A. Continental Drift C. Seafloor Spreading
B. Plate Tectonics D. Titanic Theory

EXPLORE
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 There are 53 active volcanoes in the Philippines. The Philippines belong to the Pacific
Ring of Fire where the oceanic Philippine plate and several smaller micro-plates are subducting
along the Philippine Trench to the E, and the Luzon, Sulu and several other small Trenches to
the w.
Tectonic setting of the Philippines
The tectonic setting of the Philippines is complex. It is characterized by a number of
small plates squeezed between 2 convergent plate margins, separated by small subduction
zones and major transform faults. The currently active volcanoes in the Philippines are found on
several corresponding volcanic arcs, which can be simplified into two major N-S trending arcs,
the Luzon and Mindanao Volcanic Arcs. The volcanoes of the Philippines are produced at the
junction of the Philippines tectonic plate and the Eurasian plate.
The volcanoes of the Philippines rank as the most deadly and costly in the world: about
13% of its historic eruptions have caused fatalities, most notably at Taal and Mayon, and 22% of
its eruptions caused significant damage.
Lahars (mud flows) are very common in the Philippines, because the archipelago has often
heavy rains. Tsunamis accompany eruptions in the Philippines more often than in any other
volcanic region.
Our country is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Thus, we often experience
earthquakes, and we are home to many majestic but terrible volcanoes. These topics
were discussed in Grade 8 and 9 Science.

FIRM UP ACTIVITY NO. 1: Complete Me!

Directions: Do you still remember your discussions during your Grade 6, 8, and 9
about volcanoes and earthquakes? You need to recall important words related to
volcanoes and earthquakes that will be used in this module. Below is a vocabulary
word list with missing letters. Read the definition on the left side to complete each word
on the right side.

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Our Earth has four layers consisting of different materials, namely, crust, mantle, inner,
and outer core. For this module, we will focus on the lithosphere which is composed of
the crust and the upper mantle.
The lithosphere is said to be in constant but very slow motion. These motions
are not the same everywhere. This movement of the lithosphere is called tectonics.
According to the Plate Tectonics Theory, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is
broken into numerous segments called plates (see Figure 1). The arrows show the
direction of the plate movement and the other lines are the fault lines.

Figure 1. Moving Plates of the Earth

Do you notice in Figure 1 that there are seven relatively large plates and
several smaller ones, including the Philippine plate? Can you remember all their
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names? Please do the activity below to see how these plates relate to earthquakes,
volcanism, and mountain formation.
ACTIVITY NO. 2: Remember Where The Edges Meet!

Materials:

 separate sheet of paper

 ball pen
 loose sheet of maps of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major
mountain ranges (page 10 for cutting)
 small world map (page 11)
 scissors
 bright light source (sunlight, lamp, flashlight or cellphone flash)

Procedure:

1. Get a separate sheet of paper for your answers and observation. Do not copy
the questions, just write your answer or observations.

2. Study Map 1 (Distribution of Earthquakes) on page 9 (loose page) that

shows the earthquake distribution around the world. The dark areas are
the earthquake epicenters. Take note of the areas where they are
closely situated. Answer the following questions:
a. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?
_____________________________________________________________________________
b. Where are they situated?
_____________________________________________________________________________

c. Look at your world map on page 11 and compare the earthquake epicenters.
Name the country/ies where earthquakes may not happen.

_____________________________________________________________________________
d. Why are there no earthquakes on the country/ies you mentioned?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Study Map 2 (Earth’s Major Volcanoes) on page 8. Take note that the dark
dots are the active volcanoes.
e. How are volcanoes distributed?
_____________________________________________________________________________
f. Where are they situated?
_____________________________________________________________________________

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g. Based on the map, which country/ies will unlikely experience a volcanic eruption?

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Cut Map 1 and Map 2 along the edges (page 9). Place Map 1 (Earthquakes)
over Map 2 (Volcanoes).
NOTE: Remember to place the edges of the continents of each map exactly on top of
each other.

5. Bring the maps over any of the bright source of light available (ceiling lamp,
sunlight, flashlight/cellphone light). Make sure you can see where the dark areas
and dots are.
h. How do you compare the location of majority of earthquake epicenters with the
location of volcanoes around the world?

_________________________________________________________________

6. Study Map 3 (Mountain Chains), the coarse and darker areas are the
mountain ranges of the world.
7. Cut Map 3 along the edges (page 9). Place it under Map1 and Map 2.
NOTE: Read first the descriptions below each arrow, then cut these
maps individually along the dotted lines.
8. Bring the maps over any bright source of light available.
i. How will you relate the distribution of mountain ranges with the
distribution of earthquake epicenters and volcanoes?

9. Now that you have seen the location of volcanoes, mountain ranges,
and majority of earthquake epicenters, study Figure 1 on page 5 (Map
of Moving Plates) once more.
j. What do you think is the basis of scientists in dividing Earth’s lithosphere into
several plates?

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NOTE: Read first the descriptions below each arrow, then CUT THESE MAPS individually along
the broken lines. See to it that Map 1 is placed over Map 2, and Map 2 is over Map 3 on page 8.

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12
 For thousands of years, men believed that earth is the center of the universe as
presented in the geocentric model proposed by Aristotle. They also believed that the
Earth is flat and all the natural phenomena in their environment depend on the will of
supernatural beings as gods or goddesses, demons, and other mythical creatures.

Geology is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, its composition, and
processes.
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 Geomorphology is the study of the relief features of the earth’s crust. Volcanism,
sometimes called volcanicity, is the phenomenon related to various processes
associated with the surface discharge of magma or hot water and steams including
volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles, and hot springs.

Geyser Is the phenomenon on the

surface where the
underground beneath the the
shallow surface is heated up
until it explodes into boiling
water and steam.
Fumaroles Emit mixtures of steam and
other gases such as hydrogen
sulfide which forms into
sulfuric acid.

