SPOC Front Light

BTS5482SF - Application hints

Application Note
Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

Automotive Power
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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Abstract

1 Abstract
Note: The following information is given as a hint for the implementation of the device only and shall not be
regarded as a description or warranty of a certain functionality, condition or quality of the device.
This Application Note is intended to provide application hints when using the BTS5482SF in a typical 12V
automotive lighting application. It will be shown what to consider when dimensioning external components to
improve the robustness in the application. Furthermore, the protection mechanisms of the device will be detailed
and some basic software hints will be given. Finally, information about the thermal behavior of the BTS5482SF will
be presented.
This Application Note must be used in conjunction with the latest BTS5482SF data sheet. For detailed component
information, this Application Note has to be used as an additional information to the data sheet and not as a
document explaining the device in detail. This Application Note refers to the latest Data Sheet.

Table 1 Terms in use

Abbreviation Meaning
DMOS Double diffused MOS
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
ESD Electro Static Discharge
GND Ground
IN Input
LED Light Emitting Diode
KILIS Current sense ratio (IL/IS)
µC Micro Controller
SC Short circuit
VBAT Battery voltage, measured at the battery terminal
VDD Logic supply voltage
VS Supply voltage of the device, measured at the device pin
SPI Serial peripheral interface
SPOC SPI Power Controller
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OpAmp Operational amplifier
PROFET Protected FET
TIER1 Supplier of the ECU to the OEM

Application Note 2 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Introduction

2 Introduction
The BTS5482SF is a four channel high-side Smart Power Switch designed for automotive lighting applications. It
features embedded protection and diagnosis functions.

The device further supports:

• Configuration and status diagnosis via SPI
• Fail-safe feature via limp home input pin
• Dedicated LED features for channel 2 and 3
• Control of two additional loads with external smart power switches

Figure 1 shows a typical lighting application where the BTS5482SF controls front light functions.

HB

LB IND FOG

PL
Ch0
IN &
N
SPI DE Profet
Ch0 Ch1 Ch3 Ch2
Driver IN &
µC Control DEN
SPOC FL
Profet

HB: High Beam IND: Indicator Ch0

LB: Low Beam FOG: Fog Light
PL: Park Light CL: Corner Light
CL

Figure 1 BTS5482SF application example

Application Note 3 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Automotive Environment

3 Automotive Environment
In automotive applications several events may occur, which could disturb or overstress an electronic component.
Due to the fact that several loads are sharing the same supply line, disturbances could be induced on the battery
line and propagated to each connected device.

For a detailed description of these conditions please refer to the following Infineon Application note:
“What the designer should know. Short introduction to PROFETTM + 12V”

To increase the robustness under these conditions it is recommended to place external components for filtering.

Figure 2 shows a typical application circuit for BTS5482SF.

Vbat

1
5V 100nF 3
500Ω
100nF
WD-OUT
VDD VS

VCC
GPIO 8kΩ IN1
GPIO 8kΩ IN2
IN3 OUT0
65 W
IS OUT1
65 W
1kΩ OUT2
27 W
AD 2.7kΩ OUT3
1nF 10W
GND
2µF
µC 10nF 3
e. g. XC 2267
VDD
3.9kΩ CS SPI
3.9kΩ SCLK WD -OUT
SPI LHI 8kΩ
3.9kΩ SO 100nF 3
10kΩ
3.9kΩ SI
IN0 VS
PROFET OUT0
external driver EDO0 IN1 Ch0
control EDD0
VSS DEN
EDO1
DSEL
EDD1
PROFET OUT1
GND Ch1
IS

GND

10Ω 2

1
For filtering and protection purposes Circuit _STD_EXT .emf
2
For increased ISO-pulse robustness
3
For improved electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)

Figure 2 Application Proposal BTS5482SF

Note: The application circuit above shows a typical case. The circuit in the real application has to be optimized
towards application requirements.

Application Note 4 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Automotive Environment

The BTS5482SF requires two supply lines. The battery supply VS and the logic supply VDD. On the battery supply
a 100nF capacitor is recommended to improve the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the device (see
Chapter 6). The VDD line is the supply for the SPI block of the device which has to be a very stable supply similar
to what a µC needs. Due to this reason, a capacitor for buffering the supply is recommended. This capacitor has
to be connected between VDD pin and GND pin of the SPOC and should be in the range of 100nF. In addition, a
series resistor is recommended on the VDD. The voltage regulator for the logic supply should be reverse battery
protected, to protect the parts connected to VDD (µC, SPOC,...) during reverse battery or negative transients on
battery.
To switch channels directly (e.g. in Limp Home mode), the device offers three parallel input pins. Since these pins
are possible current paths in reverse battery or during negative transients on battery, series resistors are needed
to ensure that the maximum ratings are not exceeded. This is also valid for all other logic pins of the device. For
the LHI pin a pull-down resistor is recommended in addition to avoid unwanted Limp Home activations.
For the SPI pins the series resistors have an impact on the SPI speed. In case a higher value of the resistor has
to be used, the clock frequency of the SPI has to be reduced. It has to be ensured that under worst case conditions
the timings of the SPI signals are not violating the specified limits.

Chapter 4 shows which current paths need to be considered when dimensioning the external components. The
amount and size of external components depend on the application schematic itself and the requirements for the
different application conditions (reverse battery, battery transients, EMC,...).

Application Note 5 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4 Protection Functions
The BTS5482SF provides several functions to protect the device under fault conditions which are considered as
“outside” of the normal operating range. These protective functions should not be activated in the normal operating
range.

4.1 Reverse battery

A reverse battery condition exists, when the supply line VBAT is connected to ground and the ground line GND to
the battery supply. The voltage and the duration for a reverse battery condition is defined by the OEM. In reverse
battery operation, power dissipation is normally from the body diode of the DMOS and the ESD diodes of the logic
pins. The BTS5482SF provides a reverse battery protection called ReverSaveTM. Due to this feature, all internal
channels are switched ON in case of reverse battery and the power dissipation is reduced to the losses caused
by the reverse ON-state resistance RDS(REV). Since there are no protection functions available during reverse
operation, the current through the DMOS has to be limited by the connected loads. For further information refer to
the latest Data Sheet. Even so, the logic pins have to be protected by series resistors to ensure that the maximum
rating for each pin is not exceeded. When dimensioning these resistors, all currents flowing from GND to battery
have to be considered. Figure 3 shows the possible current paths from GND to battery in a reverse battery
condition.

VBAT
0V 1)
VDD = 0V
500Ω
Ir ev

100nF 100nF
Ire v

WD-OUT
Ir ev

VDD VS
VCC Irev IN1
8kΩ
GPIO Irev IN2
Ire v

8kΩ
GPIO Irev IN3
8kΩ
Ir ev

OUT0
Irev IS
Ir ev

AD OUT1

1kΩ OUT2
Ire v

2.7kΩ OUT3
1nF
Irev

2µF
Ir ev
Ire v

Ir ev

Ire v

LHI WD-OUT
Irev
GPIO SPI 8kΩ 100nF
3.9kΩ
VS
10kΩ
Ir ev

EDDx Irev
INx
Ire v
Ir ev

Irev
EDOx Dx OUTx
Ir ev

VSS
Ire v
Irev

Ir ev

Irev
Ir ev
Ir ev
Ire v

Irev IS
GND
Ire v

GND

10Ω
Ir ev

14V
BCM GND 1) Inverse_Current_EXT .emf
In case a reverse protected voltage regulator is used this point would be high
impedant and there would be no current flowing .

Figure 3 Application diagram with current paths during reverse battery

As shown in Figure 3, there are multiple current paths in reverse battery, although the BTS5482SF provides the
ReverSaveTM feature. It has to be ensured in the application, that none of these current paths are exceeding the
maximum rating of any pin. There could be additional current paths in case other devices are sharing SPI lines.
Therefore it is important that the additional current paths are checked and considered in the calculation. Another
current path would exist in case the VDD supply is not reverse protected or is shared between several devices.
Some calculation examples are shown in Chapter 9.1.

