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TIME FOR KIDS
Managing Editor, TIME FOR KIDS Nellie Gonzalez Cutler © 2014 Time Home Entertainment Inc. All TIME For Kids material
Editor, Time Learning Ventures Jonathan Rosenbloom copyright © 2014 by Time Inc. TIME For Kids and the red border
design are registered trademarks of Time Inc.
Book Packager;
Art Direction/Design: Raul Rodriguez and Rebecca Tachna Contents of this book previously appeared in Time For Kids
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Galindo
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Published by TIME For Kids Books

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f^Time
HOME ENTERTAINMENT ISBN 10:1-61893-559-0
TIME HOME ENTERTAINMENT ISBN 13:978-1-61893-359-1 ■'
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1 QGT 14
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Senior Editor Roe D'Angelo
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Editorial Operations Gina Scauzillo
Editorial Assistant Courtney Mifsud

Special Thanks to Katherine Barnet, Brad Beatson, Jeremy

Biloon, Susan Chodakiewicz, Rose Cirrincione, Assu Etsubneh,
Mariana Evans, Christine Font, Hillary Hirsch, David Kahn, Jean
Kennedy, Kimberly Marshall, Nina Mistry, Dave Rozzelle, Matthew
Ryan, Ricardo Santiago, Divyam Shrivastava, Adriana Tierno
 How to Stay Safe in a Hurricane.
How to Stay Safe in a Storm...
How to Stay Safe During an Earthquake.
How to Stay Safe in a Fire.
How to Stay Safe During a Tornado.
How Does a Search Dog Find a Missing Person?.
f!fa*7fl?>Make a Compass.
nfrrfrfi«)Make a Survival Kit.

How Are Computers and Other Electronics Recycled?

How Can You Make Your House Greener?.
How Do Wind Turbines Make Electricity?.
CtOCD Make Your Own Landfill.
CfcETGD Make Recycled Paper.

How Does a Microwave Oven Cook Food?.

How Does a Lock Work? .
How Does a Zipper Zip?.
How Does a Refrigerator Keep Food Cold?.
How Can a Virus Make Your Computer Sick?38
How Does Wi-Fi Connect to the Internet?.
BStQD Make Your Own Camera.

■ Glossary.
Photo Credits.
Index .
Chapter 1 Be Prepared

• Protect your home ^ 0r

Hurricanes are huge storms that can should be covered by built-in stori p
cause destruction to large areas. They boarded up with plywood.
can last more than a week, with wind • Listen to the radio or TV for information.
speeds of 160 miles per hour or more, .Close the storm shutter. Tie down outdoor
and can be as wide as 500 miles. objects or bring them indoors.
Hurricanes form over water. Because of
. Turn off gas and electricity if told to by
that, states along the Gulf of Mexico and
the east coast of the U.S. are often the
hardest hit.
t Don't use the phone except for emergencies,
. stock up on food to eat and bottled water for
j
The most dangerous part of a
hurricane is the storm surge. A storm's drinking and flushing toilets.
powerful winds push ocean water
over the shore, causing floods. Storm
surges account for most of a hurricane's
damage. But if your family is prepared
for a hurricane, you will be safe while
at higher levels.
you sit out the storm. . ,f you live on a coast, or in an area near
water and can't escape the storm:
. stay indoors during the hurricane and
away from windows and glass doors.
The deadliest hurricane in U.S. history struck
. Close all doors inside and outside
Galveston, Texas, in 1900, before there were
instruments that could track a hurricane's path your home.
innpr room, closet,
and warn people. The storm flooded the island C4--»w I

city, killing 8,000 people.

 Tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters don t
strike often. And you may never have to escape a fire. Still, it’s
always important to know what to do in case of an emergency.

GC© @Sa?GD
• Don't return to a home that was damaged by • Don't enter a home without an adult. He or she
floodwater before local officials declare the area safe. should make sure there are no loose power lines,
• Use a phone only to report life-threatening gas leaks, or damage to the building's structure.
emergencies. • Enter the home carefully and check for damage.
• Stay off the streets. There can be electrical wires Be careful of loose boards and slippery floors.
on the ground, as well as weakened walls, bridges, • Never eat food touched by floodwater.
roads, or sidewalks.

4. After the Storm Hurricanes weaken over

land. Some storms never hit land. Instead, they turn
northeast and die out over the Atlantic Ocean.
June to November, storms churn over the
Atlantic Ocean. Sometimes they become
hurricanes that hit the islands of the Caribbean
5. Other Winds Affect the Storm
Sometimes winds near a hurricane blow in the same
and the coast of the U.S. Take a look at how wet direction. They can help the hurricane gain strength.
weather, wind, and warm ocean waters whip up Winds blowing in different directions or at different
these powerful storms. speeds can tear the storm apart.

1. Born in West Africa When hot, dry

air from the Sahara desert meets cooler air from
the Sahel region, small storms form.

2. Across the Atlantic Some storms Atlantic

may gather warm ocean moisture, speeding 0cm
up as they travel west. When bands of these
AFRICA
thunderstorms form a swirling pattern, the new
system is called a tropical depression.

3. The Storm Strengthens winds Pacific

Ocean?
spin around the "eye" at the storm's center. It is
either a tropical storm or a hurricane, depending
on the wind speed. X SOUTH
AMERICA
w,.. mi-
Be Prepared
 m a OTorm
Lightning is nature's fireworks. This awesome
force can heat the air to a temperature as high
as 60,000°F. That's hotter than the surface of the • Immediately get inside a building or
sun. The heat makes the air expand and vibrate hard-top automobile. If lightning strikes
until it produces a booming thunderclap. Every a car, the electricity will go harmlessly
thunderstorm contains lightning, but lightning can into the ground.
hit you even if the storm is 10 miles away and the j • Don't stand near trees or other tall
sky above you is cloudless. That's what's known as objects in an open area.
a "bolt from the blue."
jaf# Avoid open fields, the top of a hill, or
A lightning strike can cause a lot of damage. A the beach. If you're in a boat, get to land
single bolt holds up to 1 billion volts of electricity. right away and seek shelter.
Like fireworks, lightning should be viewed from a
• Don't go into a shed or other small
distance—and a safe place. .
structure in an open area like an athletic
field or park.
j • Don't stand next to or touch
anything metal, such as a car, bicycle, or
lamppost.
J • If you are swimming, get out of the
water immediately. Water is a good
conductor of electricity.
• In an open area or anywhere else, if
your hair stands up, it could mean that
• It you see I'gW™ gmeans the storm is conditions are right for a lightning strike.
within 30 se“n^' Scrunch down into a ball so you make
within six miles of you. Seek
h
shelter.
louds as little contact as possible with the
ground. Don't lie flat on the ground.
* " V°U T '(ferstorm'be careful.This kind
during athunde ike many miles away
0, lightning can «nke 't, Vdoors
t,om the storm. Try tog

6 )®e Prepared
-people believe that lightning can t Building a Bolt
strike the same place twice, but it often does,
especially tall buildings and monuments. Ever get shocked by a spark of static electricity
r \ '-'r
in the winter? That spark is a mini version of a
lightning bolt. Static electricity takes place when an
object packed with a charge of electrons suddenly
gets rid of the charge all at once. The same thing
happens in a cloud during a storm.

• Do not shower, bathe, or use a

landline phone during a thunderstorm. A
cell phone is safe to use.
• Unplug all electronics, including
appliances, TVs, computers, and air
conditioners. Lightning can cause power
surges, which can damage equipment.
• Don't touch anything that conducts Inside the cloud, currents of air rise and fall. An
electricity and leads to the outside, such updraft carries droplets of water at the bottom of
as a window frame or pipe. the cloud to a freezing region 35,000 to 75,000 feet
• Stay indoors for at least 30 minutes high. At the same time, downdrafts send ice and
after you hear the last thunderclap. hail from the top of the cloud to the bottom. When
the water droplets and icy particles bump each
other, electrons get knocked off the rising particles
and collect on the falling particles. Soon, the
SmIS bottom area of the cloud has a negative charge and
the top has a positive charge.
Positive and negative charges attract each other.
The electric field between the top and bottom
of the cloud builds up until a giant spark of
electricity—a lightning bolt—shoots from one part
of the cloud to the other. Lightning can also strike
Slfebn's IHethno. he or she has
between two clouds. Sometimes, the electrical
*, \'m 10,000 chance ol being struck by
ling. luckily, 9 out oliopeople who have charge will shoot from the cloud to the ground. But
almost four-fifths of all lightning strikes take place
struck by lightning survive.
inside the clouds.