Hot springs Occur in many geothermal

areas where the surface of the
earth intersects the water
table

THEORIES OF VOLCANISM
Due to lack of scientific investigations and probably the influence of beliefs and tradition,
natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic eruption, natural phenomena such as
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are credited to supernatural dimensions. During the 17 th
century, even the German astronomer Johannes Kepler explained that volcanoes are tear
ducts for the Earth’s tears. Kepler’s idea was not supported by Jesuit Athanasius Kircher.
Being able to observe the eruptions of Mount Etna and Stromboli and having descended
into the smoking crater of Mt. Vesuvius in Campania, Italy, Kircher announced his view of an
Earth with a great central fire connected to numerous channels carrying loads of burning sulfur,
coal, and bitumen across the crust through volcanic eruptions.

Volcanism can be explained using the Plate Tectonic Theory. Plate Tectonics is the
scientific study of the origin and arrangement of the broad structural features of Earth’s surface
known as the lithosphere. It focuses not only on the folds and faults but also mountains belts,
continents, and earthquakes. Basic idea of plate tectonics is that the earth’s surface is divided
into a few large, thick plates that move slowly and change in size. These plates are moving
relative to one another above a hotter, deeper and more mobile zone.
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 The interior of Earth is hot because of the heat left over during the accretion process
about 4.56 billion years ago. Another factor that contributes to the planet’s temperature is the
presence of the natural radioactivity in rocks. These radioactive elements undergo
decomposition process release heat that warms the interior of the Earth. As a result of
radioactive decay, convection currents are formed and cause the plates in the crust to either
move toward each other, away from each other, or slide pas each other. Such movements of
the crust is called plate tectonics. Like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions occur particularly along
or near the boundaries between plate boundaries.
ACTIVITY NO. 3: Do a Research

Conduct a comprehensive research on volcanoes based on the given characteristics in

the table on the left.
Discuss your research on the space provided below.

Name Characteristic Location Additional Info.

Youngest volcano

Oldest volcano

Smallest volcano

Most active volcano

Largest volcano
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Active volcanoes
When magma erupts at the surface it can form different types of volcanoes depending
on the viscosity, or stickiness, of the magma, the amount of gas in the magma, and the way in
which the magma reached the surface.
Stratovolcanoes
These volcanoes are majestic giants with steep sides and a symmetrical cone shape.
They form from very thick, viscous, or sticky, lava that won't flow easily. The lava therefore
builds up around the vent forming a volcano with steep sides – we call this a stratovolcano and
it has a familar triangular shape.
Because the magma is so viscous, gas can't leave the magma, therefore, when the magma
rises to the surface the gas pressure builds up inside the volcano, resulting in an explosive
eruption.
Shield volcanoes
Shield volcanoes erupt thin, 'runny', lava that forms a gently sloping structure. Where a
volcano produces low viscosity, runny, lava it spreads far from the source forming a volcano
with gentle slopes. This type is called a shield volcano.
Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are shield volcanoes. They are the world's largest active
volcanoes, rising nearly 9 km above the sea floor around the island of Hawaii.
Fissure vents
The first phase of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010 was characterised by fire-fountains
and fissure-fed lava flows.
As magma rises, it will find the easiest route to reach the surface. If it rises up through a long
fracture, fountains of lava can form a ‘curtain of fire’ which we call a fissure eruption.
The Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010 began with a fissure eruption on the side of the volcano.
Spatter cones
When magma contains too much gas to form an effusive lava flow, but too little to form
an explosive eruption, it erupts from the volcano as blobs of magma which fall close to the vent
forming a low, steep-sided cone that we call a spatter cone.
Caldera
Magma is stored beneath a volcano in a magma chamber. When a very large explosive eruption
occurs which empties the magma chamber, the roof of the magma chamber can collapse
forming a depression, or bowl on the surface which has very steep walls. These are calderas
and can be tens of miles across. An example of a caldera is Yellowstone in North America.

DEEPEN

You proved the worldwide evidence of Plate Tectonics with our earlier activity. Here are some
enrichment activities for you to work on to strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from
our mini-lesson and to validate your observations in the activity part.

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 ACTIVITY NO. 5: Re-circle the Ring!
Plate movements may result in earthquakes. Earthquakes may happen
anytime, either on land or underwater. Earthquakes on land can be caused either by tectonic
plates movement or volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes under the sea can cause a tsunami.
Our country, the Philippines, is situated in a place where Plate Tectonics is very evident- the
Ring of Fire. It is a long chain of volcanoes and other tectonically active structures that surround
the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is one of the most geologically active areas on Earth and a
site for frequent earthquakes and powerful volcanic eruptions.
Materials:
separate sheet of paper and ball pen
small world map (see attached map on page 11)
Procedure:
1. Get a separate sheet of paper for your answers and observations. Do not copy
the questions
2. Study Figure 2 below. It shows the active volcanoes (triangles) all over the
Pacific region. Go back to Figure 1 on page 5 to see again the moving
plates. You will realize that the volcanoes in Figure 2 are also situated in the
areas of plate movement.
3. Answer the following questions:
a. Using the map in Figure 2, which volcanoes are familiar to you? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Why is this area called the Pacific Ring of Fire?
____________________________________________________________________________

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 TRANSFER

ACTIVITY NO. 6: Risk-free and Prepared!

As a student, are you prepared when these disasters strike? Do the next
activity to ensure your disaster preparedness during earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions.

Materials:
 separate sheet of paper and ball pen

Procedure:
1. Get a separate sheet of paper. Copy Table 1 and provide enough space for
your answers.
Table 1. Geologic Disaster Preparedness

Geologic Harmful What to Do

Event Effect/s Before During After
Earthquake

Landslide

Tsunami
Volcanic
Eruption
2. Look for information about the harmful effects of an earthquake, tsunami, and
volcanic eruptions. You may read from news articles or interview older
persons. Write it in the second column of Table 1.
3. List down things to do before, during, and after each geologic disaster to
ensure disaster preparedness.
4. During natural disasters, I should .