Application Note 6 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4.2 Transients on battery

Transients on the battery line could happen due to several reasons. For example, due to the starter-alternator,
when switching inductive loads, during jump start or when a load dump occurs. To increase the robustness against
these transients, it is recommended to use a central protection circuit on each battery line. This circuit could be
realized by a suppressor diode and a capacitor. For the capacitor a value of >2µF is recommended. In case there
is no central clamping available, it has to be ensured that transients on battery (negative or positive) will not exceed
the maximum rating of each pin. Possible current paths for negative transients on battery are shown in Figure 3.
For positive pulses please refer to Figure 4.

Vbat > 40V Irev

5V
500Ω
100nF 100nF
WD-OUT
VDD VS

Ire v
VCC
IN1
Ir ev

8kΩ
GPIO IN2
Ire v

8kΩ
GPIO IN3
8kΩ
OUT0
AD IS OUT1
Ire v

1kΩ OUT2
2.7kΩ OUT3
1nF Ire v
2µF

LHI WD-OUT
GPIO SPI 8kΩ 100nF
3.9kΩ
VS
10kΩ
Ir ev

EDDx INx
Irev
Irev

EDOx Dx
VSS
OUTx
Ir ev

GND IS

GND
Ire v

10Ω

BCM GND = 0V Positive _Transient_EXT .emf

Figure 4 Possible current paths with positive transients on battery

Note: If a transient on the battery generates a GND shift, which is above one diode forward voltage, there could
be a current flowing into the GPIO of the µC. In this case the current state (high/low) of the GPIO has to be
considered.

For protection purposes there are several sensors integrated in the device. To reach the highest accuracy, some
of these sensors are placed in the power DMOS of the device. Due to this fact, the sensors are exposed to every
noise which is coupled through battery or output lines. Up to a certain level of noise, the function of the device is
not disturbed. This robustness is achieved through analog and digital filtering. Since the level of filtering is limited
to ensure the robustness of the device, the application has to provide the additional hardware and software
filtering.

Application Note 7 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4.3 Protection of logic pins of the device

The logic pins of the device are low voltage inputs which have to be protected against voltages or currents which
are exceeding the maximum ratings. Depending on the function of each logic pin the requirements and possibilities
for protection could be different.

4.3.1 Protection on VDD

The VDD line is the supply for the SPI block of the device. This has to be a very stable supply as a micro controller
requires. Due to this reason, a capacitor for buffering the supply is recommended. This capacitor has to be
between the VDD and the GND of the SPOC and should have a value of around 100nF. In addition, a series
resistor is recommended on the VDD. The voltage regulator on VDD should be reverse protected, to protect the
parts connected to VDD (µC, SPOC,...) during reverse battery and negative transients on battery.

4.3.2 Protection on SPI Pins

The serial peripheral interface (SPI) is a full duplex synchronous serial slave interface working at a frequency up
to 5 MHz. Due to this reason the size of the used series resistors is limited. The value of the needed series resistors
depend on the application circuit and it’s requirements for the different application cases (positive transients,
negative transients, reverse battery,...). In case devices on different supply lines are sharing the SPI lines, cross
currents between the devices have to be considered. The reason for this are possible potential differences
between the battery lines due to transients.
For the calculation the internal structures in Figure 3 and Figure 4 can be used. It has to be ensured, that the
maximum ratings from the datasheet are not exceeded.

4.3.3 Protection on Parallel Input Pins INx and LHI Pin

The parallel input pins and the LHI pin in a SPOC device are mainly used for PWM operation and in fail safe mode.
Typically the switching frequency at these pins is low. Therefore it is possible to use serial resistors of several kΩ.
For the fail safe mode there are two points which need to be considered:
• In case the INx and LHI pins are connected to battery in fail safe mode, it has to be ensured, that the maximum
ratings of the device are not violated.
• Depending on the fail safe circuit, it could be necessary to use pull-down resistors at the INX and LHI pin.

4.3.4 Protection on Sense Pin (IS)

The sense pin is an output pin which provides a current proportional to the load current of a selected channel. For
protection, there is a clamp mechanism implemented which limits the maximum voltage on the sense pin. When
sharing the same sense resistor with another device, it has to be ensured that the maximum ratings are not
violated. Please refer to Chapter 9.2 for further information.

Application Note 8 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4.4 Overload Protection

4.4.1 General Protection Concept

The BTS5482SF embeds an over load protection concept which is based on
• Over current threshold detection
• Over temperature detection in the power stage
• Dynamic temperature protection which considers a temperature gradient detection in the power stage
• Retry counter

The over current threshold detection depends on the battery voltage as well as on the operating state. In the
“Inrush state” at nominal battery conditions the over current threshold is set to the datasheet parameter IL(Htrip). At
low battery conditions (VS ~ 5.7 V) the limit is reduced to IL(Ltrip).
Once the device exits “Inrush state” and enters “Operative state” the over current threshold is reduced from IL(Htrip)
to IL(Ltrip).

Legend:
OT ... Over Temperature E v ent
DT ... Dy namic Temperature E v ent
OC ... Over Current E v ent Fault
(*)
(*) ITCx bit will be cleared

HWCR .CL =1b or OT /DT or

LHI OC

HWCR. CL=1b & TimerInrush ex pired or OT/ DT or

Operative
VS < VS( U V) or OC with n re try or
LHI & TimerInrus h expired IL(Ltrip) , no retries OC at V D S(Vtri p )

(*)

TimerInrus h E x pired or
TimerOn expired
VS < VS( U V)

Inrush S tartup
IL(Htrip), nretry

S tate_Diagram _E N2.emf

Figure 5 State Diagram BTS5482SF

The protection mechanism for each channel of the device supports the following states:
• Inrush state
• Operative state
• Fault state

Application Note 9 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4.4.2 Inrush State

Whenever the device initializes (Power-ON reset, VS undervoltage reset) or the TimerInrush is expired, the device
enters “Inrush state”. During “Inrush state” the BTS5482SF tries to drive the load even if an overcurrent condition
occurs. The TimerOn for each channel is started when the channel is switched ON. Whenever an overload
condition occurs the device switches OFF as soon as the threshold IL(Htrip) is exceeded and the TimerOn is reset.
As long as a channel is in “Inrush state” and
– the maximum number of retries (nretry) is not exceeded
– over temperature condition (Tj > Tj(SC)-∆Tj) is not reached
– dynamic temperature condition is not reached
– the drain source voltage during switch ON condition does not exceed VDS(Vtrip)
the device will do automatic restarts.
As soon as one of the above listed conditions is exceeded the device will enter “Fault state”.

To increase the device robustness at low VS condition, the device provides VS monitoring functionality. In case VS
< VS(mon) the load current trip level is reduced to IL(Ltrip). In case IL > IL(Ltrip) the channel will restart until the maximum
number of retries (nretry(LV)) is reached. If the undervoltage shut down occurs before current trip level is reached,
the protection mechanism is reset and the channels are restart with the low current trip level IL(Ltrip). If this occurs
after over current detection (e.g. due to oscillations on battery) the protection mechanism is reset and the channels
are restart with the high current trip level IL(Htrip). To mitigate oscillations on the battery an adequate filtering on the
battery supply is recommended.

Inrush Fault

IN / startup
OUTx
t
VS
VS(nor)
V S(mon)

Current trip level reduced due to VS undervoltage Latch off due to nretry ( LV)
t
IL
IL(Htrip)
I L(Ltrip)

nretry 0 1 2 3 4 31 32 t

ERR
* *
* ERR-flag will be reset by standard t
diagnosis readout during restart
VS_undervoltage.emf

Figure 6 Undervoltage behavior of current trip level of BTS5482SF

4.4.3 Operative state

The “Operative state” is entered whenever the "TimerOn" time of typical 10 ms is expired. As long as the device
does not reach a condition which caused a mode transition from “Inrush state” to “Fault state”, “Operative state”
will be entered.
In “Operative state” the over current threshold is reduced to IL(Ltrip). Whenever an over load condition results in a
current higher then IL(Ltrip) or an over temperature condition the device enters “Fault state”.
“Inrush state” can be entered again whenever “TimerInrush” (typical 160 ms) is expired. TimerInrush is running as
soon as the respective channel is deactivated (INx = 0 V or OUTL.OUTn = 0b) or the bit SCCR.ITCx is set.

