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CLO 3chapter9

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EE341: Signals and Systems

CLO # 3 Chapter # 9
The Laplace Transform

by
Dr. Ahmad Kamal Hassan

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

October 18, 2022

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 1 / 80
Outline

1 Introduction

2 The Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials

3 The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms

4 The Inverse Laplace Transforms

5 Geometric Evaluation from Pole-Zero Plot

6 Properties of Laplace Transform

7 Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using Laplace Transforms

8 The Unilateral Laplace Transform

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 2 / 80

Introduction
Laplace Transform: Laplace transform maps a function of time t to a
function of s.
L
x(t) X (s) (1)
↔ Z ∞
X (s) = x(t)e −st dt (2)
−∞

> Laplace transform can be applied to the analysis of many unstable

systems and consequently play an important role in the investigation
of the stability or instability of systems.
> This fact, combined with the algebraic properties that Laplace share
with Fourier transforms, leads to a very important set of tools for
system analysis and in particular for the analysis of feedback systems,
which we develop in EE351 (Linear Control Systems).
> As we will see, the Laplace transform have many of the properties
that make Fourier analysis so useful.
AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 3 / 80
The Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials
It is advantageous in the study of LTI systems to represent signals as linear
combinations of basic signals that possess the following two properties:
1 The set of basic signals can be used to construct a broad and useful
class of signals.
2 The response of an LTI system to each signal should be simple
enough in structure to provide us with a convenient representation for
the response of the system to any signal constructed as a linear
combination of the basic signals.
The importance of complex exponentials in the study of LTI systems is
because the response of an LTI system to a complex exponential input is
the same complex exponential with only a change in amplitude; i.e.,

e st → H(s)e st (3)

where the complex amplitude factor H(s) will in general be a function of

the complex variable s.
AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 4 / 80
The Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials
To show that complex exponentials are indeed eigenfunctions of LTI
systems, let us consider
> A CT LTI system with impulse response h(t) and input as x(t) = e st
> From the convolution integral we have.
y (t) = h(t) ∗ x(t) (4)
Z ∞
= h(τ )x(t − τ )dτ (5)
Z−∞ ∞
= h(τ )e s(t−τ ) dτ (6)
−∞
Z ∞
= e st
h(τ )e −sτ dτ (7)
−∞
= e st H(s) (8)
> A signal for which the system output is a constant times the input is
referred to as an eigenfunction of the system, and the amplitude
factor is referred to as the system’s eigenvalue.
AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 5 / 80
The Laplace Transform
> The Laplace transform1 of a general signal x(t) is defined as:
Z ∞
X (s) = x(t)e −st dt (9)
−∞
where s is a complex variable written as s = σ + jω and σ is a real
constant.
> For only complex variable, i.e., s = jω, the tranform leads to the
Fourier transform (a thing that we will take up in subsequent
sections):
Z ∞
X (jω) = x(t)e −jωt dt (10)
−∞
> Expressing s = σ + jω in (9) yields:
Z ∞
X (σ + jω) = {x(t)e −σt }e −jωt dt (11)
−∞
where e −σt may be decaying or growing in time depending on the
value of σ being positive or negative respectively.
1
R ∞ R ∞
Bilateral transform →
AK Hassan −∞
(·)dt EE351:OR
Chapter #Unilateral
9 transform → 18,0 2022
October (·)dt 6 / 80
The Laplace Transform

Find the Laplace Transform of

> x(t) = e −at u(t) ; a > 0 . > x(t) = −e −at u(−t) ; a > 0 .

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 7 / 80

The Laplace Transform

Find the Laplace Transform of

> x1 (t) = 3e −2t u(t) − 2e −t u(t) .
> x2 (t) = δ(t) + 3e −2t u(t) − 2e −t u(t).

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 8 / 80

The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
We explore some specific constraints on the ROC for various classes of
signals.
> Property 1: The ROC of X (s) consists of strips parallel to the
jω−axis in the s-plane.
> Property 2: For rational Laplace transforms, the ROC does not
contain any poles.
> Property 3: If x(t) is of finite duration and is absolutely integrable,
then the ROC is the entire s−plane.

Figure: (a) Finite-duration signal multiplied by a decaying exponential; (b)

finite-duration signal multiplied by a growing exponential.
AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 9 / 80
The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
> Find the Laplace Transform of
(
e −at , 0 ≤ t < T .
x(t) =
0, otherwise.

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 10 / 80

The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
*(Self-Study The details from Text Book)
> Property 4: If x(t) is right sided, and if the line <{s} = σo is in the
ROC, then all values of s for which <{s} > σo will also be in the
ROC.

> Property 5: If x(t) is left sided, and if the line <{s} = σo is in the
ROC, then all values of s for which <{s} < σo will also be in the
ROC.

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 11 / 80

The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
> Property 6: If x(t) is two sided, and if the line <{s} = σo is in the
ROC, then the ROC will consist of a strip in the s−plane that
includes the line <{s} = σo .

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 12 / 80

The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
> Example: Find the Laplace Transform of

x(t) = e −b|t|

> Fig. below illustrates both cases of b, i.e., b > 0 and b < 0.

> Since this is a two-sided signal, let us divide it into the sum of a
right-sided and left-sided signal, i.e.,
L −2b
x(t) = e −bt u(t) + e bt u(−t) X (s) = 2 ; −b < <{s} < b
↔ s − b2
AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 13 / 80
The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms

> Property 7: If the Laplace transform X (s) of x(t) is rational, then its
ROC is bounded by poles or extends to infinity. In addition, no poles
of X (s) are contained in the ROC.
> Property 8: If the Laplace transform X (s) of x(t) is rational, then if
x(t) is right sided, the ROC is the region in the s−plane to the right
of the rightmost pole. If x(t) is left sided, the ROC is the region in
the s-plane to the left of the leftmost pole

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 14 / 80

Time-Domain Interpretation of ROC

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 15 / 80

Time-Domain Interpretation of ROC

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 16 / 80

Time-Domain Interpretation of ROC

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 17 / 80

Time-Domain Interpretation of ROC

AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 18 / 80

The Inverse Laplace Transforms
We have seen so far that the Laplace transform is
L
x(t) X (s) (12)
↔ Z ∞
X (s) = x(t)e −st dt (13)
−∞

The inverse Laplace Transform is given by the following contour integration

Z σ+j∞
1
x(t) = X (s)e st ds (14)
2πj σ−j∞

The aforementioned integration is rather involved and we consider an

alternate approach of solving the inverse Laplace transform by
1 If required, then simplifying X (s) using partial fraction expansion.
2 Use Look-Up Table of elementary functions for Laplace Transform
pairs.
AK Hassan EE351: Chapter # 9 October 18, 2022 19 / 80
The Inverse Laplace Transforms