POST-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question

1. Which theory states that the entire crust is broken and is continuously moving?
A. Continental Drift C. Seafloor Spreading
B. Plate Tectonics D. Titanic Theory
2. What do we call the continuously moving part of the earth’s crust?
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 A. fault B. fissure C. fracture D. plate
3. Which of these phrases is FALSE about lithospheric plates?
A. have the same thickness everywhere
B. include the crust and upper mantle
C. thickest in the mountain regions
D. vary in thickness
4. A landmass that projects well above its surroundings is a mountain. What
do you call a chain of mountains?
A. mountain arc C. mountain range
B. mountain chain D. mountainous
5. Plates float on the surface of the mantle. Which plate pushes the Philippine
Plate toward the Eurasian Plate?
A. Cocos Plate C. Nazca Plate
B. Indo-Australian Plate D. Pacific Plate

LESSON 2:

Plate Boundaries
INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

Plate tectonics is a theory that explains the surface of the earth is broken into large and
small lithospheric plates which are moving slowly. The size and position of these plates change
as years pass by. They move against each other at their edges causing intense geologic
activity, such as earthquakes, volcano, and mountain building.
In your previous lesson, you are done with the Plate tectonics and its relationship to the
distribution of earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and major mountain belts.
This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you understand
Plate Boundaries (Divergent, Convergent, and Transform fault).
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer
for each question.
1. Plates move apart at boundaries.
A. convergent

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 B. stable
C. divergent
D. transform
2. Plates slide past each other at .
A. subduction zone
B. divergent boundary
C. convection current
D. transform fault boundary
3. The boundary between two plates moving toward each other is called a ____.
A. divergent boundary
B. transform boundary
C. lithosphere
D. convergent boundary
4. Seafloor spreading is located at .
A. transform plate boundary
B. convergent plate boundary
C. divergent plate boundary
D. Indian plate
5. Plate Tectonic Theory states that continents have moved to
their current location.
A. vertically
B. horizontally
C. quickly
EXPLORE
D. slowly

Figure 1. Map of Plate Boundaries

Figure 1 shows large and small lithospheric plates, including the Philippine Plate. These plates
are moving very slowly but constantly. The movement of the plate is called Tectonic.
ACTIVITY NO. 1: Plate Tectonics Crossword Puzzle
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Directions: Below is an activity for you to recall what you have learned in module
Down: Plate Tectonics Crossword Puzzle
1. The break in a rock along which movement have occurred
2. Earth crust that is thinner but denser
3. Mt. Pinatubo
6. Molten rocks
8. The innermost layer of the earth

Across:
4. The outermost rigid layer of the earth consists of the crust
and upper mantle
5. Borderline
7. Movement of the lithospheric plate
9. The vibration of the Earth due to the release of tremendous energy

1 2 3

5
6
7 8

FIRM UP 1

Plate boundaries are the lines at the edges of the different pieces of the
lithosphere. Lithospheric plates are moving due to the convection current in the
Earth’s interior. The lithosphere is made up of the crust and upper part of the
mantle. There are two types of crusts: the continental crust which is thicker but
less dense, and the oceanic crust, which is thinner and denser.

According to the Plate Tectonic Theory, the Earth’s lithosphere consists of the
crust and upper mantle that move slowly and constantly over time. This
movement causes the formation of plate boundaries namely: divergent,
convergent, and transform fault boundaries.

a) Divergent boundaries refer to plates that separate and move apart in

opposite directions forming new lithosphere - the young seafloor. This
either occurs at mid-ocean ridges (seafloor spreading) or at rifted
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 continental margins (rift valley).
b) Convergent boundaries are formed when two plates move toward each other. The oceanic plate bends
downward at the subduction zone. This occurs in two oceanic plates: convergent boundary and continental
plate- oceanic plate convergent boundary. Oceanic plate sinks because it is denser than the continental
plate. In the case of convergence of two oceanic plates, the older plate sinks. Whereas in the convergence
of two continental plates, they collide and buckle up forming mountain ranges. No subduction occurs in this
type of convergence.
c) Transform fault boundaries are plates sliding past or slipping past each other.
Divergent Boundary is formed when two tectonic plates move apart from each other creating tension. Molten rocks
called magma to rise from the Earth’s mantle to the surface. The Earth’s surface is cool enough to solidify the magma
that rose, thus, creating new oceanic crust or seafloor. A divergent boundary is also known as a constructive
boundary. The mid-ocean ridge is formed by the divergence between oceanic plates while continental rift valley is
formed between continental plates. Rift valley can also be found at the bottom of the ocean where seafloor spreading
occurs. Both the formation of mid-ocean ridge and rift valley had the occurrence of an earthquake. Examples are
boundaries between South American plate and African plate, Pacific Plate and Nazca Plate, and North American
Plate and Eurasian Plate

Convergent boundary is formed when two plates move toward each other. This boundary has three types: Oceanic-
Continental plate boundary, Two Oceanic plate boundary, and Two Continental plate boundary. In Oceanic-
Continental plate boundary and two oceanic plate boundary, the oceanic plate bends down into the mantle through
the process called subduction. The leading edge of the subducted plate melts in the mantle and magma rises forming
a continental volcanic arc in oceanic-continental plate boundary, which is parallel to the trench that is formed due to
subduction while in two oceanic plate boundary, island volcanic arc is formed parallel to the trench. An earthquake
occurs at this boundary. Since the oceanic plate is destroyed at the convergent boundary, this boundary is also called
a destructive boundary. Examples are boundaries between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine plate, Nazca Plate
and South American Plate, and Pacific Plate and Australian Plate. With two continental plates converging, a tension
zone is formed. Both plates collide and buckle up causing mountain ranges such as the Himalayas mountain ranges.
There is no subduction, no trench, and no volcanoes formed in this type of convergent boundary.