Be Prepared
 an earthquake. When Earth's crust shifts, the
ground trembles and shudders. Sometimes the
shaking isn't very noticeable—hanging lights can
sway or a vase might tumble. But when a strong If you are indoors:
earthquake hits, houses can come apart and • Drop to the floor, take cover by getting under |
highways crumble. a strong desk or other piece of furniture, and j
hold on until the shaking stops. If there isn't a
Unlike hurricanes and many other natural
desk or table, cover your head with your arms
disasters, earthquakes hit without warning and can
and crouch down in an inside corner of the
.V -
come in waves. You can't know for sure if another, building.
IgsS even stronger earthquake wilf strike again. If you
• Keep away from glass, windows, outside
live in an area that has earthquakes, you probably
doors and walls, and anything that can fall, such
have had drills at school so you'll know how to
as a bboksheirf or hanging light.
stay safe. But here are some reminders for you to
share with your family. • If you are in bed when a quake hits, stay
there. Put a pillow over your head for extra
safety. If you are under something that could
topple on you, move to a safer place.
• Don't leave until the shaking stops and you
l ■o'-'Tj. 3 •To p 1° 1 are certain it is safe to go outside.
I *C° LnA*ki |-‘ * ..uat to do during
• Never use an elevator during an earthquake.

If you are outdoors:

• Stay outdoors, and move away from
buildings, streetlights, and electrical wires.
• Stay in the open until there is no more
i ateas:. . :Besses and phone numbers shaking.
• down
for where yourt'milv members are during
famriy tea ftU the
.

.
.1
About 500,000 earthquakes are detected around €&•£© too Gt-fift) B?3-£3
the world each year. About 100,000 are noticed
by people, and only 100 cause any damage. IE Architects, engineers, and scientists have made lots
of progress in building structures that can withstand a

(
zr*-
quake. Buildings often collapse when they sway back
An earthquake hit Haiti in 2010,
and forth during an earthquake. Earthquake-proof
killing about 200,000 people. It also
buildings don't sit directly on the ground. They float on
caused billions of dollars of damage.
ball bearings, springs, or padded cylinders. During a
quake, the buildings move with the wind, swaying a few
feet from side to side. This keeps the structure standing.

I Engineers have developed sensors to make these

buildings even safer. The sensors detect shaking and
"tell" the building how to move. This cuts down on how
much the structure shakes.
New technology will continue to protect buildings and
the people in them during a quake.

Structures that are not built to withstand earthquakes

may crumble during a powerful quake. This building is in
Concepcion, Chile, a city that was hit by a quake in 2010.

“"safety h°me for made

 to Stay Safe in a Fire
Do you know what to do if you smell smoke in your home? Most people don't.
That's the point of Fire Prevention Week, held every year in early October. During
the week, firefighters teach people about fire safety.
The leading cause of home fires is cooking. If you cook, stay in the kitchen
while food is on the stove. Turn off the stove if you leave the kitchen. The second
biggest cause of home fires is heating. A space heater can start a fire if it is placed
too close to objects that can burn. Kids can help prevent fires by not playing with
matches or candles. A
In case of fire, it's important that everyone in your family knows what (
to do to stay safe. Here are some tips: „

• Draw a map of your home that shows

• Benjamin Franklin formed one of the the fastest way out of every room, especially
first volunteer fire companies in America in the bedrooms. Babysitters should also know
1736, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was these paths.
also the first fire chief.
I# Place emergency numbers next to every
phone. Save 911 or another emergency
• Dalmatians aren't just cute black and
number in cell phones.
white spotted dogs in Disney movies. They
have long been the watch • Test all smoke alarms once a month.
dogs of firehouses. The 9* Make sure there is one on every level of
reason? Fire engines were your home. Change the batteries yearly, and
once driven by horses. replace the alarms every 10 years.
Dalmatians form a close i • Clear all exit routes in your house. Take
bond with horses and things off stairs and make sure doors and
would protect them windows open easily.
from horse thieves.
• Pick a meeting place outside your home
where family members can gather after they
leave the building if it catches on fire.
• Hold fire drills when everyone is home
and hold them at different times of the day.
KSSiiS®
Be Prepared
• If there is a fire, crawl or roll to the door
of your room. To check if the fire is near the
□r, feel the doorknob with the back of your
tand and the cracks around the door for heat,
the door is warm, you may have to get out LGenin^] 0DDu®(§33?
mother way, like through a window.
need a lot of protection when
To exit from an upper window, you need
they go into a burning building. A hundred years
!a portable escape ladder. All upper-story
ago, firefighters wore wool pants and shirts. Today's
bedrooms should have escape ladders. Don't
firefighting clothing, called turnout gear, provides
practice climbing down one in a drill. They
better insulation. Firefighters wear several layers: one
should only be used in emergencies. If you
resists heat up to 1,000°F, another is water resistant,
don't have a ladder, hang a white or light-
and a third is fire-resistant. The gear is so effective,
colored sheet out the window. That will alert
firefighters sometimes don't realize how hot a fire
firefighters that you are in the room.
is. New gear is solving that problem. The clothing
• Smoke rises, so get out of the house by comes with sensors that warn the firefighter when
(sending down or crawling to the exit. temperatures in a building are dangerously high.
Close all doors behind you. All firefighters wear helmets, and early versions
were made of leather and later aluminum. Nowadays,
Never stop to take anything with you
high-tech helmets are resistant to heat, flames, and
during a fire.
electricity. They cover the ears and neck and have a
Never go back into the building if it catches shield that covers the face.
on fire. Firefighters can lose their way in the heavy smoke.
When you're GPS devices help guide them to fellow firefighters
outside, call the who are missing. If a firefighter passes out from the
fire department smoke, small motion devices will set off an alarm
or emergency when no motion is detected. A new type of camera
number. allows firefighters to see in dark and smoke-filled
areas. The camera senses differences in temperatures,
so users can detect how hot an object is or where
a person is located. It can let a firefighter know if
the room is ready to ignite in flames or if a floor has
become weak from heat. Hot stuff!
 HOW
alornaao
The United States is twister
central. More tornadoes hit the
U.S. than any other country. • Make sure your family has a plan in place for
Each year, about 1,300 touch when you are at home, at school, or outdoors.
down here. • Hold drills so you know what to do in case a
Tornadoes come in all sizes tornado approaches.
and speeds. They can spin
• The National Weather Service broadcasts
from 86 miles per hour to
warnings and forecasts. Know what these
200 miles per hour or faster. expressions mean:
Some tornadoes measure only
• Tornado Watch: Stay alert for
a few feet in diameter, while
approaching storms.
some are as wide as a mile. A
tornado can last a few seconds • Tornado Warning: Go to a safe place.

or spin for more than an hour • Severe Thunderstorm Warning:

and travel 50 miles or more. Tornadoes can form in areas hit by
No matter how long a tornado powerful thunderstorms.
lasts, it can threaten lives and • Check the skies for storms that are coming
property. A tornado will pick your way. Look for these danger signs:
up cars, trees, homes, and • The wind dies down suddenly, and the
anything else in its path. But if air becomes very still
you know what to do when a • Large, dark, low-lying clouds
twister hits, you can stay safe.
• A cloud of debris in the sky
• A loud roar that sounds like a train
coming in your direction
Most twisters in the U.S. touch down in • If you see any signs of a possible tornado,
Tornado Alley. That's the nickname given take shelter right away.
to the states in the central United States.
But twisters have struck every state at one
time or other.
 Tornadoes usually form during giant
thunderstorms called supercells. Fast-moving
winds above and slow-moving winds below set

BiDfeg 0 ‘uferaaa-) a horizontal tube of air spinning. Rising warm air

tilts the tube until it is vertical. Cooler air pulls the
If you are indoors:
tube to the ground. A tornado is formed. Many
• Go to a sheltered area, such as a basement,
tornadoes are brown or black from the dust and
storm cellar, or an inner room of a building's
dirt they suck up through the vortex, or center.
lowest level.
• Stay away from corners, windows, and
doors. Move as far away as possible from the
outside walls.
• Go under a heavy table and protect your
head and neck with your arms.
SUPERCELL
• Do not open any windows.
If you are outdoors:
• Lie down in a ditch or low area and stay VORTE
as flat as possible. Cover your head with your
hands.
• Do not go under an overpass or bridge.
• If you are in a car or truck, leave the vehicle
for shelter. Don't try to outrun a tornado.
• Watch out for flying objects.

