Old Trade Route

Age of Exploration
 The Age of Exploration started in the 1400's. Europeans
were desperate to get spices from Asia. Spices were used to
preserve foods and keep them from spoiling. Spices,
however, were expensive and dangerous to get. Traders had
to travel parts of the dangerous Silk Road, a land route
from Europe to Asia, to get them. European rulers began to
pay for explorations to find a sea route to Asia so they could
get spices more easily and at a lesser expense. Portuguese
Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of navigation
and financed the first voyages to the west coast of Africa. In
the 1400's, however, sailors were afraid of sea monsters and
boiling hot water at the Equator, so progress was slow. After
Bartholomew Dias and his crew made it to Africa's Cape of
Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and his crew became the first
to sail around Africa and through the Indian Ocean to
India.
 Age of Exploration
 When Portugal refused to finance Christopher Columbus'
idea to sail west to find the shortcut to the Indies, he
convinced Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to
finance it. On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus
reached the island of Hispaniola after three months in the
Atlantic Ocean. Although Columbus believed he had
reached Asia, he had actually discovered the entire
continent of North America and claimed it for Spain.
 Spain quickly colonized North America. In 1513, Ponce de
Leon discovered Florida while searching for the mythical
Fountain of Youth. The first permanent European
settlement in the New World was later established at St.
Augustine in 1565. Meanwhile, Hernando Cortes crushed
the Aztec empire in Mexico and claimed all of Mexico for
Spain. Francisco Pizarro did the same to the Incan Empire
in South America.
Portuguese Explorers

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460)
 Portuguese Explorers

Bartolomeu Dias
(1451-1500)
 Portuguese Explorers

Vasco da Gama
(1460-1503)
Charles I of Spain
(1500-1558)
 Spanish Explorers

Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506)
The Spice Islands (Malaku, or the Moluccas) refer to a group of islands
in the north-east of Indonesia, between Celebes and New Guinea. They
include Halmahera (the largest), Seram, Buru, Ambon, Ternate, and
Tidore and the Aru and Kai island groups.
Spanish Explorers

Areas under Spanish Rule

Spanish Explorers

Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521)
 Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521)
 In 20 September 1519, Magellan and his crews set sail for
southern Spain with five ships—the Santiago, the San
Antonio, the Conception, the Trinidad, and the Victoria. At
first, all went well. Their small fleet sailed across the Atlantic
Ocean and reached South America. They stocked up with
goods and sailed down the coastline looking for a passage
through this great continent. They just couldn’t find a route
through South America! They sailed further and further
south, sailing into every river and bay they came upon. The
weather was getting colder, and they were running out of
supplies. The crew revolted against the other captains and
Magellan. He had the men who started the mutiny hanged,
and then they continued their journey.
 Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521)
Continuation:

Finally, in October of 1520, they found a strait. Magellan

named it after himself, calling it the Strait of Magellan. It
took 38 days to sail through the dangerous strait. They
finally arrived at the ocean that Balboa had discovered
several years before. He named it the Pacific Ocean
because of its calm waters. They found ourselves sailing for
weeks across this ocean with no sign of land. Their drinking
water stunk and started to get slimy. His crews had to eat
rats! Could you imagine eating a rat? Many of his crews
suffered from scuvy One of the other captains deserted
them and sailed the San Antonio back to Spain. In March of
1521, they arrived in Guam, an island in the Pacific. From
there, they headed for the Moluccas.
 Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521)
Continuation:

Magellan never made it to the Spice Islands. He was

caught in a war in the Philippine islands. They faced a
group of natives who killed him with a poisoned arrow in his
foot and a spear through his heart. After he died, his crews
burned his ship. Now only 3 ships remained. His body was
left behind. Only two ships actually reached the Spice
Islands because the Santiago was sunk in a storm. His
crews loaded both ships with a rich cargo and headed for
Spain. On the way home, the Portuguese who had claimed
the Spice Islands captured the Trinidad. The Victoria was
the only ship to make it safely back to Spain. Out of the five
ships that began the journey, only one ship made the
voyage around the world. Out of 250 men, only 18
survived…Magellan was not one of them
Enrique of Malacca was a native of the Malay Archipelago
who became a slave-interpreter of Ferdinand Magellan. Italian
historian Antonio Pigafetta, who wrote the most comprehensive
account of Magellan's voyage, named him “Henrich" (which
was Hispanized Enrique in official Spanish documents).
Pigafetta explicitly states Henrich was a native of Sumatra. His
name appears only in Pigafetta's account, in Magellan's Last
Will, and in official documents at the Casa de Contratación de
las Indias of the Magellan expedition to the Philippines.