Transform fault boundary is formed when two plates are sliding past each other. It is also called the Strike-slip fault.
Rocks that line the boundary split into pieces as the plates slip at each other. A crack is then formed creating an
undersea canyon or linear fault valley. San Andreas Fault is an example of this.

Assessment 1

Directions: UNDERLINE the correct word/s from the choices inside the parenthesis to complete the
sentence in each given item.
1. Pacific plate and Nazca plate formed (convergent, divergent) boundary.
2. San Andreas Fault is a transform fault boundary found in (South American plate, North American
plate).
3. Philippine plate moves toward (Australian plate, Eurasian plate) at the convergent boundary.
4. (Convergent, Divergent) is the type of boundary between Australian plate and African plate.
5. The type of boundary between Pacific plate and Antarctic
plate is (convergent, divergent) boundary
ACTIVITY NO. 3: Spot the Difference
1. Study Figure 6, 7, and 8 showing the three types of convergent boundaries.
2. Take note of the differences and similarities between the three figures and answer Assessment 2.

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 Types of Convergent Boundaries

Assessment 2
Directions: UNDERLINE the correct word/s from the choices inside the parenthesis to complete
the sentence in each given item.
1. The relative motion of the plates at the transform fault boundary is (moving away, sliding
past) each other.
2. The relative motion of the plates at the divergent boundary is moving (away, toward) each
other.
3. The relative motion of the plates at the convergent boundary is moving (away, toward) each
other.
4. At the convergent boundary between oceanic plate and continental plate, (tension,
subduction) zone is formed.
5. (Mid-ocean ridge, Rift valley) is formed by divergence of two oceanic plates.

DEEPEN

ACTIVITY NO. 5: Let’s Summarize What I have Learned!

Directions: Summarize what you have learned from the lesson and activities by completing the
sentences using the words from the box. You can only use each word once. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.

continental theory geologic divergent

lithosphere plates subduction convection current
slowly denser toward two continental plates
two oceanic plates oceanic plate-continental plate transform fault

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 (1)________________ is made of earth’s crust and upper mantle. It is subdivided into portions
called (2) __________________ that move above the mantle. The two kinds of crust are
__________ (3) crust, which is thicker but less dense, and oceanic crust, which is thinner but
(4) ___________. A (5) ___________ that the Earth’s crust is made up of plates moving (6)
and interact in various ways is Plate Tectonics. The interaction of the plates produces
earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, and other (7) ______________ features. (8)
__________________ from the Earth’s interior makes the plates move above the mantle. This
movement causes the formation of three types of plate boundaries which are (9)
_______________ boundary, two plates sliding each other; (10) ____________ boundary,
two plates moving away from each other and convergent boundary which plates are moving
(11) __________________ each other. Three types of convergent boundaries are (12)
_______________ convergent boundary which forms volcanic island arc,
(13)_______________ convergent boundary forming a continental volcanic arc, and (14)
_______________convergent boundary wherein there is no (15) ________________.

TRANSFER

ACTIVITY NO. 6: Let’s make a Plate Tectonic

Directiom: At this point, draw the different plate tectonic model showing the
plate boundaries and plate movements.

POST-ASSESSMENT

24
 Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer
for each test item.
1. Convection current causes the lithospheric plate to .
A. move slowly but constantly
B. move in any direction
C. move faster
D. create another plate
2. The youngest part of the ocean floor is found at the .
A. convergent boundary C. transform-fault
B. divergent boundary D. hot spot
3. What type of plate boundary occurs between the Nazca Plate and the South American
Plate?
A. convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary
B. convergent oceanic-oceanic plate boundary
C. convergent continental-continental plate boundary
D. transform boundary
4. The crust and upper mantle make up the Earth’s .
A. lithosphere C. core
B. asthenosphere D. continents
5. The result of plate movement can be seen at .
A. abyssal plains C. plate centers
B. plate boundaries D. ocean margin
6. The theory that suggests that plates are slowly moving is called .
A. Magnetic Reversal C. Continental Slope
B. Plate Tectonic D. Continental Drift
7. Plates move apart at boundaries.
A. convergent C. divergent
B. stable D. transform plate
8. Plates slipping past each other at .
A. subduction zone
B. convection current
C. divergent boundary
D. transform boundary
9. The boundary between two plates moving together is called a .
A. divergent boundary
B. transform boundary
C. lithosphere
D. convergent boundary
10. Based on the current position of the continents, South America is moving away from
Africa in what direction?
A. West C. North
B. East D. South

25
 Processes and
Lesson 3 Landforms along Plate
Boundaries
INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

There are 4 basic landforms that you need to know found at plate boundaries. These
are Fold Mountains, mid ocean ridges, ocean trenches and types of volcano. The differences
between volcano types can be found here.
Fold Mountains are large mountain ranges where the layers of rock within them have
been crumpled as they have been forced together. They can be formed at destructive or
collisional plate boundaries, where tectonic plates are moving together forcing layers of rock to
PRE-ASSESSMENT
be crumpled upwards. The layers of rock can form 2 basic features, if the folding is up over the
feature if known as an anticline, or down over into a syncline. If the folded rocks in an anticline
go over the top of themselves we get a feature known as an overfold.

Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer
for each question.
1. When magma in the earth’s mantle develops a great pressure, the ground
above it is pushed upward. If this happens in the middle of an ocean, what
landform is produced?
A. mountain B. volcanic island C. volcano D. continent
2. The tall landform created when two continental plates converge.
A. mountain range B. volcanic arc C. rift valley D. Oceanic ridge
3. It is a plate that dives down under a less dense plate during subduction.
A. subducting plate B. continental plate C. mantle D. overriding plate
4. Materials in the mantle flow up and down. Which of the following best describes
the mantle?
A. a solid layer B. partially liquid C. a metallic layer D. very hot layer
5. Which of the following happens when plates diverge or move away from each other?
A. The crust is destroyed.
B. New crust is produced because magma rises, then cools off and turns into
solid.
C. Earth’s size changes because mountains are added on the earth’s surface.
D. The mantle rises.
6. A rift valley is formed simultaneously with which of the following type of plate
boundary?
26
 A. Convergent plate boundary
B. Divergent plate boundary
C. Transform fault plate boundary
D. Both convergent and divergent plate boundary
7. How do the plates move when we feel that the ground is shaking?
A. toward each other
B. away from each other
C. slide past each other
D. all of the above
8. It is a landform produced when two continental plates converge.
A. volcano B. fault C. mountain D. volcanic island
9. Most transform fault boundaries are found in the oceans; a few are on the
continents. An example of this type is the San Andreas Fault located in
A. Marikina, Philippines B. California, USA C. Japan D. Saudi Arabia
10. It is otherwise known as an underwater mountain.
A. oceanic ridge
B. C. hill
C. trench
D. volcanic island

EXPLORE

ACTIVITY NO. 1: Video Viewing about Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries.
Directions: Watch the video about Processes and Landforms along Plate Boundaries Share
what you have learned in the video. Write it in a separate sheet of paper.
Link: https://youtu.be/bbljjz0BoUo
1. Share what you have learned in the video. Write it in a separate sheet of
paper.

FIRM UP

In your previous lesson, you have learned that the convergence of plates
takes place between oceanic and continental plates, two oceanic plates, and two
continental plates. Study carefully how each type of convergence produces
landforms and geologic processes.

ACTIVITY NO. 2: Convergence between an Oceanic Plate and a Continental Plate

Objective:

27
Explain the processes that occur along a convergent boundary between an oceanic and a
continental plate.
Materials:
half cup of water
2 pieces of foam (8 centimeters x 16 centimeters each)
a flat surface
Procedure:
1. Soak half of the length of one of the foams into the water.
2. Place it on the flat surface at least 2 centimeters away from the other foam, as seen
below.

2 cm

3. Position the soaked part of one of the foams in the middle part of the setup.
4. Slowly push 4 centimeters inward each outer ends of the foams until they overlap.
5. Observe what happens. On a separate answer sheet, draw the final setup and answer
the following questions.
Q1. Which foam curves above the other?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q2. How does the water in the wet foam affect its density?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q3. If the foams were pieces of the Earth’s crust, which one is the continental crust?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q4. Which foam is the oceanic crust?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q5. In the activity, what made the wet foam move under dry foam?
28
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

DEEPEN

Figure 1. Convergence of oceanic and continental crust

Due to the heat in the mantle, the magma builds up a pressure that enables it to push
the ground above it. The column of rising magma is called a mantle plume. When there is
volcanic activity such as an eruption, the ground moves, and so an earthquake is felt. Because
subduction continues, a group of volcanoes, called volcanic arc, is formed at the surface of the
continental crust along the boundary where the two crusts converged.
The movement of the ground may cause a disturbance in the ocean. The water may flip
or kick upwards to a few meters high. This is what we call tsunamis, a Japanese term for harbor
wave. This event is very dangerous when it moves inland, destroying lives and properties.
The figure below shows two crusts underwater, so they are both oceanic crusts. You
must have noticed that there is a boundary line between the crusts, a trench. It is a crack on the
crust which is underwater.

Figure 3. Oceanic Crusts Convergence

The convergence of two oceanic crusts results in some similar events compared to the first
type of convergence. Tsunamis may be formed. Earthquakes may happen. There is also
subduction because one plate is denser than the other. The front part of the subducting plate
becomes magma upon reaching the mantle. Then it builds up pressure due to heat, pushes the
crust above it, forming a volcano. This is a continuous process. Since the plates are moving, the
volcano will move with the plate. It becomes extinct when it is no longer above the magma

29
deposit in the mantle. A new volcano will then be formed. This series of volcanoes is called
volcanic island arc since it is surrounded by water.
This explains why the Philippines is mostly loaded with volcanoes. The different islands
were believed to have originated from the convergence of two oceanic crusts.
Converging continental crusts or plates result in a
collision zone, which could cause shallow earthquakes. At
that place, a crack called fault is formed. This type of
convergence will cause no subduction since the two plates
have the same densities. There would be no volcanoes
formed, no tsunamis. The convergence will result in a group
of high landforms that we call mountain ranges.
ACTIVITY NO. 5: Understanding Check!
When two continental crusts converge, both crusts exert a
pressure pushing each other. As the ground rises, a tall
landform is created. Answer the following questions
Q1. Is it possible to erupt?
____________________________________________________________________________
Q2. What process does not take place in this type of convergence?
____________________________________________________________________________
Q3. Do the plates in this activity have the same densities?
____________________________________________________________________________

Mountain range

Continental Continental
crust crust

TRANSFER

Processes and Landforms along Divergent Boundary

Divergent plate boundaries mostly happen under the oceans. As plates pull away from
each other, a vertical space that may extend deep down into the lowest layer of the crust is
created. It is a rift valley. The force of separation creates a tension zone. A shallow earthquake
may happen with this plate movement.
30
 Plate divergence is believed to be a slow continuous process. As the plates move away,
the gap between them increases. While this happens, materials from the mantle may rise, filling
up space. These materials pile up near the tension zone forming mountain-like structures called
oceanic ridges. But new materials from the mantle may push the old ones. The filled-up space
between the plates becomes a new seafloor. This process is known as seafloor spreading.
Processes and Landforms along Transform Fault Boundary

This third type of plate boundary is mostly found in oceans, but there are few that traverse
through continental crust.

Figure 8. A Faultline
This is characterized by plates moving horizontally against each other, producing a crack
called fault on the ground. The force the plates exert can break the rocks and other materials
under the ground. The shaking usually ends abruptly. This is why it brings about strong
earthquakes. The fault could swallow humans, cars, and buildings. Murky odorous water from
under the ground may spring up from the fault. Most faults do not totally close when the shaking
ceases since the adjoining edges have already moved farther from each other.