A researcher sets up equipment to gather

information about a fast-approaching twister.

- ‘St!

Be Prepared
 You've probably heard the old saying that dogs are a human's best friend. For
members of a police force, search and rescue dogs are the best of the best. Search
and rescue (SAR) canines are used to find people lost in the woods or buried unde
the rubble of collapsed buildings. SAR dogs are specially trained to detect human
scent. They've found people buried 20 feet under snow. The reason: a dog's nose i;

T?yffftr0 («Ti i«1

These dogs search for a particular person. The dog
is given an object that has the person’s scent, such as
a comb or piece of clothing. Then, the dog sniff’s out
that particular scent on the ground. The scent can
stick to grass, branches, and other objects.

These dogs are trained to pick up the

scent of a human. People give off millions
of tiny particles, including skin cells,
bacteria, and sweat. Dogs can detect these SAR dogs must be trainable, able to get in and out
particles in the air and on the ground. of tight spots, have great energy, and get along with
Air-scent dogs, such as bloodhounds, roam people and other dogs. They are usually large breeds,
free in large areas to find a human scent such as German shepherds, Dobermans, rottweilers,
and lead their handler to the source.
golden retrievers, giant schnauzers, or Labradors.

141 Be Prepared
 Some SAR dogs ore
trained to find people Dogs aren't the only animals that give humans
buried under snow. When
a helping hand. Here are a few other critters
oils on a person’s skin
warm up, their scent that serve people:
rises right up through
snow. An avalanche dog Miniature Horses They have been
can detect the scent used as guide animals for blind people and to
above the surface of the pull wheelchairs.
snow and alert rescuers.

Capuchin Monkeys These monkeys

can act as the hands for people in wheelchairs
or who can't get around easily. The monkeys
are quick learners and can help a human for 25
to 30 years. The monkeys can use their hands
to turn doorknobs or the pages of a book.

G8H23?G$33 Cats Cats, as well as dogs, are used as pet

They are trained to find human scent like the
other SAR dogs. But they must be able to move therapy for people in hospitals and nursing
in and around rubble from collapsed buildings homes. Petting an animal can make people feel
and other dangerous ground. The dogs can’t better and can lower their blood pressure.
be afraid of splinters of wood, sharp points
of steel, or broken glass. Dust and noise don’t
bother these incredible canines.
It's not easy to get lost. Today, people have CEeD\£0G3333
• Sewing needle about 1 inch long
excellent maps and a GPS satellite system
to show them where they are. A thousand • Small bar magnet or refrigerator magnet
years ago, people didn't have either. When • Small piece of cork
they were sailing on the ocean, it was • Glass or cup of water kL _
tough for them to figure out their location.
Around 1100 A.D., sailors came up with
a way to help them navigate: a compass.
Their compass was a magnetized needle
that floated in a bucket of water. Today,
there are many types of comp as:
compass used by ancient sajtors
CCeDCoBd
point you in the right direction.

Compass
€ k Rub the magnet against the needle in one
y direction for a minute or so. Make sure you
move the magnet in the same direction each tim

Magnetic compasses work because the Earth

is a giant magnet. Deep in the planet's core is
a molten ball of iron. The rotation of the Earth
makes the liquid iron spin, which produces a
magnetic field. The north end of Earth's magnetic
field is located near the North Pole. The south
end is near the South Pole.
A compass is a magnet ; f Stick the needle through the center of the
with north and south cork. The ends of the needle should stick
ends. Since opposites
attract, the south end of
a magnet points toward
the magnetic north. The wj
north end points to the x
magnetic south.
 Put the needle and cork in the glass of
water and place the glass on a table. The
cork and needle should float freely, more or
/yu less parallel to the surface of the water. The Even with a compass, it is possible to get lost in
glass should be wide enough so the ends of the woods if you're hiking. Here are some tips in
Va case it ever happens:
the needle don't touch the sides of the glass.
. ...—..
O Never go on a hike without ^^

O Make sure a relative or friend yEjs2$F' jl ^

knows where you will be hiking.
O If you are lost, stay in one
place or area. Do not wander '-*{$
The needle should spin and eventually around looking for help-help «
point in one direction. will find you. J |
la \ jf
O Keep warm and dry while I ^ M I
waiting for someone to come
for you. Cover up your exposed l
skin. Wear a hat to keep your
head warm.
O Stay together with the other hikers. You can
hold on to each other to keep warm.
Move the bar magnet near your O Find a comfortable place to stay that will keep
compass. What happens? you out of wind and rain. Wait under a large tree,
for example, where searchers can easily see you.
O Attract attention. Wear something bright to
stand out. Try to make a flag out of any light-
colored paper, ribbon, or other objects you have.
By rubbing the needle against the magnet,
the needle became magnetized. Floating in O Do not lie down on the bare ground. The cold
water, the compass rotates in the direction ground will drop your body temperature. To stay
of Earth's magnetic field. It points to either warm, cover the ground and yourself with a thick
the North or South Pole, depending on layer of branches, moss, or leaves.
which is closer to you. O Don't eat anything you find in the woods. It's
better to be hungry than sick.

Be Prepared 17
Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, fires. Each year, disasters affect thousands
of people. And when trouble hits, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
comes to the rescue. The U.S. agency's job is to find places to live for people who have
lost their homes due to disasters. FEMA helps repair homes and fixes public buildings
that have been damaged. It provides supplies, workers, and equipment to communities
that have been hit hard by nature's fury.
FEMA also trains firefighters and other emergency workers before a problem occurs
so they will be ready to help out. The agency suggests that families keep a survival kit
available. To the right are what FEMA says should be in the kit.

CS dfeEDD
FEMA is one of many organizations that help the
victims of disasters and emergencies. Here are a
few others:

flCQ35833CD GtSU @JGG0 provides

emergency aid, including food stations, shelter,
first aid, clothing, home repairs, and medical
supplies. The organization is on the scene when
other relief assistance isn't enough.

trains volunteers who help children aTter disasters.

It works with parents, community agencies, and provides volunteers to clean up and remove
schools to help concerned adults understand the rubble from damaged homes and help repair the
needs of children. houses.

0SaD^GflKEQ^Q3rc833heips the National

elderly, the disabled, and people who don't have TS3H) helps out disaster victims by providing
much money or insurance after a disaster. trailers that house 8 to 10 people.
 Store at least three gallons of water
per person. Buy bottled water and
don’t open it until you need it.

Store a supply of canned food and a nonelectric

can opener. You should not have to refrigerate,
cook, or add water to these foods. Choose cans
that are small and light. Don’t choose foods that
make you thirsty. And don’t forget your vitamins.

Include a first-aid kit that contains

such basics as adhesive bandages,
scissors, antiseptic, safety pins, soap,
aspirin, and anti-bacteria cream.

Store warm clothing. There should be at least

one complete change of clothes for each person,
including rain gear, sturdy shoes, and gloves.

Include sanitation items, such as toilet Also store tools such as a battery-powered
paper, liquid detergent, a plastic radio, a flashlight, extra batteries, a fire
bucket with a tight lid, disinfectant, extinguisher, paper plates and cups, and
toothbrushes, and toothpaste. plastic storage containers.

Keep important family documents in

a waterproof container, including IDs,
family records, credit card numbers, and
important telephone numbers.

Don’t forget some fun stuff,

such as games and books.

dfl A
Be Prepared [ iy
 Every day, recycling plants receive electronic waste
(e-waste), including cell phones, computers, cameras,
and printers.