Application Note 10 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4.4.4 Fault State

“Fault state” is entered whenever a severe fault condition is observed
– maximum number of retries exceeded
– over temperature condition reached
– dynamic temperature condition reached
– over current condition at high VDS is detected (IL≥IL(Vtrip))
– over current condition in “Operative state” is detected (IL≥IL(Ltrip))

During “Fault state” the BTS5482SF remains latched OFF. “Fault state” can be exited by executing the clear latch
command (HWCR.CL=1b), by activating the Limp Home, or by an undervoltage reset (VS < VS(UV)). Depending on
the status of the TimerInrush, the device enters either “Inrush” or “Operative state”.
• When TimerInrush is expired, device enters “Inrush state”
• When TimerInrush is not expired, device enters “Operative state”

Inrush Fault Operative

IN /
OUTx
t
VDS normal
over current operation
VDS(Vtrip )

t
Switch off by over over load
IL current switch off removed
IL(trip )

t
Latch off due to
Tj over temperature
Tj(SC)
Tj (SC) - ∆Tj

Tj(start1) t
n =1 n < n retry
IIS

t
ERR *
CL = 1 t
* ERR-flag will be reset by standard
diagnosis readout during restart
CurrentTripping_OT .emf

Figure 7 Latch due to Overcurrent shutdown

Application Note 11 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Protection Functions

4.5 Overvoltage Protection

BTS5482SF is protected against overvoltage on the battery line as well as on the outputs of the device. As long
as the battery voltage stays below VS(CL) the output transistors are still operational. When switching OFF loads at
high currents (e.g. short circuit condition), the inductance of the wire harness intends to continue driving the
current. As a result the voltage at the outputs VOUT drops below ground potential. To prevent device destruction
due to high voltages, there is a voltage clamp mechanism implemented, which limits the negative output voltage.

4.6 Undervoltage Behavior

The device provides a stable behavior in undervoltage condition. The device is supplied by a battery supply (VS)
and a logic supply (VDD). For an overview of the possible supply modes for the device please refer to the
Chapter 5.1 in the datasheet.

4.6.1 VDD Undervoltage

The VDD line is the supply for the SPI block of the device. If the voltage drops below VDD(PO) the SPI registers of
the device are reset. In case INx = 0 V and LHI = 0 V all channels are deactivated and the standby mode is
entered. As soon as the device enters the standby mode all errors and protection latches are cleared. In case limp
home mode is activated (LHI = 5 V) or at least one channel is activated by a parallel input pin (INx = 5 V), the
device will not enter the standby mode and the protection latches are not influenced by a VDD undervoltage event.
To ensure a stable operation of the device, a stable VDD supply has to be ensured. In case a stable VDD supply
cannot be guaranteed any more, the limp home mode of the device has to be activated.

4.6.2 VS Undervoltage
In case VS drops below the undervoltage threshold which is typically in the range of 2.7 V the power stages are
switched OFF. As long as VDD stays in the operating range, the SPI registers keep the information and the power
stages will turn ON again as soon as VS is raising up again. To increase the device robustness at low VS condition,
the device provides VS monitoring functionality, which is decreasing the load current trip level in case VS < VS(mon).
See Chapter 4.4.2 for further information.

Application Note 12 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Diagnosis

5 Diagnosis
Note: All below stated diagnosis functions are valid for internal channels only.
To support diagnosis requirements, the SPOC - BTS5482SF provides a current sense signal at the IS pin and the
diagnosis word via SPI. There is a current sense multiplexer implemented that is controlled via SPI. The sense
signal is also enabled and disabled by an SPI command. A switch bypass monitor allows a short circuit detection
between the output pin and the battery voltage. An integrated current source, switched via SPI, allows Open Load
detection in OFF-state.

5.1 Diagnosis Functions

Diagnosis Word in SPI

The standard diagnosis register provides information about each channel. The error flags, an OR combination of
the over temperature flags and over load monitoring signals, are provided in the standard diagnosis bits ERRn.
The over load monitoring signals are latched in the error flags and cleared each time the standard diagnosis is
transmitted via SPI. This is the case after each write command and after a dedicated read command for reading
the standard diagnosis. The overtemperature flags, which cause an overheated channel to latch OFF, are latched
directly at the gate control block. The same behavior is valid for the over current flags which cause a channel
driving an excessive current to switch OFF. Those latches are cleared by SPI command HWCR.CL.

Load Current Sense Diagnosis

There is a current sense signal available at pin IS, providing a current proportional to the load current of a channel,
which is selected via the current sense multiplexer. The sense signal is provided during ON-state as long no failure
mode occurs.
For more details (e.g. sense resistor, LED mode) please refer to the datasheet.

Current Sense Offset Trimming

One part of the KILIS inaccuracy is caused by the offset error of the internal operational amplifier which creates
an offset on the sense current. To improve the accuracy the device provides the possibility to adjust the offset by
15 steps via SPI commands. The easiest way to perform this “calibration” is at the end of line test of the module.
During the calibration, the sense current in Open Load condition is measured and trimmed until the current shows
the lowest positive value. The setting of the calibration register (KILIS.OSTn) is stored in the µC and programmed
at every start-up of the device. The other calibration method the device is providing is the calibration in the
application. To support this function the device allows a state (calibration mode), where a current proportional to
the offset of the OpAmp is provided to the sense pin. This state is activated by the SPI command ICR.CAL = 1b.
With this reading the µC can reduce the offset by modifying the KILIS register. When calibration is finished, the
command ICR.CAL = 0b has to be sent to exit the calibration mode. During calibration, the state of the current
sense multiplexer should not be changed, otherwise the measurement could be affected. When performing the
calibration in the application a proper software algorithm (e.g. averaging) has to used, since transients on the
battery could influence the calibration.

Switch Bypass Monitoring

The switch bypass monitor compares the voltage across the power transistor (VDS) of a selected channel with the
threshold VDS(SB). The channel is selected by the current sense multiplexer (DCR.MUX), whereas the result of the
comparison can be read in the SPI register DCR.SBM or in the standard diagnosis. The SBM bit will be set as soon
as VDS > VDS(SB).

Application Note 13 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Diagnosis

5.2 Diagnosis Requirements

Depending on the target application, switched load and OEM, there could be different requirements for diagnosis
functions. A set of the typical diagnosis requirements for exterior lighting loads are shown in the following
paragraphs.

5.2.1 Short Circuit to GND Detection

In case a power output is shorted to GND, the current usually exceeds the current trip level of the device. As soon
as the current trip level is reached, the device switches OFF the output and the error bit for the affected channel
is set in the standard diagnosis. For this overload condition there are three cases to be considered:

Short circuit current is reaching the high current trip level (IL > IL(Htrip))
Depending on the current state of the device, the device could allow a limited number of automatic restarts until
the channel is latched OFF. During the automatic retries of the device, the error bits are cleared as soon as the
standard diagnosis is transferred and is set again as soon as the channel reaches the trip level again. When a
channel is latched OFF (“Fault state”), the respective error bit in the standard diagnosis cannot be cleared any
more. To distinguish between a restarting and a latched channel, a consecutive reading of the standard diagnosis
could be used (e.g. three times reading the standard diagnosis in a time frame < 200µs).

Short circuit current between high and low current trip level (IL(Ltrip) < IL < IL(Htrip))
In case the affected channel is in “Inrush state”, the device is not reporting an error flag as long as the junction
temperature Tj is not exceeding the thermal shut down temperature Tj(SC). As soon as t > tdelay(trip), the affected
channel is entering the “Operative state”. In this state the device switches OFF the affected output and latches
immediately because the low current trip level IL(Ltrip) is reached. The respective error bit in the standard diagnosis
will be set. It is recommended to use the current sense diagnosis to detect this overload condition.