ACTIVITY NO. 6: Understanding Check!

After discussing the three types of plate boundaries, can you now
differentiate them in terms of the events or processes that take place along with
them? Let’s see how much have you learned. On a separate paper, which of the
geologic process/es namely:
 subduction
 earthquake
 tsunami
 seafloor spreading
take/s place in each of the plate boundaries, and why do they happen? You may use
illustrations to help you out with your answers.

31
 POST-ASSESSMENT

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer:

1. There is no formation of volcanoes in the convergence between.
A. two oceanic plates C. oceanic and continental plates
B. two continental plates D. none of these
2. When a plate is denser, it subducts toward the mantle and forms magma. This
process ends up in the formation of .
A. mountain range C. volcanoes
B. trenches D. faults
3. Shallow earthquakes are associated with .
A. volcanic eruption C. a tsunami in the ocean
B. subduction process D. mountain formation
4. In the convergence between a continental and an oceanic plate, there is
subduction. Which of the following statements does not support this fact?
A. One plate carries water along with it.
B. One plate is denser.
C. The temperature in the mantle is higher than in the crust.
D. One plate overrides the other.
5. Which of the following is formed in the convergence of two oceanic or oceanic
and continental plates?
A. Volcanic island arcs C. rift valley
B. mountain range D. Oceanic ridge
6. Of the following, which event or process takes place when two continental
plates converge?
A. earthquake C. tsunami
B. subduction D. magma formation
7. A crack on the ground underwater is produced when oceanic crust interacts with
another crust. What do we call this?
A. fault C. ridge
B. trench D. crack
8. It is a phenomenon that takes place due to the movement of plates during
convergence.
A. earthquake C. subduction
B. magma formation D. tsunami
9. It is the crack on the dry ground or plate caused by horizontal plate movement.
A. fault C. valley
B. trench D. ridge
10. An event that may take place on the water surface when a great force pushes
32
 a significant amount of water upwards.
A. ocean wave C. tsunami
B. typhoon D. ocean tide

Earth’s
Lesson 4 Mechanism

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

Plate tectonics is a theory that explains the surface of the earth is broken into large and
small lithospheric plates which are moving slowly. The size and position of these plates change
as years pass by. They move against each other at their edges causing intense geologic
activity, such as earthquakes, volcano, and mountain building.
In your previous lesson, you are done with the Plate tectonics and its relationship to the
distribution of earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and major mountain belts.
This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you understand
Plate Boundaries (Divergent, Convergent, and Transform fault).
PRE-ASSESSMENT

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your letter of choice on a
blank provided before.

1. A convection current is caused by differences in temperature

resulting to variation in .
A. air pressure
B. color
C. density
D. mass

2. Scientists believe that the motion of tectonic plates is caused by .

A. pressure in Earth’s crust
B. conveyor belts
C. convection currents
D. heat in the Earth’s core
33
 3. It is a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance.
A. volume
B. temperature
C. density
D. mass

4. Hot molten materials in a convection cell rises near the .

A. outer core
B. crust
C. inner core
D. mantle
5. The idea that Earth’s lithosphere is broken up into separate plates that float on the
mantle is the theory of .
A. continental drift
B. seafloor spreading
C. tectonic movement
D. plate tectonics

EXPLORE

Mantle Convection
Earth’s mechanism deals with the forces acting on lithospheric plates to move in
a particular direction. The motion is a result of thermal convection in the mantle due to
the convection current formed. The mantle convection process will be further explained
as you go along the module.
ACTIVITY NO. 1: ASSESMENT 1
1. tmnael - _________________________
A layer beneath where the less dense hot molten material rises, and sinks
2. thprehaeosens - _________________________
A soft, weak and plastic-like layer, the upper part of the mantle where lithospheric plates float
and move.
3. mmgaa - _________________________
Hot molten rocks formed beneath the Earth’s surface.
4. noitcevnoc ctunrre - _________________________
Facilitates the movement of the lithospheric plates.
5. orce - _________________________
The innermost layer of the Earth, which generates heat to the mantle.

FIRM UP

What Makes Lithospheric Plates Move?

A convection current is a heat transfer process that involves the movement of energy
from one place to another. The convection currents tend to move a fluid, gas
particles, or molten rock. These are due to the differences in the densities and
the temperature of a specific gas or a fluid. Due to this temperature difference,
the hot fluid tends to rise as it expands, whereas cold fluid tends to sink
34
because it contracts. Convection is one of the kinds of heat transfer; the other two are radiation
and conduction.
Convection current also happens in the mantle. The mantle is the second inner layer of
Earth, made up of mostly hot rocks and magma. It is a very hot layer because of the heat
generated by the core. The source of heat from the core is due to the decay or breakdown of
radioactive elements. Mantle convection is a process by which thermal convection occurs in the
inner layer of the earth. The differences in the temperature at the Earth’s interior and surface
cause convection currents to occur within the mantle.
Lithospheric plates are the parts of the uppermost layer of the Earth, and they are
flowing in an area called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is a soft, less rigid upper part
of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around. Plates move slowly and
continuously when the hot less dense material rises. The rising hot material cools down in a
certain area. Hence, it becomes denser than the cool, dense material sinks that creates
convection cell, with hot rising currents and cool sinking currents are regularly repeated and
become a cycle. The movement of the lithospheric plate is attributed to mantle convection and
considered as one of the driving mechanisms for plate motion. The lithosphere at the divergent
boundary will uplift and tear apart due to the rising of hot magma. The sinking of magma pulls
down the tectonic plate at a convergent boundary. Aside from mantle convection, ridge push,
sliding, and slab pull are other forces that move the lithospheric plates.
In the process of slab pull, the presence of a heavier subducting plate pulls down the
trailing slab into the subduction zone.
In a ridge push or gravitational sliding process, the old oceanic crust becomes heavier
than the new oceanic crust and sinks because of the weight of the raised ridge, which pushes
down the older oceanic crust towards the trench at the subduction zone

Convection is a kind of heat transfer. Heat transfer in convection is caused by

differences in temperature and density within a fluid or gas particle.
To further understand this process, answer the first enrichment activity of this module.
ACTIVITY NO. 2: Rise and Fall
Materials:
paper, ball pen, and pictures of the heat transfer process
Procedure:
A. On the space provided, put a checkmark (√ ) on the convection process being described.
B. Write five examples of a situation or object that uses convection current

35
 DEEPEN

Evidences of Plate Movements

You have learned so far that Earth has distinct mechanical and compositional layers. This
knowledge about the Earth's internal structure came from the indirect observation of our scientists
through seismic activities. Scientists learned that as continental and oceanic crusts move, they can
form geologic events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges.