Many people know how to

recycle plastic, glass, metal, and
paper products. But how do
we get rid of computers, cell
phones, TVs, and other electronic
devices that we don't want?
What should people do with
them when they want to get rid
of the machines? One solution is
to give away useable electronics
to schools, charities, and other
groups. If the device can't be
reused, it can be recycled.
• la^ySSB! '-,jh
jSsbbLi1 ||1L« -
.. . .* -

See how a large recycling

Workers stack discarded computers that.will be stripped
plant takes gadgets apart and of their parts.
puts some back together.

Going Green
 It’s important to protect the environment. This chapter
shows some ways we can reduce energy use and save
our natural resources.
-- - - j ... .

Computers are taken apart. The pieces from these Much e-waste contains parts, such as circuits, that
and other gadgets are stored according to what will be sold to manufacturers and used again in new
they are made of. As many of the parts as possible products or in rebuilt devices.
are recycled—from plastic wrapping to broken
glass and metal scraps. These are sold to separate
recycling factories.

O About 37.500 pounds o**oW

recovered from 500 m.H.on reel
phones.
The US. government has av

*j~SS3»=
Going green means trying to
reduce pollution and preserve
natural resources. People can
go green at school, at work, and
especially at home. From the
materials used in its construction
to where the windows are placed,
there are many ways to make
a green building. One way is to
build it with materials that don't
harm the people inside or the
environment. Another way is to
make sure the building doesn't
use a lot of energy for heating
or cooling. Eco-friendly buildings
are often powered by sustainable
resources such as sunlight. Green
builders also try to recycle and
reuse materials in their buildings.
Going green can save money
on energy bills and be better for
the health of people—and the
health of the planet. Check out
some ways to help make a home
more friendly to the environment.
 1 Solar panels on the roof can generate electricity from
sunlight.

Bring into the house plants that remove pollutants from

the air. Two of these are English ivy and spider plants.

A thermostat can be programmed to keep a house

y cooler in the winter and warmer in the summer. This
saves energy.

Floors and furniture can be made from reused wood,

which is wood recycled from old buildings or thrown-out
furniture. Use wood, such as bamboo, that doesn’t come from
endangered forests.

® Use cloth towels and napkins instead of ones made from

paper.

® Use slow-f low faucets in the kitchen and bathroom.

They reduce the amount of water used for washing and
showering.

® Replace regular incandescent lightbulbs with compact

fluorescent bulbs to save electricity.

New toilets cut down on the amount of water used for

each flush.

When computers and other electronics are turned off,

they still use power. Connect them to a power strip
that you can turn off to stop the drain of electricity. Or just
unplug the items when not in use.

Plant shade trees and put up awnings or shades to keep

sunlight from making the house too warm. Inside, cool
off with fans instead of air conditioners.

To reduce energy use, insulate the walls to keep heat and

cold from escaping outside.

a* Fill in the openings around doors and windows to keep

out the weather.

All new appliances should have an ENERGY STAR label

on them, especially the refridgerator, which uses a
great amount of energy. Products with these labels use less
electricity than older models.

Going Green
Wind can sometimes be a destructive
force. But wind is also a great help to Wind makes the lightweight
humans. Over the centuries, windmills blades turn. The faster
have been used to pump water, drain the blades spin, the more
electricity is produced. The
lakes, cut wood, and grind grain. Today, a
blades are connected to the
kind of windmill is being used to produce drive shaft.
electricity. Called wind turbines, these
machines make in one year only a little
more than 4% of the total electricity
generated in the U.S. Still, this is enough to As the blades turn, the
power 15.5 million homes. drive shaft spins. The
The amount of electricity generated drive shaft is connected
*he gears.
by wind has been growing over the last
few years. One big reason is that wind is
renewable energy, which means it will
never run out. Also, wind turbines don't
cause pollution, are cheap to run, and
don't take up much space compared with
the energy they produce. Some people
think the answer to our energy problems is
blowing in the wind.

1CM
The largest wind turbine The drive shaft turns gears, which The generator
blade in the world is make another drive shaft spin changes the spin
274 feet long. even faster. This drive shaft leads of the drive shaft
to a generator. into an electrical
current.

U Going Green
Wind turbines are built tall
to catch winds that blow
high above the ground.
Most are as tall as a Not everyone loves wind power. Some people complain that the huge
20-story building, while machines make the landscape ugly. Wind turbines also make a steady
some are twice that tall.
noise, which bothers some people. Some environmentalists oppose
wind turbines because they believe the spinning blades sometimes kill
birds and bats.
Those in favor of wind turbines say the machines help the
environment. Wind turbines are a clean source of energy and will
The casing holds the
reduce the use of polluting fossil fuels, such as coal and gas. The
drive shaft, gears,
and a generator. controversy continues to swirl.

Wind-Power-

1. Texas
2. Iowa
3. California
4. Oklahoma
5. Illinois

Electricity from the

generator flows down
wires to a transformer.
This device makes Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
the current stronger.
The electricity is sent
through power lines to
homes and towns.

Wind farms are large groups of wind turbines. The

largest onshore wind farm in the United States is the Alta
Wind Energy Center in California. Its 586 wind turbines
produce enough energy to power 450,000 homes.
 to Make Landfill
Every year, the average American throws away about 1,600 pounds of garbage. About
54% of all trash in the U.S. goes into landfills—large areas of land in which waste material
is buried. About 12% of trash is burned in incinerators to produce energy. The rest of the
trash is recycled or composted.
Landfills are designed to prevent dangerous waste from escaping into the soil and
getting into the water supply. A thick layer of clay or plastic separates the garbage
from the ground. Every day, workers add a layer of soil to cover the trash on top. But
just because garbage is at a dump doesn't mean it disappears. Many materials don't
decompose, or break down, very quickly. To see what does and doesn't decompose in a
landfill, try this experiment:

• Rubber gloves
• A large or medium-sized clay flowerpot Put the stone
over the hole
• A small stone
at the bottom of the
• Some soil flowerpot. This will
• Food scraps, leaves, nonglossy paper, keep water from
polystyrene foam, plastic sandwich bags, draining out of the
aluminum foil hole too quickly.

• Water
• 2 glass plates Fill one-third of the flowerpot with soil
• Newspapers

a m
gO Going Green
© Tear up the garbage (the food scraps,
leaves, and so on) into small pieces. Place
O Put the flowerpot in a warm, dark place,
such as under the kitchen sink. Check every
the pieces on top of the soil in the flowerpot. few days. Add more water to keep the soil damp.

O Cover the garbage with another layer of soil.

The soil should just about fill the flowerpot.
O At the end of one month, take out the
flowerpot and empty it on a large piece of
Pour just enough water into the flowerpot so it's newspaper. (Get your parents' okay first.) Put on
completely damp, but not soaking wet. rubber gloves and spread out the soil so you can
see the condition of the garbage.

Cover the top of the flowerpot with the

glass plate. Put the other plate under the
flowerpot so water and soil won't leak out from
the bottom. The food, paper, and leaves should have broken
1111*1811
down into soft material. This happens when
bacteria in the soil feed on organic, or "living,"
materials. The plastic, foam, and foil are not
organic. Bacteria can't break them down.
Air and water in the flowerpot allow bacteria
to live. In a landfill, layers of soil and trash
press down so tightly water and air can't get in.
Bacteria can't survive, so even organic materials
I such as paper don't break down easily.
Paper was probably invented in China in 105;A.D. Before then, people wrote on anything
that was handy, from cave walls and wet clay to animal skins and plants. True paper is made
from tiny plant fibers, such as cotton or wood, thatjhave been softened and pressed into
thin sheets. v *
The U.S. uses about 69 million tons of paper and paper products each year. The good
news is that about half of these products, which include money, bandages, egg cartons, and
masking tape, are made from recycled paper. The more paper that's recycled, the less paper
that ends.up in a dump. Recycling also saves trees and the water used to make paper. So
help the environment-and have fun-by making new paper from old. -

CGEDtfe0(D333 CCEOOaEo
6 or 7 sheets of newspaper
Glass bowl - O Cut or tear four
to five sheets of
Cornstarch
newspaper into the
Hot water smallest pieces you
Measuring spoon can make.