Short circuit current stays below the low current trip level (IL <IL(Ltrip))
In this case the device is not reporting an error flag as long as the junction temperature Tj is not exceeding the
thermal shut down temperature Tj(SC). It is recommended to use the current sense diagnosis to detect this overload
condition and switch OFF the channel before an overtemperature condition is reached.

5.2.2 Short Circuit to Battery Detection

Short Circuit to Battery Detection in ON-state

When a short circuit to battery in ON-state occurs, the device is not reporting an error flag in the standard
diagnosis, because the function of the device is not impacted. To fulfill this diagnosis requirement, the current
sense diagnosis can be used. Due to the short circuit a part of the load current is supplied directly from battery
which effects a lower current through the device. The current sense signal will show a lower reading which is
interpreted by the micro controller as an Under Load or Open Load event.

Short Circuit to Battery Detection in OFF-state

In OFF-state the switch bypass monitoring could be used to detect this fault. Due to the short circuit to battery, the
output voltage is close to battery. This means a small VDS whereas a high VDS would be expected. The µC could
evaluate the SBM bit transferred in the standard diagnosis to detect this fault.

Note: To distinguish between Short circuit to battery and Open Load in OFF-state an additional pull down resistor
on the output is needed to compensate the output leakage of the device.

Application Note 14 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Diagnosis

5.2.3 Open Load Detection

Open Load detection in ON-state

To detect an Open Load in ON-state the current sense signal could be used. In case of an Open Load, the reading
of the current sense signal is much lower then expected.

Open Load detection in OFF-state

In OFF-state, the switch bypass monitoring in combination with the integrated current source could be used. The
current source is switched in parallel to the DMOS and is activated by SPI (DCR.CSOL). The current level of this
current source can be programmed in two steps (see 8.5.16 in the datasheet). In case of a disconnected load, the
current causes the output voltage to raise up to battery voltage. By reading the SBM bit the µC can detect this
fault. The timing, until the SBM bit is stable depends on the application circuit (e.g. capacitance on the OUT) and
has to be evaluated in the application.

The following procedure could be used:

• Select the dedicated channel with the multiplexer
• Enable the Open Load current with the DCR.CSOL bit
• Read the DCR.SBM or the standard diagnosis
• Disable the Open Load current with the DCR.CSOL bit

Note: To distinguish between Short circuit to battery and Open Load in OFF-state an additional pull down resistor
on the output is needed to compensate the output leakage of the device.
Note: When using the current sense functionality for load current diagnosis, there are several parameters which
are influencing the accuracy. Therefor when calculating the diagnosis thresholds, the whole system has to
be included in the calculation. For detailed information on how the current sense diagnosis could be used,
please refer to the Application Note - PROFET+ CURRENT SENSE - What the designer should know.

Application Note 15 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Design optimization for improved EMC

6 Design optimization for improved EMC

For an EMC optimized design, it is essential to place the recommended filter capacitors directly at the pin of the
SPOC device. The reference potential for the filtering capacitors should be module GND. It is important that the
GND connections have a very low impedance. Therefore a common GND plane would be recommended (see
Figure 9).
Figure 8 shows a simplified schematic with included capacitors in order to improve the EMC behavior. The
capacitors are highlighted with a green rectangle.

Vbat

5V 100nF
500Ω
100nF
WD-OUT
VDD VS

VCC
GPIO 8kΩ IN1
GPIO 8kΩ IN2
IN3 OUT0
IS 65W
OUT1
1kΩ 65W
2.7kΩ
OUT2
27W
AD OUT3
1nF 10W
GND
2µF
µC 10nF 10nF 10nF 10nF
e.g. XC 2267
VDD
3.9kΩ CS SPI
3.9kΩ SCLK WD-OUT
SPI LHI 8kΩ
3.9kΩ SO 100nF

3.9kΩ SI 10kΩ
VS
IN0
PROFET OUT0
external driver EDO0 IN1 Ch0
control EDD0
VSS
DEN
EDO1
DSEL
EDD1
PROFET OUT1
GND Ch1
IS

GND
10nF 10nF

10Ω

EMC_EXT .emf

Figure 8 BTS5482SF EMC Schematic

For BTS5482SF the following capacitance values showed good results in our EMC investigations.
• VS: 100 nF (Figure 9 - C1_VS)
• OUTx: 10 nF (Figure 9 - C0 ... C3)

The capacitors which were used in our tests were 0805 X7R types. For EMC purposes it is not only the value of
the components which influences the behavior of the system, but also the placement of these components.
Therefore, it is important that the board layout is optimized for EMC. Figure 9 shows an example of an EMC
optimized layout.

Application Note 16 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Design optimization for improved EMC

Vias are connected to a

common GND plane
(dashed line)
Layout_proposal.emf

Figure 9 Layout proposal

It is acknowledged that it is not always possible to do the layout in exactly this way, but basic rules for an EMC
optimized layout should be considered:
• Place the EMC capacitors as close as possible to the device pins.
• Ensure a low impedance connection of EMC capacitors to the module GND.
• The routing of SPI lines should be as short as possible, with no layer changes if possible.
• Routing of GND lines in parallel to the SPI lines for shielding purpose.

Note: The above mentioned values for filtering capacitances are recommended values which showed good EMC
results in our test setup. Depending on the board layout it could be necessary to adjust this values for an
optimized EMC performance. The report of our EMC investigations is available and is provided on request.

Application Note 17 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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BTS5482SF - Application hints

Software Implementation

7 Software Implementation

7.1 Basic software requirements

A basic approach for a robust software implementation is to assume that over a period of time the content of some
registers is changed unintentionally. To address this issue the following measures can be used:
• Refresh routines
• Check and restore routines
• Error debouncing routines

7.1.1 Refresh routines

Software is periodically updating registers which are needed for a proper operation. If it’s possible from software
timing point of view, it is also recommended to update registers, which are not used in the application but could
have an impact to the correct operation of the device. (e.g. if the current sense offset trimming is not used, it is
recommended to check if the KILIS register is not changed unintentionally)

7.1.2 Check and restore routines

Software is periodically verifying the content of the used registers at a minimum. In case of a mismatch from the
read to the expected value, the device is reprogrammed.

7.2 Error debouncing routines

In the BTS5482SF there is digital and analog information available to monitor the status of the device. In case
software is using error bits of the device to react to an overload condition, it’s recommended to use a debouncing
routine. For this reason, an error counter could be implemented which is incremented in case an error bit is read,
and decremented in case standard diagnosis is reporting no errors. At a certain value, the counter gets an overflow
and software reacts to the fault condition. By changing the value for incrementing and decrementing, the strength
of the filtering can be adjusted. The same approach can be used for the analog reading of current sense values.
With a consecutive reading, a wrong value due to noise on the battery could be filtered.

7.3 Routine to improve device robustness in overload condition

When the device is in Inrush state, a maximum of 32 automatic restarts at high current trip level is provided. The
short circuit tests are done according the AEC standard where only the hardware protections of the device are
used. To increase the robustness of the device, a software routine could be implemented, which is disabling the
channel after a few retries. These retries could be detected and counted by using the error bit information in the
standard diagnosis.

Application Note 18 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8 Thermal behavior
The thermal performance of a device is one of the most frequent topics tackled by developers during the concept
phase. Indeed, it influences in a significant way the power-loss balance and the selection of device RDS(ON) class.
Nevertheless, thermal performance also depends on PCB type and on dissipation surface used on the application,
as well as the time. In other words, it is also determined by parameters outside of the device.
This chapter focuses on the Thermal Cauer Ladder Model and on the Thermal Foster Model for BTS5482SF.
Those networks are only valid for the boundary conditions considered.

8.1 Thermal Cauer & Foster Networks

The Cauer Network model describes the thermal behavior with an equivalent electrical network. This modeling
helps in determining dynamic and static thermal behavior.
The Foster network is an equivalent thermal Network to Cauer allowing one simple mathematical solution.