Continental Drift Theory

Have you seen a world map before? Definitely, yes, you have seen one! Did you notice that the
eastern border of South America and the Western part of Africa seem to fit together like a big jigsaw
puzzle?

36
If you said yes, then you are thinking like Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930),
who was a German polar researcher, geophysicist, and meteorologist.
He is remembered as the originator of the Continental Drift Theory by
hypothesizing in 1912 that the continents are slowly drifting around the Earth
and is once a large landmass called Pangaea, a Greek word which means
"All Earth.”
The figure below shows the evolution of the supercontinent Pangaea to
the present-day distribution of continents. Can you say that continents
are drifting

37
 Wegener's curiosity about the idea of drifting continents started when he noticed
the edges of South America and Africa in a World Map could be fitted like a jigsaw
puzzle.

38
Evidence
Alfred Wegener collected diverse pieces of evidence to support his theory,
including geological "fit" and fossil evidence. It is important to know that the following
specific fossil evidence was not brought up by Wegener to
support his theory.
Wegener did not collect the fossils, but he called
attention to the idea of using these scientific documents
stating there were fossils of species present in separate
continents in order to support his claim.
Geological "fit" evidence is the matching of large-
scale geological features on different continents. It has been
noted that the coastlines of South America and West Africa
seem to match up, however more particularly, the rock
terrains of separate continents confirm as well.
Examples include the Appalachian Mountains of
eastern North America linked with the Scottish Highlands, the familiar rock strata of the
Karroo system of South Africa matched correctly with the Santa Catarina system in
Brazil, and Brazil and Ghana mountain ranges agreeing over the Atlantic Ocean.
Glaciers carve rocks and leave marks as they move. In this evidence, scientists
can determine the direction of movement of each continent.
In addition, the existence of coal deposits in Antarctica
suggested that it was once located near the region of the
Earth where the climate is enough to support complex life
forms such as plants and tall trees.
See the figure on the right, notice the direction of the
movement of the continents indicated by the arrows during
Pangaea time

Look at the map below. It shows how Alfred Wegener mapped-out the distributions of
the four Permian and Triassic fossil groups and used it as biogeographic evidence for
continental drift and land bridging.

39
 The Mesosaurus is known to have been a type of reptile, similar to the modern crocodile, which
propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and limber
tail. It lived during the early Permian period (286 to 258 million years
ago), and its remains are found solely in South Africa and Eastern
South America.

Now, if the continents were still in their

present positions, there is no
Modern-day representation of the possibility that the Mesosaurus would
Mesosaurus. have the capability to swim across
such a large body of ocean like the
Atlantic because it was a coastal
animal.
The now extinct Cynognathus
was a mammal-like reptile. Roaming
the terrains during the Triassic period (250 to 240 million years ago), the
Cynognathus was as large as a modern wolf. Its fossils are found only in
South Africa and South America. As a dominant land species, the
Cynognathus would not have been capable of migrating Modern-day representation of the Cynognathus
across the Atlantic.

The Lystrosaurus, which translates to "shovel reptile," is

thought to have been a herbivore with a stout built like a pig.
Lystrosaurus fossils are only found in Antarctica, India, and South
Africa. Similar to the land-dwelling Cynognathus, the Lystrosaurus
would not have had the swimming capability to traverse any
ocean.

Possibly the most important fossil

evidence found in the plant, Glossopteris.
The Glossopteris fossil is found in Australia,
Antarctica, India, South Africa, and South America—all the southern
continents.
Modern-day
Glossopteris seed is known to be large and bulky and possibly representation of
could not have drifted or flown across the oceans to a separate the Glossopteris.
continent. Therefore, the continents must have been joined at least

40
260 million years old fossilized leaves of glossopteris
one point in time in order to maintain the Glossopteris' wide range across the southern
continents.

Seafloor Spreading and Magnetic Reversal

The idea of continental drift circulated in scientific circles until World War II, when
sounding gear called SONAR produced new evidence of what the seafloor looked like. The
gear, developed in the 1930s, bounced sound waves off the seafloor to determine its depth
and features.

SONAR beam to navigate and map out the seafloor

It happened that the command of one attack transport ship, the
USS Cape Johnson, was given to Harry Hammond Hess, a geologist
from Princeton University.

Hess, then in his late thirties, wanted to continue his scientific

investigations even while at war. So he left his ship's sounding gear all
of the time, not just when approaching port or navigating a difficult
landing. What Hess discovered was a big surprise.

. What did Harry Hess and his men accidentally discover when they
explored the oceanic floor? Were they Harry Hess, courtesy of Princeton University
able to locate the start of all the Archives
movements on the Earth's surface?
Moreover, did the Harry Hess team gather much strong evidence to
support the claim that continents are drifting

Ocean floor exploration continued, and by the 1950s, other

researchers had found that a huge rift ran along the top of the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. That enabled Hess to understand his ocean floor profiles in the
Pacific. He discovered that the bottom of the sea was not as smooth as
expected, but full of canyons, trenches, and volcanic sea mountains. He
realized that the Earth's crust had been moving away on each side of
oceanic ridges, down the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, long and
volcanically active.