D
•i . ' - > . . '

Aluminum foil
Put the shredded §
\A/ooden spoon paper into the
Kitchen strainer bowl ahd cover with
hot water. Mix the paper in the water with a
Scissors 1
spoon. Let it stand for several hours, stirring once
Sharpened pencil in a while. * , ^ /yv ' y . /
Sponge

Going Green
ggsm
O When the paper looks very mushy, put one or
two tablespoons of cornstarch into the bowl,
pulpy paper from the strainer to the sheet of foil.
Spread it out on the foil in any shape you wish your
add more hot water, and stir again with the spoon. page to look like.

O Fold a sheet of
aluminum foil into
Put the aluminum foil with*holes on top of the
paper and press
down on it. Sponge off
the size of the sheet any water that comes
of paper you want to through the holes.
make. Poke^several Remove the top sheet
dozen small holes of foil. If there are any
in the foil with the holes in the paper,
sharpened pencil. Put it pinch them together
aside for later use. with your fingers.

Using a spoon or ladle, transfer the softened

' paper from the bowl into the strainer and let
G Place another sheet of foil on top of the
paper. Put a book as large as the paper on
the water drain. top of the foil and press down to flatten the paper.
Remove the book and top foil and let the paper dry,
overnight. When the paper is dry, carefully peel it off
the bottom sheet of foil. You can leave the edges of
the paper rough or trim them with scissors. Grab a
pen and see if you have the write stuff!

© Tear off another sheet of aluminum foil that's

a little larger than the size of the page you
want to make. Place the foil on the remaining
sheets of newspaper. With a spoon, transfer the
 # Home Tech
p^C/ Does a Microwave
Oven Cook Food?
There's fast food. And then immm s&mi
there's faster food. A microwave
Microwaves cause water
oven can heat up some foods to vibrate in the food
in a minute or less. more than 2 billion times
A microwave oven cooks a second.'This vibration
causes friction, which
with a type of radiation called
produces energy in the
microwaves, which are similar form of heat. Foods won’t
to the waves that transmit TV. cook unless they are in—
✓ Microwaves don't heat air. or contain—some water.
Instead, they penetrate food,
making the food's water and
fat molecules vibrate. The
vibrations produce heat in a
jiffy. Microwaves don't heat
up plastic, ceramics, paper, or
glass. So, food in a microwave
often sits on plates made of
these materials. When you
pull out a cool plate from a
microwave, it can fool you into
A turntable spins so the
thinking the food isn't hot. But microwaves reach all parts
it is-so be careful before you of the food.
take a bite!
 Your home has plenty of incredible inventions that you
probably take for granted. In this chapter, you’ll discover
many machines that make our lives easier.

Microwaves bounce off a

kind of fan called a stirrer.
This scatters the microwaves
Microwave Man!
throughout the oven. The
microwaves bounce around Percy Spencer is the M hph■
until they enter the food.
father of fast food. In 1946,
Spencer was testing a device
called a magnetron in a lab
Electricity passes when he discovered something
through a tube strange. A candy bar in his W a
called a magnetron. pocket had melted. Spencer put
which produces some unpopped popcorn near
microwaves. This the magnetron. Pretty soon,
energy is aimed at
the popcorn started popping. ■
the stirrer.
Spencer realized that microwaves
produced by the magnetron could cook food. Spencer

B
and the company he worked for eventually built a
microwave oven. It was

people's kitchens.

Microwaves can penetrate pizza, but not the door of a

microwave oven. The door is covered by a metal mesh that
blocks the microwaves. The holes in the mesh are big enough
to see through but too small for microwaves to pass through.

in III!
Home Tech 31
 Does a Lock Work?
There are locks for bikes, locks
for bank vaults, locks for doors
and windows, locks for diaries,
and locks for lockers. Just about
everyone keeps valuables
A plug holds
under lock and key. And people
a set of
have been doing that since the tiny pins.
time of the ancient Egyptians, The pins
who made large wooden locks are pushed
down
and keys about 4,000 years by small *
ago. The ancient Romans and springs.
Chinese weren't very trusting
either. They built simple locks ,
from metal.
Locks didn't change much
until the end of the 1700s,
when a few Englishmen began
to make more secure devices.
Today, a variety of locks keep
items safe, from combination
locks with numbered dials to
vaults that use timing devices
to locks that operate with
magnetic keys.
One of the most common
locks used today is a cylinder
with pins inside. To open it, the
pins are lifted by a key with the
right shape. This is called a pin pins prevent the plug from turning. The
and tumbler lock. key slides into the plug. If the key has edges
with the correct shape, it will push up the
pins until they are out of the way.

'
 Lock and Roll
Not many locks could hold Harry Houdini, who
Mow the key can turn the plug. A key lived from 1874 to 1926. The world's most famous
with the wrong-shaped edges won’t lift
escape artist, Houdini would let himself be locked
all the pins out of the way, and the key
won’t turn. up in ways that seemed impossible to get out of.
Yet he always escaped. In the early 1900s, Houdini
challenged police in many cities to chain and handcuff
him and lock him in the local jail cell. Each time,
Houdini escaped. He also escaped from many hair-
raising situations, such as a locked crate thrown into a
river and a locked glass container filled with water.
How did he do it? Houdini knew how to pick, or
"open," just about any type of lock. He was able to
open handcuffs by banging them against something
hard. He knew how to open a lock with a shoestring.
Houdini also cheated: He hid tools for opening locks,
as well as keys. When he couldn't hide a key, he
swallowed it and brought it up when no one was
looking. If his hands were bound, he could turn the
key with his teeth!
which extends into the door.
When the plug turns, the cam
turns as well, pulling the bolt.

When the bolt is pulled

by the cam, that unlocks
the door.

.-iiV
In 1844, Linus Yale Sr. invented a pin
tumbler lock that fit in a cylinder. His
son Linus Jr. improved the lock, which
today is called a Yale lock.

Home Tech
How could we live without zippers?
Well, people managed to survive without
them for thousands of years. In ancient i v

The word zipper is an example of

times, people held together their animal- onomatopoeia (on-oh-ma/i-toh-pee-ah).
hide clothes with pins made of thorns. This means giving a word a name that
Later civilizations, such as the Greeks and imitates the sound the word is associated
/
with. Zipper sounds like the noise a zipper
Egyptians, kept clothes from opening - k
makes. A few other such words are splat,
■ 2
with metal pins, clasps, or cloth ties. 6 %
buzz, snort, honk, tinkle, beep, crash, sizzle,
A major fastener advance came in the y
ft ~

slurp, and whir. Can you think of other

Middle Ages with the invention of the examples of onomatopoeia?
button (and the buttonhole, of course).
In the 1800s, two more improvements
were introduced: safety pins and snaps.
The big fastener breakthrough came
from Gideon Sundback. He invented the
modern zipper in 1913. Still, this fastener
didn't catch on until the 1923, when it
Each track holds a roi
got the name zipper. Suddenly, zippers of teeth. The teeth on <
were sewn into just about anything that track mesh with those
opened and closed, from dresses to the other track.
rubber boots. Is the zipper an important
invention? Look in your closet: It's an
open and shut case!

