AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm

Agricultural Electrification and Controls Part 1 - The basic unit of

measurement for
BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES inductance is called the
Henry (H) after Joseph
CHARGE (q) Henry, but it is also has
- an electrical property of matter. the units of Webers
- Unit in coulumbs (C). per Ampere ( 1H = 1Wb/A )

CAPACITANCE (C)
CURRENT (I) - Is the amount of electric charge that a capacitor receives for
- When a charge moves, it is each volt of applied potential
called eletric current. - Measured in Farads (F)

BASIC ELECTRICAL DEVICES

I= ��
��
VOLTAGE SOURCES
- the unit of current is Amperes (A) - An electric potential is produced from a from a battery,
generator, or any other voltage sources
1 amp = ��
�

- 2 common types:

VOLTAGE (V)
- in order for a charge to
travel from one point to
another, it needs a
potential (or a push).
- The electric potential
(voltage difference) is measured in volts (V).
- The difference in voltage between two points, connections
or junctions (called nodes) in a circuit is known as the
Potential Difference, (p.d) commonly called the Voltage Drop.
- This voltage comes from a battery, generator, or any other
voltage sources.

Analogy in Fluid

RESISTANCE (R)
- Resistance is a property of a material to oppose or resist the - A generator is an
flow of current. Measured in Ohms (Ω) . electric machine that
converts the shaft power
to electrical power
R = ��
�

INDUCTANCE (L)
- Is a property of a coil that opposes change in the current
AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm

- Photovoltaics converts light into electricity 2) Digital Multimeter

- Piezoelectric devices
converts pressure to
electricity 3) Voltmeter and Ammeter

4) Clamp-on Meter
-Thermoelectric
devices converts heat
into electricity

RESITORS
- Are electrical devices designed for resisting the current / 5) Power Factor Meter
dissipate the energy into heat.

6) Kilowatt-Hour Meter

CAPACITORS
- Are electrical devices that
stores energy in an 7) Watt Meter
electrostatic field.
- Consists of two conducting
plates separated by a
distance 8) Instrument Current
Transformer and Instrument
INDUCTORS Potential Transformer
- Basically its just a coil
- They are electrical devices
that stores energy in a
magnetic field. 9) MegaOhmeter (Megger)

DIODES
- Allows current to flow in
one direction only
(something like a one-way
switch) 10) Phase Sequence Indicator
- LED (Light-emitting diode)

TRANSISTORS
- Like a switch but with no
physical contact OHM’S LAW, KCL, KVL AND POWER CALCULTIONS
- Acts like an amplifier
OHM’S LAW
- Voltage is directly proportional to current

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS V = IR

Where:
1) Analog Multimeter
R = Resistance (ohms)
I = Current (Amperes)
AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm
V = Volts (V) RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

- Ohm’s Law can also be expressed as,  Resistors on Series

I = V/R

- When the voltage increase, current increases; VT = V1+V2+V3….

- When resistance increase , current decreases
IT = I1=I2=I3…
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
- Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits. But RT = R1+R2+R3…
when couple with Kirchhoff’s laws, it can be able to solve
wide range of electric circuits
- The 2 kirchhoff’s Law:  Resistors in Parallel
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) VT = V1=V2=V3…
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
IT = I1+I2+I3….
(KCL)
� � � �
- The algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero �
= �� + �� + �� ...

(KVL)
- The algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or
loop) is zero
WYE - DELTA CONNECTION

 Wye and Delta Connection

POWER CALCULATIONS

P = VI
Where:
P = power In WATTS OR W
V = Voltage (Volts, V)
I = current (amps)

*sign conventions*

INDUCTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

- When combined with ohm’s law, the power formula would Inductors in Series/Parallel
be

P = VI
V = IR
Voltage (V)
P = V2/R
P = I2R V = L ��
��
Rate of change of current

Inductance (H)
- If I is constant, the V across the inductor is zero.
AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm
- If I increases, then V > � , if I decreases, then V < �

Capacitors in Parallel and in Series

Series Parallel RMS Voltage

- Root Mean Squared (RMS) is the effective value
-Most multimeters, either digital or analogue
unless otherwise stated only measure the
R.M.S. values

AC Supply (frequency)
- Frequency is the number of times the waveform repeats
itself within a one second time period
- It is the reciprocal of the time period
AC SYSTEMS - Unit in Hertz, (H)

AC Supply
- AC supply are produced from an AC generator. f = 1/T
- The wave form produced is a sine wave
- An AC generator uses
the principal of
Faraday’selectromagnetic
induction to convert a
mechanical energy such
as rotation, into electrical
energy

- As the coil rotates anticlockwise around the central axis

which is perpendicular to the magnetic field, the wire loop
cuts the lines of magnetic force
- As this wire loop rotates, electrons in the wire ow in one
direction around the loop.

- Instantaneous supply is changing.

- Polarity is changing

Average Voltage
- AC voltages (or currents), the average value is generally
taken over one complete cycle.
- The mean value is used for one half of the periodic cycle
AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm
AC Loads Reactances
- Three basic types of loads exist in circuits. - Is the ohmic value of the inductance and capacitance due to
the AC supply

Impedance (Z)
1) Purely Resistive Loads - Basically, it is the resistance in AC
- Impedance is the combination of all the ohmic vakues; or
- Loads consisting of any the total reactances of the combined RLC circuit.
heating element are
classified as resistive loads V = IZ
- V is in-phase with I Where
Z = impedance in ohms

Impedance in Series

Impedance in Parallel

RLC Circuits in Series

2) Purely Capacitive Loads
- capacitive loads do not exist in
a stand-alone format. They are
used to correct P
- I and V are out of phase. I
loads V.

3) Purely Inductive Loads

- Loads that power
electrical motors are
inductive loads
- I and V are out of
phase. V loads I

RLC Circuits in Parallel

AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm
AC POWER (CAPACITIVE)

mm
SUMMARY: AC POWER (INDUCTIVE)

AC POWER (Power Triangle)

AC Power (Resistive)

V = Vm sin� Note: The power factor is calculated as the ratio of the real
I = Imsin� power to the apparent power because this ratio equals
P = VI cos(Φ).
AB ELECTRIFICATION Midterm

POWER FACTOR
- Power Factor is the
ratio of the working
power inKW to the
apparent power in VA
- Aka as demand . it is Note that , the power is independent of the circuit
the measure of the arrangement of the 3∅ System
amount of power
used something like
an efficiency

3 ∅����E SYSTEMS

Three - Phase Waveform

- A system with 3 alternating voltages supplied to a load.
- The voltages are equal in magnitude and frequency
- But the instantaneous voltage is not equal.

Star Connection is preferred for long distances

Delta connection is preferred for short distances