8.1.1 Cauer equivalent thermal network

The PCB thermal Network can be simulated by an equivalent electrical schematic. The power dissipated into the
device and PCB has the same behavior as a current flowing through resistances and capacitances. This power
flows into thermal resistances and thermal capacitances. Thermal resistances correspond to thermal behavior in
steady state and thermal capacitances are added to simulate the transient phases.

Figure 10 sketches the equivalent electrical network to thermal behavior. It is called the Thermal Cauer Network.
RC_THi and CC_THi represent respectively Cauer thermal resistances and capacitances.

TJ R C_TH1 RC_TH2 RC_TH3 R C_TH4 R C_TH5 RC_TH6 R C_TH7 R C_TH8 Tamb

C C_TH1 C C_TH2 CC_TH3 C C_TH4 C C_TH5 CC_TH6 C C_TH7 C C_TH8

RC_network.emf

Figure 10 BTS5482SF Thermal Cauer Network

Table 2 shows correspondences between thermal and electrical quantities.

Table 2 Thermal / Electrical model equivalence

Thermal parameter Equivalent electrical parameter
Symbol Unit Parameter Symbol Unit Parameter
P W Power losses into the junction I A Current
T °C Temperature of one layer U V Potential
ΔT K Delta of temperature U V Voltage
RTH K/W Thermal resistance R Ω Resistance
CTH Ws/K Thermal capacitance C F Capacitance

Application Note 19 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.1.2 BTS5482SF Cauer Network

For the BTS5482SF in package PG-DSO-36-43, Cauer Networks have been determined by simulation. The
concept for this determination is introduced below, followed by a presentation of the Cauer Network concept.

8.1.2.1 Cauer Network determination process

Cauer models are based on finite element analysis. In the finite element tool, the different layers of the
BTS5482SF integrated on a PCB are conceptualized: BTS5482SF package (die, glue, lead frame, heat-slug, etc),
soldering paste on PCB and PCB type.
Based on these models, simulation results provide system thermal impedance curves. Ambient temperature and
power losses dissipated by the BTS5482SF also play a role in the finite element simulation.
The Cauer Ladder Network is obtained from thermal impedance curves through simulations fitted to real
measurements. Simulations have been run to obtain 7 or 8 (RTH, CTH) subdivisions for a Cauer Network as shown
in Figure 10. This determination process is shown in Figure 11.

Finite Element
Simulation

Thermal
impedance curves
ZTHij

FIT with measurements

Cauer models
ZTHij
Process .emf

Figure 11 Cauer Network determination concept

Application Note 20 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.1.2.2 Convention
For a quad channel device, different types of thermal impedance curves and Cauer Ladder Networks are obtained:
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 0 if channel 0 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 0 if channel 1 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 0 if channel 2 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 0 if channel 3 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 1 if channel 0 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 1 if channel 1 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 1 if channel 2 is heated
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 1 if channel 3 is heated
• ...
• Thermal impedance curves and (RTH, CTH) Network for channel 3 if channel 3 is heated

In other words, in Cauer Ladder models, two types of information are considered by channel: the self-heating of
channel and the influence of one heated channel to another.
For quad channel devices, sixteen thermal impedance curves and Cauer ladder Networks are necessary.
Note: The heat of a channel is induced by power losses when this channel conducts.
In this application note, the following conventions are considered:
• ZTH, ij defines the thermal impedance curve of channel i if channel j is heated
• Cauer ij defines Cauer Ladder Network as sketched in Figure 10 of channel i if channel j is heated
• i and j are integer from 0 to 3

8.1.2.3 Cauer Network concept

Cauer Ladder Networks help to determine junction temperature TCHi of channel i for i = 0 to 3. To simulate device
thermal behavior, four (RTH, CTH) Networks - one Cauerii and three Cauerij - have to be built. Simulation tools like
PSpice can be used.
First, Cauerii determines self-heated junction temperature TChi,i of channel i. Then 3 networks Cauerij quantify the
influence of channel j on channel i through junction temperature TChi,j, where j = 0 to 3 and j ≠ i. Channel i junction
temperature is the sum of TChi,i and TChi,j, where j = 0 to 3 and j ≠ i.
The (RTH, CTH) Cauerij Networks are shown in Figure 12 where i = j and i ≠ j for (i, j) = 0 to 3.

TCHi,j R C_TH1i,j RC_TH2i,j R C_TH3i,j R C_TH4i,j RC_TH5i,j R C_TH6i,j R C_TH7i,j RC_TH8i,j

Pj Tamb
CC_TH1i,j CC_TH2i,j CC_TH3i,j C C_TH4i,j C C_TH5i,j C C_TH6i,j C C_TH7i,j C C_TH8i,j

Cauer.emf

Figure 12 Cauer Ladder Network of channel i if channel j is heated

The BTS5482SF Thermal Cauer Networks Cauerii and Cauerij where i and j can be 0, 1, 2 or 3 are provided on
Chapter 8.2 for several PCB types.

Application Note 21 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.1.2.4 Mathematical expression

For mathematical expression, delta of temperature ∆TCHi is considered instead of junction temperature TCHi.
The following equation links both parameters.

TCHi = ΔTCHi + Tamb (1)

As introduced in Figure 12, the Cauer Ladder responses are determined through power losses Pj. Power losses
are time dependent. Therefore, delta of temperature ∆TCHi and Cauer Ladder Network Cauerij are also time
dependent.

Then, if the four channels are heated, the increase of temperature can be determined by the following equations:

TCH 0 ( t ) = Δ T00 ( P0 ( t ), t ) + Δ T01 ( P1 ( t ), t ) + Δ T02 ( P2 ( t ), t ) + Δ T03 ( P3 ( t ), t ) (2)

TCH 1 ( t ) = Δ T10 ( P0 ( t ), t ) + Δ T11 ( P1 ( t ), t ) + Δ T12 ( P2 ( t ), t ) + Δ T13 ( P3 ( t ), t ) (3)

TCH 2 ( t ) = Δ T20 ( P0 ( t ), t ) + Δ T21 ( P1 ( t ), t ) + Δ T 22 ( P2 ( t ), t ) + Δ T 23 ( P3 ( t ), t ) (4)

TCH 3 ( t ) = Δ T30 ( P0 ( t ), t ) + Δ T31 ( P1 ( t ), t ) + Δ T32 ( P2 ( t ), t ) + Δ T33 ( P3 ( t ), t ) (5)

Where
ΔTCHi (t ) Delta of temperature of channel i
Pi (t ) Power losses of channel i
Δ T ij ( P j ( t ), t ) Temperature increase of channel i if channel j is heated with power Pj(t) or
Temperature response of Cauer Network Cauerij if power profile Pj(t) is applied

The Mathematical expression ∆Tij(Pj(t),t) defined during time τ is:

τ . .
Δ Tij ( P j ( t ), t = ∫0
Ζ
THij
( t − τ ) ⋅ P j (τ ) d τ = Ζ THij ( t ) ∗ P j ( t )
(6)

Where

* Convolution symbol used as convention in this application note

Ζ THij Thermal impedance of channel i if channel j is heated (Unit step response).

Note: Graphical expression of ZTHij is with thermal impedance curves. If the channel j is switched OFF, Pj is null.
As Junction temperature TCHi, i is considered to be equal to Tamb at t = 0, temperature increase ∆Tij(Pj(t),t) is
also null.