Home Tech
 Hi
Some Velcro is so strong that a
Fasten-ating
two-inch-square strip can hold
more than 100 pounds.
Invention
Instead of zippers, some
clothes and other items are
fastened with Velcro, which
is the brainchild of Swiss
On one side of each tooth is a engineer Georges de Mestral.
bump called a hook. The hooks In 1941, after taking his dogs
of one track of teeth lock into out for a walk in the woods,
the hollows of the other track
he noticed burrs sticking to
of teeth.
the animals' fur. De Mestral
thought those clingy seed pods
from the burdock plant
might have a use.
After eight years of testing,
he invented a fastener based
on the burr. It came in two
parts: a cotton strip covered
with tiny hooks that stuck to
On the other side of each
tooth is a small dimple called another cotton strip covered
a hollow. with tiny loops. He called his
invention Velcro, a combination
of the words velvet and crochet
(croh-shay). (Crochet is a
kind of knitting.) Later, nylon
The slider opens and
closes the zipper. Inside replaced cotton, and Velcro
the slider are little became the new zipper.
wedges. When zipping Today this hook and loop
closed, the wedges fastener is used on everything from hospital
lock the hooks into the
gowns, airplane seat cushions, and diapers
hollows. When zipping
open, the wedges pop to car floor mats, carpets, and blood pressure
the hooks off the hollows. cuffs that go around your arm. NASA attaches
Velcro to objects to keep them from floating
*
round in space. Velcro is a perfect invention X
except for one thing...that ripping sound!
Food needs to chill out. When the
2. The
temperature is above 40°F, bacteria compressor
can grow in food and spoil it. sends the hot
Refrigerators cool things down so gas through v
food won't go bad. What did people condensers,
which are coils
do before there were fridges like the of tubes outside
ones we have? They packed food in the fridge. The
snow and ice, put it underwater, or outside air
cools the gas.
placed it in cool cellars.
As it cools, the
Today, cooling is more complicated. gas condenses,
Inside a refrigerator are pipes filled turning into a
with a fluid called a refrigerant. As this liquid.
chemical passes through the pipes,
it changes from a liquid to a gas
and back to a liquid, over and over.
As the liquid refrigerant circulates
through the inside of the fridge, heat
makes the liquid evaporate, or "turn
into gas." As the gas absorbs more
and more heat, everything in the
fridge-including food-gets cold. This
happens when you sweat on a warm
day. As the sweat evaporates, your
skin chills. Cool!
1. Refrigerant in the form of gas travels from
the evaporators into a compressor, which is
powered by an electric motor. The compressor
squeezes the gas and pushes it through the
fridge’s pipes. As the gas is squeezed, it heats up.
 4. A series of tubes
called evaporators
fills with the cold
Chillin’
gas. The gas absorbs
heat from everything Most freezers in home
in the fridge, which refrigerators go down to 0°F,
causes the fridge to which keeps ice cream nice and
chill down. The gas firm. But there are colder places
gets sucked into the than that. Check out the lowest
compressor—and the of the low...temperatures.
cycle starts again.
0 On an average day, the temperature
in the Arctic is about -30°F. The
coldest temperature recorded in the
Arctic is -89°F.

O Antdretied is the world's coldest place, with winter

3. The liquid is pushed through temperatures reaching -94°F. Here, the coldest temperature
a little hole called an expansion ever on Earth was recorded: -135.8°F.
valve. When it passes through
the hole, the liquid becomes a
very cold gas. O One of the coldest places
in the universe is inside a
cosmic cloud • These
clouds of gas and dust are far
from stars, and any radiation
that reaches them is blocked by
Fred Wolf invented the first dust. The temperature inside one
fridge that came with an might be as cold as -425°F.
ice tray built inside in 1913.
The first metal ice tray that
ejected ice cubes was invented
O The coldest anything in the
universe can get is -460°F. That's
in 1933 by Quy Tinkham.
called absolute zero.

mm:
Home Tech 37
 Can aiViitusiMakeaBH
Your Computer Sick?
Just like people, computers
can get sick from viruses. Software virus: This is a small bit of software that gets into a
computer and secretly attaches itself to other programs. Every time
Computer viruses work like a user opens a program, the virus also opens and starts to run. It
viruses that infect humans. can reproduce itself by latching on to other programs. The virus
They spread from computer program interferes with the workings of the computer, damages
files, or causes annoying messages to appear on the screen. But it
to computer by making copies
can’t hurt hardware—the inner workings of the computer.
of themselves. Once inside a
computer, a virus can do harm,
such as making the computer
run slowly or crash often, or
by erasing the hard drive.
Computer viruses are made
and sent out by people who
want to make trouble.
Computer viruses first began
appearing in the 1980s. That's
when the personal computer
boom began. Computer users
started downloading programs
and exchanging floppy disks.
That made the spread of
viruses simple. Today, there
are "cures" for computer Trojan virus: In Greek mythology, soldiers hid
viruses, and so virus creators inside a giant wooden horse. When the horse
must constantly find new was brought into the city of Troy, the soldiers
got out and attacked. In the same way, a
ways to infect computers. So Trojan virus will pretend to be a music, video,
it's important for computer or some other program. But when the program
users to know the cause and is downloaded, the virus attacks the computer.
These viruses can erase a hard drive, force the
symptoms of computer viruses.
computer to show ads, or allow a hacker to
gain partial control of your computer.

Home Tech
 Safe Surfing
muary 10, 2011 6:59:26 AM The Internet is a great tool, but it has its
downsides. Protect yourself from becoming a
-cyber-victim by following these tips.
Attachment, 3.5 MB (_
O Talk with a parent about when and how you will use
E-mail virus: This type of virus is usually sent the Internet and send e-mails.
as an attachment. Some viruses will infect a
computer even if the e-mail or preview panel (O Never give out personal information online, such as
are simply viewed. Once opened, the virus your last name, home address, school, phone number,
will mail itself to all the people in the e-mail
photos, where you hang out, or people you know without
address book. Those people in turn will often
spread the virus to others, and so on. a parent's okay.

O Don't share your

password for your e-mail,
social networking sites, or
websites with
anyone except %
your parent. %

O Never agree to
meet someone in
\
person you only met
online without your parent's permission,
and without a parent going with you to the meeting,

O Get your parent's permission before signing up for

Worm: This software program can a website.
copy itself from one computer to
another without attaching itself to O Always discuss with your parent what websites
other programs. Worms can avoid you visit. Jr \
security blocks and quickly spread
from one computer to every computer
in a network, including a company’s or O Don't be rude or a bully on the Internet. Treat everyone
government organization’s. Worms also the way you want to be treated.
spread through e-mail address books.
Worms can destroy files and slow down
or stop programs from working.

Home Tech
W°XJ Does Wi-Fi ,
Connect to the lnternet?
A hotspot sounds like a place to avoid. But not if you're a Wi-Fi user. Hotspots are areas where
a computer can connect to the Internet without being plugged in to electrical, telephone, or
cable lines. Wi-Fi, which stands for wireless fidelity, uses microwave signals to link computers
to other computers or websites. Wi-Fi works almost anywhere. It lets a person go online while
moving from room to room. Users can also connect to the Internet in a coffee shop, library,
schoolroom, hotel, airport, or even in an airplane thousands of feet in the air. On a plane, the
Wi-Fi signal is sent to a satellite, which beams it to Earth.
Almost all new laptops and many new desktop computers are set up for wireless use. If a
computer doesn't come with wireless, a wireless adapter can be added to it. It may also need a
special software program to connect to a wireless network.

A router is an electronic device that

contains an antenna, which receives
the signal sent by the computer. To
work best, a router is placed near a
To connect to the Internet, an adapter in the computer computer and away from objects that
changes digital data into a radio signal. The radio might block its signal, such as walls
signal is similar to those used to broadcast radio and or furniture. The router translates the
TV shows. An antenna inside the computer transmits the information from the computer and
radio signal to a device called a router. sends it through a cable to a modem.

40 Home Tech
The modem links a computer
to the Internet. It changes
Going Wireless
the digital information in
the computer to a form that The only thing that is possibly better than a
can be sent through phone wireless computer is a wireless video game.
or cable television lines. The The GameCube for Nintendo in 2002 was the
signal goes to servers that first popular console that had a wireless remote
change the signals back into a control. Four years later, Nintendo introduced the
digital form. These servers are
Wii. As players move the wireless controller, the
joined to form a network—the
Internet. To receive Internet figure on the screen moves as well. PlayStation
through Wi-Fi, the process Move for PS3 (shown here) is a wireless wand,
works in reverse. A signal goes or "controller." Its movements are tracked by a
from the Internet to a modem camera on the console.
to a router to a computer.
In 2010, Microsoft introduced Kinect for
Xbox 360. This is not only wireless—it drops the
controller altogether. Kinect uses an infrared
camera that instantly tracks the movements of the
player's body and hands. When a player moves,
the figure on the screen moves the same way. Who
For Wi-Fi to knows what the next wireless innovation will be?
work properly,
the computer
should be no
more than about
120 feet from the
router. Outdoors,
the maximum
distance is around
300 to 500 feet.
That allows
people to use
Wi-Fi outdoors in
public spaces like
a park, as well
as in cafes and
restaurants with
hotspots.
The oldest and cheapest camera ever made is the camera obscura. Camera
obscura means "dark chamber," which describes this simple device. A camera
obscura is a dark room with a small hole in one wall. Light reflects off an object
outside the wall. The light passes through the hole and makes an upside-down image of the
object on the opposite wall. The image is very clear because a tiny hole focuses light. If the hole
were large, the light hitting the wall would scatter and make the image of the object look blurry.
A camera obscura can only show what is directly outside the room. To view something
else, you'd have to carry the room around. Since that isn't very practical, people made small,
portable versions of the device, like the one in the photo above. And so can you.