Harry Hess observed that the rate of formation of new seafloor at

the mid-ocean ridge is not always as fast as the destruction of the old
seafloor at the subduction zone. This explains why the Pacific Ocean is
getting smaller and why the Atlantic Ocean is getting wider.

41
 In the early 1960s, dating of ocean-core samples showed that the ocean floor was younger at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge but progressively older in either direction, confirming the reality of seafloor spreading.

Magnetic Reversal

Further evidence came along by 1963, as geophysicists realized that Earth's magnetic field had
reversed polarity many times, with each reversal lasting less than 200,000 years. Rocks of the same age
in the seafloor crust would have taken on the magnetic polarity at the time that part of the crust formed.

Sure enough, surveys of either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge showed a symmetrical pattern of
alternating polarity stripes

A magnetic compass can tell direction. The needle of a magnetic compass usually points to the
North Pole of the Earth, which is actually the South Magnetic Pole at present. The crystalized irons in
rocks found in the seafloor act as a magnetic compass that can tell the Earth's magnetic field direction.
So, what is magnetic reversal? How can magnetic reversal be used as evidence of the Seafloor
Spreading Theory?

Seafloor spreading was strengthened with the discovery of the magnetic rocks near the ridge
following a pattern aside from the fact that the rocks near the ridge are younger than those farther from
the ridge.

Magnetic reversal happened many times in the past. The occurrence of the magnetic reversal
can be explained through the magnetic patterns in the magnetic rocks. These magnetic patterns allow our
scientists to understand the ages and rate of movement of the materials from the mid-oceanic ridge.

The magnetic reversal, also called the "magnetic flip" of the Earth, happens when the North Pole
is transformed into the South Pole, and the South Pole becomes the North Pole. This event happens
because of the changing direction of the flow of materials in the Earth's liquid outer core.

Over the last 10 million years, there had been an average of 4 to 5 reversals per million years.
New rocks are added to the ocean floor at the ridge with approximately equal amounts on both sides of
the oceanic ridge.

By the 1970s, geologists had agreed to use the term "plate tectonics" for what had become the
core paradigm of their discipline. They used the term "plates" because they had found evidence that not
just continents move, but so do whole plates of the Earth's crust.

A plate might include a continent, parts of a continent, and or undersea portions of the crust.
Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift had been developed and refined together with the Seafloor
Spreading of Harry Hess.

ACTIVITY NO. 3: What I have learned?

Let's find out what you have learned from our lesson on Sea Floor Spreading and Magnetic
Reversal. Can you answer the following questions?
42
 1. What geologic feature was discovered by Harry Hess and his team in the oceanic crust
that stretches from Northern to Southern region?
______________________________________________________________________
2. What can you say about the ages of the oceanic rocks near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? Do
the ages of oceanic rocks get older as you move away from the ridge?
______________________________________________________________________
3. How can Earth's magnetic reversal be used to support Seafloor spreading theory?
______________________________________________________________________
4. What are the lines of evidence that support the plate movement?
______________________________________________________________________

TRANSFER
Activity 4: Pangaea Ultima (The Last Supercontinent)
How does climate change related to the movement of continents?
Materials: coloring materials (pencil and crayons), short bond paper and a world map showing
the present location of the continents and their movement
Procedure:
1. Examine the map on the next page. It shows the present location of each continent. The
arrows indicate the direction of each plate boundary/ continent.
If you can speed up the time 100 million years from now, predict what will be the location of the
continents? Will they merge into one supercontinent?

43
 Plate Tectonic Process from https://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s8c.htm#

2. Draw your prediction in a separate bond paper.

ote: You might want to check this video simulation "How Earth will look in 250
Million Years?" Youtube link:
https://tinyurl.com/howearthwilllook250millionyear
3. Answer the following questions:

Q1. What can you say about the climate of this "Super Continent"?

____________________________________________________________________________

Q2. Do movements of continents play an important factor in the so called "Climate Change"?

____________________________________________________________________________Q3. Will this new

supercontinent be inhabitable for mankind?

____________________________________________________________________________Q4. Just for fun, if

you can name this Super Continent, what will it be? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

44
POST-ASSESSMENT

45
GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

46
Printed Materials:
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Integrated Science 1, Module 12: Inside the
Earth.
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education (2013). Science - Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Vibal
Publishing House, Inc.
Punongbayan, R. et al. (1998). The Philippine Archipelago Volume 1.
Tarbuck, E.J. et al. (2009). Earth Science 12th ed. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
Yumul, Jr., Graciano P., Carla B. Dimalanta, Victor B. Maglambayan and Edanjarlo J. Marquez, Tectonic Setting of a
Composite Terrane: A Review of the Philippine Island Arc System, 12 Geosciences Journal 1, (March 2008), pp.
7−17.
Robert Hall, Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia
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http://www.skoool.ie/ accessed March 3, 2014
http://earthds.info/ accessed March 3, 2014
http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/ accessed March 4, 2014
http://www.platetectonics.com/ accessed March 5, 2014
http://geology.com/ accessed March 5, 2014
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ accessed March 6, 2014
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/ accessed March 6, 2014
http://pubs.usgs.gov/ accessed March 6, 2014 http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm accessed March
7, http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/Environment/TsunamiWarningSystems
accessed March 3 2014
https://www.bucknell.edu/majors-and-minors/geology/location/geologic- history-of-central-pennsylvania/plate-
tectonics.html accessed July 1, 2014
http://earthquake.usgs.gov http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/fig34.html
http://www.clipart.dk.co.uk/1068/az/Earth/Mountain_ranges http://earthsci8.wikispaces.com
www.maribio.net
http://bwbearthenviro2011.wikispaces.com
http://www.earthobservatory.sg/resources/images-graphics/subduction-zone- beneath-philippines
http://whybecausescience.com/category/vulcanism http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ http://www.wildjunket.com/
http://www.jnb-birds.com/ http://www.radford.edu/jtso/GeologyofVirginia/Tectonics/

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