Matrix representation can be built based on those equations:

⎡. . . .
⎤
⎛ Δ TCH 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ Ζ. TH 00 (t ) Ζ TH 01 (t )
.
Ζ TH 02 (t )
.
Ζ TH 03 (t ) ⎥ ⎛ P0 (t ) ⎞
. ⎜ ⎟
⎜ Δ TCH 1 ⎟ ⎢ Ζ TH 10 (t ) Ζ TH 11 (t ) Ζ TH 12 (t ) Ζ TH 13 (t ) ⎥ ⎜ P1 (t ) ⎟ (7)
⎜ ΔT ⎟= ⎢. . . . ⎥ ∗⎜ ⎟
⎜ CH 2 ⎟ ⎢ Ζ TH 20 (t ) Ζ TH 21 (t ) Ζ TH 22 (t ) Ζ TH 23 (t ) ⎥ ⎜ P2 (t ) ⎟
⎜ ΔT ⎟ ⎢. . . . ⎥ ⎜ P (t ) ⎟
⎝ CH 3 ⎠ ⎢⎣ Ζ TH 30 (t ) Ζ TH 31 (t ) Ζ TH 32 (t ) Ζ TH 33 (t ) ⎥⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠

Application Note 22 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.1.3 BTS5482SF Foster Network

Cauer networks are of interest because in the thermal world, they are the natural representation of the physics.
Nodes store energy, represented by capacitors to ground, and heat flowing between nodes is represented by
resistors.
Unfortunately, although those (RTH, CTH) subdivisions are easy to draw, the analysis of a Cauer Network might
become harder with basic tools. It can be simulated through “PSpice” tool for instance but a license would be
required.
The Foster Ladder is an equivalent thermal network to the Cauer. It sketches the mathematical description of ZTHij
curves.
This network is shown in Figure 13. The electrical equivalence provided in Table 2 can also be applied to this
network. CF_THn and RF_THn represent respectively thermal capacitance and resistance of node n in the Foster
Network.

C F_TH1 C F_TH2 C F_TH3 CF_TH4 C F_TH5 C F_TH6 CF_TH7 C F_TH8

TJ

RF_TH1 R F_TH2 R F_TH3 RF_TH4 R F_TH5 R F_TH6 RF_TH7 RF_TH8

Tamb
Foster.emf

Figure 13 Thermal Foster Network

The implementation and the analysis of the Foster Network is easier. If a constant power is applied to the network,
the response of the end node is merely the sum of each node response, based on exponentially terms, as follows:

ΔTCH = P ⋅ ∑k =1 RF _ TH ,k ⋅ (1 −e −t /τ k )
n
(8)

Where
ΔTCH Delta of temperature
P Power losses
n Number of Foster nodes
R F _ TH , k Thermal resistance of node k in Foster Network
τk RC constant of node k in Foster Network

Note: Equation (8) is only valid if constant power is applied.

Applied to BTS5482SF, the solutions to Foster Networks are:

Δ T CH 0 = ∑
3
j=0
[∑ n
k =1
[R (1 − e
0 j ,k
− t /τ 0 j ,k
)]⋅ P ]
j (9)

Δ T CH 1 = ∑
3
j=0
[∑ n
k =1
[R (1 − e
1 j ,k
− t /τ 0 j ,k
)]⋅ P ]
j (10)

Δ T CH 2 = ∑
3
j=0
[∑ n
k =1
[R (1 − e
2 j ,k
− t /τ 0 j ,k
)]⋅ P ]
j (11)

Δ T CH 3 = ∑
3
j=0
[∑ n
k =1
[R (1 − e
3 j ,k
− t /τ 0 j ,k
)]⋅ P ]
j (12)

Application Note 23 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

Where
ΔTCHi Delta of temperature of channel i
Pj Power losses of channel i
n Number of Foster nodes
R ij , k Foster thermal resistance of node k for channel i if channel j is heated
τ ij , k Foster RC constant of node k for channel i if channel j is heated
i, j Defined as integer from 0 to 3

Note: Power losses Pi of channel i are considered as constant.

Foster Thermal Network quantities Rij,k and τij,k where i and j can be 0, 1, 2 or 3 are provided on Chapter 8.2.

Application Note 24 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.2 Simulation results

One type of PCB has been considered to build Thermal Cauer and Foster Networks: 2s2p PCB.
Note: The Cauer and Foster ladder (R,C) networks must not be considered for times below or equal to 100µs.

8.2.1 Cauer Network mathematical interpretation

This paragraph contains instructions on how to use the Cauer Models to calculate channel temperatures.

Cauerij represents the Cauer (RTH, CTH) Networks and can be used to determine the temperature increase ∆Tij of
channel i if channel j is heated. For a channel i, the total temperature increase ∆TCHi is the sum of all ∆Tij.

For the BTS5482SF, this sum is expressed as follow:

ΔTCHi = ∑ j =0 ΔTij
3
(13)

And the junction temperature as:

TCHi = ∑ j =0 ΔTij + Tamb

3
(14)

As an example, the junction temperature of channel 0 is obtained with following expression:

T CH 0 = Δ T 00 + Δ T 01 + Δ T 02 + Δ T 03 + T amb (15)

Where ∆T00, ∆T01, ∆T02 and ∆T03 are the temperature increases determined respectively with Cauer00, Cauer01,
Cauer02 and Cauer03 Networks.
As channels are symmetric for the BTS5482SF, the following Cauer Networks are equal:

Cauer 00 = Cauer 11 (16)

Cauer 01 = Cauer 10 (17)

Cauer 02 = Cauer 13 (18)

Cauer 03 = Cauer 12 (19)

Cauer 20 = Cauer 31 (20)

Cauer 21 = Cauer 30 (21)

Cauer 22 = Cauer 33 (22)

Cauer 23 = Cauer 32 (23)

Application Note 25 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.2.2 Foster Network mathematical interpretation

This paragraph contains instructions on how to use the Foster equations to determine channel temperatures.

As for the Cauer Networks Cauerij, Foster Networks are composed of (RTH_F, CTH_F) Networks. Those networks
and their mathematical solutions can be used to determine the temperature increase ∆Tij of channel i if channel j
is heated. For a channel i, the total temperature increase ∆TCHi is the sum of all ∆Tij.

For the BTS5482SF, this sum is expressed as follows:

ΔTCHi = ∑j =0 ΔTij
3
(24)

And the junction as:

TCHi = ∑j=0 ΔTij +Tamb

3
(25)

As an example, the junction temperature of channel 0 is obtained with following expression:

Δ T CH 0 = ∑
3
j=0
[∑ [R ⋅(1 − e
n
k =1 0 j ,k
−t /τ 0 j ,k
)]⋅ P ]
j
(26)

Where

Δ T 00 = ∑
n
k =1
[R 00 , k (
⋅1− e
− t / τ 00 , k
)]⋅ P 0
(27)

Δ T 01 = ∑
n
k =1
[R 01 , k (
⋅1− e
− t / τ 01 , k
)]⋅ P 1
(28)

Δ T 02 = ∑
n
k =1
[R 02 , k (
⋅1− e
− t / τ 02 , k
)]⋅ P 2
(29)

Δ T 03 = ∑
n
k =1
[R 03 , k (
⋅1− e
− t / τ 03 , k
)]⋅ P 3
(30)

In this Foster equation, the RC constant τk of node k is expressed as:

τ k = RF _ TH ,k ∗ CF _ TH ,k (31)

Where
RF _ TH ,k Thermal resistance of node k in the Foster Network
CF _ TH ,k Thermal capacitance of node k in the Foster Network

Note: The Foster equation is only valid if constant power is applied.

Application Note 26 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

As channels are symmetric for the BTS5482SF, the following simplification can be applied:

R 00 , k = R11 , k (32)

R 01 , k = R10 , k (33)

R 02 , k = R13 , k (34)

R 03 , k = R12 , k (35)

R 20 , k = R 31 , k (36)

R 21 , k = R 30 , k (37)

R 22 , k = R 33 , k (38)

R 23 , k = R 32 , k

τ 00 , k = τ 11 , k (39)

τ 01 , k = τ 10 , k (40)

τ 02 , k = τ 13 , k (41)

τ 03 , k = τ 12 , k (42)

τ 20 , k = τ 31 , k (43)

τ 21 , k = τ 30 , k (44)

τ 22 , k = τ 33 , k (45)

τ 23 , k = τ 32 , k

Application Note 27 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

8.2.3 2s2p PCB

Figure 14 and Figure 15 show 2s2p PCB details, i.e. footprint on topside and details of solder area on topside.
An ambient temperature of 25°C and power dissipations of 0.4 W on channels 0 and 1 and 0.2 W on channels 2
and 3 have been considered. Figure 16 provides the PCB vertical section.

Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 0 is heated are provided on Table 3. It describes Cauer00 and
Foster00.
Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 1 is heated are provided on Table 4. It describes Cauer01 and
Foster01.
Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 2 is heated are provided on Table 5. It describes Cauer02 and
Foster02.
Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 3 is heated are provided on Table 6. It describes Cauer03 and
Foster03.
Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 0 is heated are provided on Table 7. It describes Cauer20 and
Foster20.
Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 1 is heated are provided on Table 8. It describes Cauer21 and
Foster21.
Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 2 is heated are provided on Table 9. It describes Cauer22 and
Foster22.
Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 3 is heated are provided on Table 10. It describes Cauer23 and
Foster23.

2s2p_detail.emf

2s2p_footprint.emf

Figure 14 2s2p footprint (Topside) Figure 15 2s2p details of solder area (Topside)

70µm modelled (traces)

35µm, 90% metallization*

1.5 mm

35µm, 90% metallization*

70µm, 5% metallization *
* Percentual Cu metallization on each layer 2s2p_cross_section.emf

Figure 16 Cross Section (JEDEC 2s2p)

Application Note 28 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

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Thermal behavior

Table 3 Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 0 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH00 [K/W] CC_TH00 [Ws/K] RF_TH00 [K/W] CF_TH00 [Ws/K]
1 0.501 0.0013 0.3374 0.0019
2 1.117 0.0056 0.6593 0.0092
3 2.276 0.0179 1.6843 0.0266
4 5.142 0.0750 3.3100 0.1148
5 10.981 0.2630 10.3824 0.3428
6 7.240 2.6263 8.9280 2.1967
7 6.841 25.0709 8.6327 22.1462
8 0.415 2125.8800 0.6781 1293.7580

Table 4 Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 1 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH01 [K/W] CC_TH01 [Ws/K] RF_TH01 [K/W] CF_TH01 [Ws/K]
1 1.073 0.0106 0.3361 0.0260
2 2.191 0.0245 1.1729 0.0432
3 4.528 0.0719 2.6006 0.1227
4 9.157 0.2153 6.5569 0.3348
5 6.829 1.1344 10.4760 0.9250
6 6.829 11.3326 6.6281 11.1197
7 2.773 94.7811 5.3379 60.2542
8 0.081 24379.0300 0.1534 10603.7300

Table 5 Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 2 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH02 [K/W] CC_TH02 [Ws/K] RF_TH02 [K/W] CF_TH02 [Ws/K]
1 1.648 0.0170 0.2478 0.0360
2 2.648 0.0316 1.2388 0.0405
3 5.067 0.0937 2.8123 0.1120
4 9.003 0.2892 6.1755 0.3541
5 5.853 1.8855 10.4205 0.9292
6 6.202 13.2833 6.5639 11.3432
7 2.450 103.5901 5.3934 58.8746
8 0.116 14388.8900 0.1253 15935.7600

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Thermal behavior

Table 6 Channel 0 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 3 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH03 [K/W] CC_TH03 [Ws/K] RF_TH03 [K/W] CF_TH03 [Ws/K]
1 0.770 0.0018 0.5977 0.0042
2 1.617 0.0057 1.2841 0.0139
3 3.250 0.0262 2.3500 0.0511
4 7.629 0.1285 4.3067 0.2069
5 11.043 0.5421 12.0814 0.5129
6 8.764 11.7535 6.8645 6.6012
7 1.621 244.3760 6.9747 37.1682
8 - - 0.1921 10280.5300

Table 7 Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 0 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH20 [K/W] CC_TH20 [Ws/K] RF_TH20 [K/W] CF_TH20 [Ws/K]
1 2.131 0.0403 0.1231 0.2428
2 2.740 0.0457 1.6138 0.0870
3 4.933 0.1107 4.2256 0.2243
4 7.917 0.2903 12.0728 0.5158
5 5.424 1.9400 6.9254 6.6178
6 5.550 11.6189 6.7804 38.9100
7 3.091 61.7051 0.2013 8381.0300
8 0.290 2923.1310 - -

Table 8 Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 1 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH21 [K/W] CC_TH21 [Ws/K] RF_TH21 [K/W] CF_TH21 [Ws/K]
1 0.188 0.0036 0.2769 0.0348
2 0.581 0.0106 1.0508 0.0504
3 2.143 0.0194 2.5806 0.1265
4 4.939 0.0732 6.2696 0.3526
5 10.798 0.2720 10.4111 0.9254
6 7.069 2.6582 6.5693 11.2469
7 6.893 24.7956 5.4166 58.1673
8 0.361 2620.6110 0.1525 12806.0200

Application Note 30 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Thermal behavior

Table 9 Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 2 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH22 [K/W] CC_TH22 [Ws/K] RF_TH22 [K/W] CF_TH22 [Ws/K]
1 0.852 0.0002 0.4728 0.0002
2 1.217 0.0006 1.2969 0.0007
3 2.014 0.0051 1.4882 0.0065
4 3.454 0.0247 2.8852 0.0304
5 7.796 0.1277 5.3461 0.1831
6 11.080 0.5597 13.1013 0.5967
7 8.775 11.5410 8.9640 10.9201
8 1.736 233.6499 3.2065 139.4895

Table 10 Channel 2 Cauer and Foster networks if channel 3 heated for 2s2p PCB
Cauer Ladder Foster Ladder
Step RC_TH23 [K/W] CC_TH23 [Ws/K] RF_TH23 [K/W] CF_TH23 [Ws/K]
1 1.139 0.0134 0.4189 0.0185
2 2.126 0.0155 1.4895 0.0335
3 4.932 0.0720 2.8840 0.1093
4 10.584 0.2843 6.1348 0.3576
5 7.180 2.6349 10.3315 0.9409
6 6.784 25.2113 6.5901 11.2681
7 0.402 2203.2350 5.4130 58.2187
8 - - 0.1680 10683.4700

Application Note 31 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Thermal behavior

Annex: Cauer Network vs. PCB type

One question frequently asked when considering the Cauer Ladder Network is correspondence between Cauer
step and the device and PCB physical layers.
However, there is no correlation between Cauer (RTH, CTH) stages and layers of the physical thermal system.
Finite element simulations have been run by considering 8 (RTH, CTH) iterations. Each subdivision might represent
only a part of a layer or even several layers.

Nevertheless, based on knowledge of the physical thermal system, a name has been put on the different Cauer
Ladder layers. This is just an approximation without any physical reality. This correspondence is introduced in
Table 11 for 2s2p PCBs.

Table 11 Cauer Ladder layers for a 2s2p PCB

Step Layer
1 Die
2 Glue
3 Lead frame
4 Pins
5 Soldering paste
6 PCB
7 Thermal vias & intermediate copper layers
8 Bottom copper layer to air

Application Note 32 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Thermal behavior

8.2.4 Thermal impedance curves

Figure 17 and Figure 18 give thermal impedance curves with semi and logarithmic scales respectively for a 2s2p
PCB with thermal via holes. Those figures assume all channels are activated and the following power applied:

Channel 0 0.4 W
Channel 1 0.4 W
Channel 2 0.2 W
Channel 3 0.2 W

Two types of data are shown in the following figures:

Thermal impedance curve for an ambient temperature of 25°C and 85°C.

ZTHJA_semi_logarithmic.emf

Figure 17 BTS5482SF ZTHJA curves for 2s2p PCB (semi logarithmic scale)

ZTHJA_full_logarithmic.emf

Figure 18 BTS5482SF ZTHJA curves for 2s2p PCB (full logarithmic scale)

Application Note 33 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

9 Appendix

9.1 Calculation of series resistor for reverse battery case

As described in Chapter 4, series resistors have to be placed to protect the device and to avoid that the maximum
ratings of the device are exceeded.