CCl®tfeDlD333 O With the ruler, measure two inches from the

• An empty can shaped like a cylinder, with a
metal bottom, such as a potato-chip can bottom of the can in two places and mark the
spots. Connect the marks so the line goes around
• Wax paper or white tissue paper
• Thumbtack or pushpin
• Masking or electrical tape
• Ruler
• Marker
• Utility knife (ask an adult before using it)
• Aluminum foil

Use the thumbtack

or pushpin to make
a tiny hole in the center of
the metal bottom of the can.
Spin the tack in the hole to
smooth the sides of the hole.
© Cut out a circle of
wax paper or tissue
© Place an object under bright light, point the pinhole
at it, and view through the opening. Place your hands
paper. Place it as tightly around the opening to keep out light. You should see the
as possible over the object on the wax paper, but upside down. Move your
open top of the short camera closer or farther away until the object is in focus.
part of the can and tape
it into place.

Place the long part

& of the can over the
short part. Tape the two
parts of the can together
so it looks like it did
before it was cut.

Taking pictures with a ( jUrttig

digital camera is a snap.
Still, to take good photos,
it pays to explore what
your camera can do.
O Most digital cameras have a flash
Sometimes the flash creates glare and can make a
harsh light. Learn when to turn off the flash and use
natural light.
O A camera with a rotating lens lets you take
pictures at different angles. You can even take a
picture of yourself.
O If your camera comes with a burst mode, you can
take several pictures in a row without waiting for the
camera to recharge.
O When you shoot, try not to put the subject at the
center of the photo.
O Use the horizontal lines in the view screen to
make sure the picture is level.
O Don't be afraid to take a bad photo. After all,
can always delete it and try again.

Home Tech
Antarctica the ice-covered continent around the South Pole
antenna a metal device used for sending and receiving radio waves
Arctic the area around the North Pole
avalanche a large mass of snow and ice that falls down the side of a mountain

bacteria microscopic single-celled organisms found in water, air, and soil

battery a device that produces an electrical current
burr the rough, prickly outside of a fruit

cells the basic structure of all living things; in a beehive, six-sided structures made of beeswax that store
food and house growing bees
condensation the changing of gas into a liquid

decompose the process by which a dead organism rots away

e-waste electronic waste, such as computers or cell phones, that is thrown away
earthquake a trembling movement of Earth's crust that can damage buildings and other structures
electromagnetic field a magnetic field produced when electricity flows through a wire
electron a tiny particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom
endangered a species, or type of living thing, that is in immediate danger of becoming extinct, or dying
out completely
evaporate to change a liquid into a gas, or vapor

fossil part of a plant or animal from the distant past that has been preserved in the Earth's crust
friction the force that one surface exerts on another when the two rub against each other

gear a wheel with teeth that turns another wheel with teeth, so the motion of one controls the speed of
the other
generator a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy, often by moving a copper
wire through a magnetic field
greenhouse gas a gas, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that helps cause global warming

hurricane a storm that forms over tropical waters with winds that reach at least 74 miles per hour

infection the invasion of the body by a microorganism, such as a virus, that causes disease
infrared radiation electromagnetic waves that can't be seen by the human eye but can be sensed as heat
insulator a substance that doesn't allow heat or electricity to pass through it

Glossary
kinetic energy the energy of movement

landfill a site designed so large amounts of trash can be buried safely

lightning a bright flash of light caused by electricity flowing from one part of a cloud to another or from a
cloud to the surface of the Earth

magnetic field the lines of force created by and surrounding the sun and the planets
magnet an object that attracts or repels other magnets and attracts certain kinds of metal, such as iron
and nickel
magnetosphere the magnetic field that surrounds a planet and which extends far into outer space
microwave electromagnetic radiation, similar to radio waves, that is used in microwave ovens to cook
food
molecule the smallest part of a substance, made up of one or more atoms

pollution the contamination of air, water, or soil by harmful substances

potential energy stored energy
power surge a sudden, unexpected increase in electricity that can damage computers and other electrical
equipment

radiation electromagnetic energy that moves in the form of waves

recycle to collect materials, such as metal cans and glass bottles, that have been thrown away in order to
reuse them in new products
refrigerant a substance used in a refrigerator or air conditioner that lowers temperatures by absorbing
heat

seed the part of a plant that can grow into a new plant
solar panel a device made up of solar cells, which change sunlight into electricity
static electricity electricity produced when two objects touch and separate
storm surge water that is pushed toward the shore by strong winds, often caused by hurricanes as they
move near land

thermostat a device that controls the temperature in a room or an entire house

tornado a dark, funnel-shaped cloud made of fast-spinning air

ultraviolet radiation electromagnetic waves invisible to the human eye that can damage human cells

vapor a gas; also, tiny but visible particles that float in the air, such as smoke and steam
virus a tiny particle that can cause different types of illnesses by entering a person's body through the
nose, mouth, or breaks in the skin
volt a measurement of how much force there is in an electric circuit