Magellan acquired him as a slave, described in Magellan's

document "Last Will", at Malacca, most probably at the early
stages of the siege by the Portuguise in 1511. His Christian
name, Henrique, indicates that his capture was on the feast
day of St. Henry on July 13, which was several days from the
start of the siege of Malacca by the Portuguese under the
leadership of Alfonso de Albuquerque
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
1514: Magellan was intent on finding a route to the Spice Islands.
Accused of unlawfully trading with the Moors, the Portuguese
king denied Magellan permission to embark on Portuguese
adventures

1518: Magellan moved to Seville, Spain and secured an audience

with King Charles I.

22 March: Charles issued the Titulo de Capitanes. approving the

expedition under both Magellan and Ruy Faleiro giving
Magellan power of 'rope and knife' over the men and authority
over newly discovered lands, and establishing a division of the
profits upon its success. Magellan became a Spanish subject
as part of the arrangement.
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
10 August 1519: Departure from Seville down the Guadalquivir
River to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the ships underwent
further repairs, preparation, and provisioning.

20 September 1519: Magellan’s fleet of five ships (Trinidad, Victoria,

San Antonio, Santiago and Conception) with a crew of 270 left
Sanlúcar de Barrameda in south-west Spain.

December 1519: The fleet successfully crosses the Atlantic and

arrived in Rio de Janeiro Bay. Tensions were already running high
between the Portuguese commander and the Spanish nobles
on the voyage, who continued to question his authority

End of April: Santiago was sent on a mission to find the passage. The
ship was caught in a storm and wrecked.
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
.

End of October: San Antonio sailed back and arrived in Spain on

May 21, 1521.

28 November: The fleet left the strait and entered the Pacific
Ocean. He named it ‘Mare Pacificum’, or ‘peaceful sea’.

6 March 1521: Arrival at Guam and encountered with the Chamoro

people.
16 March: Sighting of Zamal (Samar), and the following day They
landed on the uninhabited island of Humunu (Homonhon) where
they encountered fishermen from the nearby island of Zuluan.

31 March: First Easter Sunday Mass in the Philippines held

in Limasawa.
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
.

7 April: Arrival at Zubu (Rajahnate of Cebu). Magellan started

converting natives to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon.

14 April: Rajah Humabon and his wife Juana, together with 500
natives, were baptized to the Christian Faith. Rajah Humabon
was given the Christian name Carlos while his wife, Juana. It
was also on this occasion that Magellan gave the image of Sto
Niño to Juana.

April 27: Death of Magellan in the Battle of Mactan. He was replaced

by Duarte Barbosa.

May 1: At a banquet hosted by Humabon, Barbosa and 27 sailors

were massacred. The fleet escaped to Bohol.
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
.

2 May: Without enough men to repair and man the three ships, the
Concepcion was burned. João Lopez Carvalho became the
captain general of the Trinidad and Gonzalo Gómez de
Espinosa became captain of the Victoria. The ships sailed
to Mindanao, Palawan and Brunei area.

1521 November: The Spanish captain took command and reached.

8 November: Under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, the

fleet finally arrived at Tidore in the Moluccas Islands, purchasing
tons of cloves.

21 December: Trinidad remained in Tidore for repair, while Victoria

sailed through the Sunda Strait and across the Indian Ocean
towards the Cape of Good Hope.
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
.

6 April 2022: Trinidad under the command of Espinosa left the

Moluccas sailing east. After five weeks, Espinosa decided to
return to the Moluccas where they were captured by a
Portuguese fleet under Antonio de Brito. Later, the ship was
wrecked during a storm.

22 May: Victoria passed the Cape of Good Hope and entered the
Atlantic Ocean.

9 July: Victoria reached Santiago, Cape Verde.

6 September: Elcano was back in Sanlúcar, nearly three years after

the fleet’s departure. Only 18 of the original crew of 270 survived,
including the Venetian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta, whose book
remains the key eyewitness account of the voyage.
 TIMELINE OF THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
.

8 September: Victoria anchored at Seville.

September 9: Elcano and the other first 17 European

circumnavigators—each holding a candle—walk barefoot from
the Victoria to the convent of Our Lady of Victory of Triana in
fulfillment of vows taken during their extremity. News of the
voyage spreads throughout Europe and causes a diplomatic
conflict over the Moluccas between Spain and Portugal.

Note: In spite of losing four ships and more than 200 men, the
Magellan expedition, with only two ships returning to Spain, was very
profitable for the King and the private investors. Tomás Mazon, who
did research in the Archives of the Indies in Seville, said the net profit
was some 350,000 maravedis.
Magellan and Elcano Route
 SIGNIFICANCE

1. First circumnavigation of the world

2. The earth is round and not flat

3. There is a way going to the east by sailing west

4 Pacific Ocean was added in world map

5. The Philippines was introduced to European explorers

6. Christianity was planted in Phil. soil

FERDINAND MAGELLAN
SABROSA: BIRTH PLACE OF MAGELLAN
SABROSA: BIRTH PLACE OF MAGELLAN
Padrão dos Descobrimentos
((Monument for the Discoverers)
FIRST ENCOUNTER