wind turbine a machine that turns the power of the wind into electrical energy
 (background). 16: elina/Shutterstock.com (Earth). 17:
Golden Pixels LLC/Shutterstock.com (hikers). 18-19:
Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock.com (background); Lisa F.
Young/Shutterstock.com (water and candles); Aihovik/
Shutterstock.com (adhesive bandage). 18: David Valdez/
FEMA (American Red Cross). 19: Christopher Elwell/
Shutterstock.com (can opener); Mazzzur/Shutterstock.com
All illustrations and diagrams by Felipe Galindo unless (gloves); Gregory Gerber/Shutterstock.com (detergent); Lisa
indicated otherwise. F. Young/Shutterstock.com (flashlights). 20-21: rezachka/
Shutterstock.com (background). 20: BluIz60/Shutterstock.
Cover: Mark Wainwright/Symbology Creative (background); com (recycling plant); Marcel Paschertz/Shutterstock.
Paul Orr/Shutterstock.com (flashlight); Iafoto/Shutterstock. com (copper). 21: imging/Shutterstock.com (stacking
com (tornado); Natykach Nataliia/Shutterstock.com (key); computers); 153203546/Shutterstock.com (disassembling);
Jim Frazee/Moment/Getty Images (dog). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (circuits and wires).
22-23: Vera Volkova/Shutterstock.com (background). 22:
Back cover: Mark Wainwright/Symbology Creative U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR label).
(background); Vladislav Gurfinkel/Shutterstock.com 24-25: majeczka/Shutterstock.com (background); TSpider/
(hurricane); Arcady/Shutterstock.com (sign); Potapov Shutterstock.com (turbine). 25: Atlaspix/Shutterstock.com
Alexander/Shutterstock.com (lightning); prudkov/ (map). 26-27: rezachka/Shutterstock.com (background).
Shutterstock.com (sky); Mark Wainwright/Symbology 28-29: alexkar08/Shutterstock.com (background).
Creative (book covers); T-Design/Shutterstock.com 30-31: Natali Glado/Shutterstock.com (background). 31:
(firefighter). Alexander MalVShutterstock.com (microwave); Courtesy of
Raytheon (Percy Spencer); Courtesy of Raytheon (original
Interior: 1: Mark Wainwright/Symbology Creative microwave). 32-33: Adisa/Shutterstock.com (background).
(background); Courtesy of Dr. M. Eugene Rudd (camera); 33: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
elina/Shutterstock.com (Earth); nodff/Shutterstock.com (Harry Houdini). 34-35: Andrei Kuzmik/Shutterstock.com
(single firefighter). 2-3: Zhana Ocheret/Shutterstock.com (background!); megainarmy/Shutterstock.com (zipper). 35:
(background). 3: (dog); Elnur/Shutterstock.com (boy). Torsten Dietrich/Shutterstock.com (burdock plant); Keetten
4-5: Kirschner/Shutterstock.com (background); vovan/ Predators/Shutterstock.com (shoes). 36-37: wonderisland/
Shutterstock.com (notebook paper). 5: Joe Zeff Design, Inc. Shutterstock.com (background). 37: Volodymyr Goinyk/
for TIME For Kids (Earth). 6-7: Martin Fischer/Shutterstock. Shutterstock.com (Arctic); Gentoo Multimedia Limited/
com (background); Robbi/Shutterstock.com (paper). 7: Shutterstock.com (penguins); NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI
Fesus Robert/Shutterstock.com (lightning over water). (cosmic cloud). 38-39: bofotolux/Shutterstock.com
8-9: Njegovic/Shutterstock.com (background); jomphong/ (background); Axstokes/Shutterstock.com (computer
Shutterstock.com (paper). 9: arindambanerjee/Shutterstock. screen). 38: Lightspring/Shutterstock.com (computer
com (Haiti); Yai/Shutterstock.com (Concepcion). virus); Morphart Creation/Shutterstock.com (Trojan Horse).
10-11: Mikadun/Shutterstock.com (background); Robbi/ 39: Balefire/Shutterstock.com (computer worm); Zhana
Shutterstock.com (paper). 10: AnetaPics/Shutterstock. OchereVShutterstock.com (sidebar background); Elnur/
com (dog). 11: nodff/Shutterstock.com (single firefighter); Shutterstock.com (boy). 40-41: Zhana OchereVShutterstock.
MISHELLA/Shutterstock.com (group of firefighters). 12-13: com (background). 40: valdis torms/Shutterstock.com (Wi-Fi
R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock.com (background); icon); Greg da Silva/Shutterstock.com (boy); Norman Chan/
nuttakiVShutterstock.com (notebook); lafoto/Shutterstock. Shutterstock.com (router). 41: Norman Chan/Shutterstock.
com (tornado). 13: NOAA Photo Library, NOAA Central com (modem); dboystudio/Shutterstock.com (park);
Library/OAR/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Barone Firenze/Shutterstock.com (PlayStation Move).
(researcher); Minerva Studio/Shutterstock.com (diagram). 42-43: Moreno Soppelsa/Shutterstock.com (background).
14-15: Tatagatta/Shutterstock.com (background); Andrea 42: Courtesy of Dr. M. Eugene Rudd (camera obscura). 43:
Booher/ FEMA News Photo (avalanche dog Mike Rieger/ Murat Baysan/Shutterstock.com (digital camera). 44-45:
FEMA News Photo (disaster dog). 14: Marcella Miriello/ Zhanna OchereVShutterstock.com. 46: Guilu/Shutterstock.
Shutterstock.com (scent dog); Jim Parkin/Shutterstock. com. 47-48: Zhanna Ocheret/Shutterstock.com.
com (tracking dog). 15: Helping Hands: Monkey Helpers
(capuchin monkey). 16-17: Febris/Shutterstock.com
 Franklin, Benjamin, 10
6
Earth
Friends Disaster Service, 18

magnetic field, 16
North and South Poles, 16
Q
Galv
Galveston, TX, 4
earthquake GameCube, 41
how to be prepared, 8-9 garbage, 26-27
earthquake-proof buildings, 9 generator
A
absolute zero, 37
Earth's crust, 8
in Chile, 9
in refrigerator, 36
in wind turbines, 25
Antarctica, 37 in Haiti, 9 gold
Arctic, the, 37 in Kobe, Japan, 9 in cell phones, 21
Atlantic Ocean, 5 eco-friendly house recycling, 20
awnings, 23 guide animals
0
bacteria
compact fluorescent bulbs, 23
Energy Star label on appliances, 23
capuchin monkeys, 15
cats and dogs, 15
in food, 36 fans, 23 miniature horses, 15
insulation, 23
in the soil, 27
batteries
in a survival kit, 19
power strip, 23
slow-flow faucets, 23
CD
hacker, 38
in smoke alarms, 10 solar panels in, 23 hard drive, 38-39
burdock plant, 35 tips to make, 22-23 hiking
electricity tips not to get lost, 17
@
California, 25
during storms, 4,6
generated by solar panels, 21
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, 25
Houdini, Henry, 33
camera generated by wind turbines, 24-25 hurricane
digital, 43 in a lightning bolt, 7 deadliest hurricane in U.S. history, 4
features of, 43 in microwaves, 31 eye, 5
how to make your own, 42-43 saving, 23 how to be prepared, 4-5
obscura, 42 electromagnetic field in Gulf of Mexico, 4
capuchin monkeys, 15 in Earth, 16 season, 5
cats E-mail, 38-39 wind speeds in, 4
energy
as guide animals, 15
Children's Disaster Response, 18 Energy Star label, 23
in microwave ovens, 30
8
Illinois, 25
clouds
in storms, 6,12-13 produced by wind, 24-25 Internet
saving in a home, 22-23 safe surfing in, 39
compass
as a navigation tool, 16 environment Iowa, 25
ways to help, 22
howto make, 16
computers
(?
9
Japan, 9
desktop, 40
Federal Emergency Management
hard drive in, 38
laptop, 40
fire
Agency (FEMA), 18 B
key
safe surfing in Internet, 39
Fire Prevention Week, 10 in a lock, 32-33
viruses, 38-39
first volunteer fire company, 10 used by Houdini, 33
wireless, 41
howto stay safe, 10-11
copper, 20
crochet, 35
leading cause of, 10 Q>
landfill
firefighters

0
Dalmatians, 11
Dalmatians as firehouse watchdogs, 11
gear, 11
how to make, 26
layers of soil and trash, 27
GPS devices, 11 lens
De Mestral, George, 35
helmets, 11 in camera, 43
dogs
temperature-sensing camera, 11
as service, 14-15
lightning parts of, 36-37 Wii, 41
bolt, 7 refrigerant in, 36 wind farms, 24
electric field, 7 router, 40-41 wind turbines
electricity in, 6-7 casing, 24

lock
how to stay safe during, 6-7 8
Sahara Desert, 5
drive shaft, 24
generator, 24
history of, 32 search and rescue (SAR) dogs how they make electricity, 24
parts of, 32-33 types of, 14-15 parts of, 24-25
pin and tumbler, 32-33 server, 41 wind
Yale, 33 Soundback, Gideon, 34 in hurricanes, 4
Spencer, Percy, 31 in tornadoes, 4-5
CO
magnetron, 31
supercells, 13
survival kit
turbines, 24-25
wireless video games, 41
metals components of a three-day kit, 19 Wolf, Fred, 37
recycling, 20
microwave oven
energy in, 30 temperature
ms
Xbox 360,41
how it cooks food, 30-31 in a cosmic cloud, 37 Yale lock, 33
magnetron in, 31 in Antarctica, 37 Yale, Linus Sr, and Jr., 33
parts of, 30 in the Arctic, 37 zipper
Spencer, Percy, 31 Texas, 25 in history, 34
miniature horses, 15 Tinkham, Guy, 37 invention of modern, 34
modem, 41 Top 5 parts of, 34-35
wind-power-generating states, 25 uses of, 35
□ tornado Velcro, 35
NASA, 35 how it is formed, 13
National Emergency Response, 18 how to be prepared for, 12-13
Nintendo, 41 speed of, 12
supercells, 13
©
Oklahoma, 25
vortex, 13
Tornado Alley, 12
onomatopoeia, 34 Trojan horse, 38
TV
Q> radio signals in, 41
paper recycling, 20
fibers in, 28 waves, 30
how to make recycled, 28-29
in history, 28
plants
0
United States
burdock, 35 tornadoes in, 12
PlayStation Move, 41

Q 0
Velcro
recycling invention of, 35
computer parts, 21 uses of, 35
electronic waste, 20-21 viruses,
in construction, 22 computer, 38-39
metals, 20
paper, 28-29
refrigerator
C7
Wi-Fi
compressor in, 36 how it works, 40-41
how it keeps food cold, 36-37 in cafes and restaurants, 41
invention of, 36 outdoors, 41
 [fascinating
fcooirphotos diagrams

$4.99 U.S. / $5.99 Canada

ISBN 10: 1-61893-359-0
ISBN 13: 978-1-61893-359-1

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06/13/2019 9;48-2