9.1.1 BTS5482SF with a PROFET+ connected to the external drive

Figure 3 show the possible current paths during reverse battery condition. In case a reverse protected voltage
regulator is used, the possible current paths are reduced. Figure 19 show the current paths which have to be
considered in this case.
To calculate the needed series resistors, the maximum ratings from the datasheet have to be considered.
In this calculation example the SPOC - BTS5482SF is controlling a 2-channel PROFET+ - BTS5020-2EKA.

VBAT
0V
Ire v

100nF

VDD VS
IN1

IN2

IN3
OUT0
IS OUT1
OUT2
OUT3
Irev

Ire v

LHI WD-OUT
8kΩ 100nF
SPI
8V VS
10kΩ
Ir ev

Ire v

EDDx Irev
8V INx
Irev
Ire v

Irev
EDO x Dx OUTx
Ire v

Irev
Ire v

Irev
Ire v
Ire v
Ir ev

Irev IS
GND
GND

2.7kΩ 10Ω
Irev

Ir ev

14V
BCM GND Calculation_PROFET +.emf

Figure 19 Application diagram with current paths during reverse battery

Application Note 34 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

For the calculation the Maximum Ratings for the used devices have to be considered:

SPOC FL EN2: Profet+:

IEDDx_max: 1 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VIN_max: 7 V (for t < 2 min)
IEDOx_max: 1 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VDEN_max: 7 V (for t < 2 min)
IGND_max: 25 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VDSEL_max: 7 V (for t < 2 min)
ILHI_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) IIN_max: 2 mA
IIS_max = 8 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) IDEN_max: 2 mA
IDSEL_max: 2 mA
IIS_max = 25 mA

For all diodes a forward voltage drop of 700mV is considered. Reverse battery voltage VREV = 14V.

Calculation of voltage drop on the series resistor at EDDx and EDOx:

Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 7 - 0.7 = 5.6 V

Calculation of series resistor value:

(The resistor in the GND of the SPOC could be neglected in the calculation)
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 5.6 V / 1 mA = 5.6 kΩ

Calculation of voltage drop on the series resistor at IS

Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 8 - 0.7 = 4.6 V

Calculation of series resistor value:

(The resistor in the GND of the SPOC could be neglected in the calculation)
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 4.6 V / 8 mA = 575 Ω

For each EDD and EDO pin of the SPOC series resistors of > 5.6 kΩ are needed to not exceed maximum ratings
for a reverse battery case of -14 V.

A series resistors of > 575 Ω is needed to not exceed maximum ratings for a reverse battery case of -14 V. This
is the minimum value which could be used for reverse battery case. The final value for this resistor is also
depending on the value of the sense resistor itself. See Chapter 9.2 for more details.

Application Note 35 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

9.1.2 BTS5482SF and BTS54220-LBE sharing SPI pins

When using the SPI concept in an application, usually several devices are sharing SPI lines to save µC I/Os.
Depending on the SPI concept, the devices could be connected in “independent slave” configuration (see
Figure 20) or in “daisy chain” configuration (see Figure 21). Both configurations give some benefits to the
application, but when dimensioning the series resistors for device protection, some attention has to be spent for
the reverse battery case. There are multiple current paths in reverse battery condition which have to be considered
when dimensioning the series resistors. Basically the current paths for all the logic pins are the same. As soon the
voltage at a logic pin is exceeding the maximum rating, the zener diode of ESD protection starts conducting.

9.1.2.1 BTS5482SF and BTS54220-LBE in Independent Slave SPI configuration

Figure 20 shows the current paths which have to be considered when dimensioning the series resistors in reverse
battery condition.

VBAT
0V

LDO
Irev

µ-Controller VDD
Irev

MSI/MSO Irev Irev

MO1 Irev Irev

Irev
MCS2 Irev Irev

BTS54220 -LBE VS
MCS1 Irev
SPOC2
BTS5482SF VS
RSI2/RSO2
RSI1/RSO1

SPOC1
RSCLK1

RSCLK2

RVDD2
RCS2
RVDD1
RCS1

GND VDD
Irev

Irev

Irev

Irev

VDD
SI/SO

OUT1
Irev

SI/SO
SCLK
OUT2
OUT0
SCLK CS OUT3
OUT1

CS OUT4
OUT2

OUT3
Irev

Irev

Irev

Irev
100 nF
Irev
Irev
Irev
Irev

100 nF GND

GND

1kΩ
10 Ohm
I rev

14V
BCM GND SPI_Independent_Slave.emf

Figure 20 SPOC FL EN2 and SPOC+ in Independent Slave SPI configuration

For the calculation the Maximum Ratings for the used devices have to be considered:

SPOC FL EN2: SPOC+:

IVDD_max: 25 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VDD_max: 5.5 V
IGND_max: 25 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VSI_max: 6 V
ISI_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VSO_max: 6 V
ISO_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VSCLK_max: 6 V
ISCLK_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) IDD_max: 12 mA
ISI_max: 2 mA
ISO_max: 2 mA
ISCLK_max: 2 mA

Application Note 36 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

For all diodes a forward voltage drop of 700mV is considered. Reverse battery voltage VREV = 14V.

Calculation example for SI, SO and SCLK

There are 2 current paths which have to be considered:
From GND of SPOC1 through SPOC2 to VS and from GND of µC through SPOC2 to VS.

SPOC1 to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 2 mA = 3.3 kΩ

µC to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 2 mA = 3.3 kΩ

Calculation example for VDD

There are 2 current paths which have to be considered:
From GND of SPOC1 through SPOC2 to VS and from GND of µC through SPOC2 to VS.

SPOC1 to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 12 mA = 550 Ω

µC to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 5.9 V / 12 mA = 492 Ω

For SI, SO and SCLK pin of the SPOC a series resistors of > 3.3 kΩ is needed to not exceed maximum ratings for
a reverse battery case of -14 V.

For the VDD pin a series resistance of >550 Ω is needed between the two SPOC devices. From µC to each SPOC
a series resistor of >492 Ω has to be placed to not exceed maximum ratings for a reverse battery case of -14 V.

Application Note 37 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

9.1.2.2 BTS5482SF and BTS54220-LBE in Daisy Chain SPI configuration

Figure 21 shows the current paths which have to be considered when dimensioning the series resistors in reverse
battery condition.

VBAT
0V

LDO
I rev Irev

VDD

I rev Irev Irev

MI

MO I rev

Irev
MCS/SCLK I rev Irev
Irev
BTS54220 -LBE VS
SPOC2

RCS2/RSCLK2
RCS1/RSCLK1

BTS5482 SF VS
RVDD1

RVDD2
µ-Controller
RSI1

RSO1

RSO2
GND

RSI2
SPOC1

VDD
Irev

Irev

Irev

Irev

VDD SO

OUT1
Irev

SI
SO OUT2

CS/SCLK
OUT0 OUT3
SI
OUT1 OUT4
CS/SCLK OUT2

OUT3

I rev

I rev

I rev

I rev
100 nF 100 nF
GND
Irev
Irev
Irev
Irev

GND

1kΩ
10 Ohm
I rev

14V
BCM GND SPI_Daisy_Chain.emf

Figure 21 SPOC FL EN2 and SPOC+ in Daisy Chain SPI configuration

For the calculation the Maximum Ratings for the used devices have to be considered:

SPOC FL EN2 SPOC+:

IVDD_max: 25 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VDD_max: 5.5 V
IGND_max: 25 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VSI_max: 6 V
ISI_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VSO_max: 6 V
ISO_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) VSCLK_max: 6 V
ISCLK_max: 2 mA (for t ≤ 2 min) IDD_max: 12 mA
ISI_max: 2 mA
ISO_max: 2 mA
ISCLK_max: 2 mA

For all diodes a forward voltage drop of 700mV is considered. Reverse battery voltage VREV = 14V.

Application Note 38 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

Calculation example for CS and SCLK

There are 2 current paths which have to be considered:
From GND of SPOC1 through SPOC2 to VS and from GND of µC through SPOC2 to VS.

SPOC1 to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 2 mA = 3.3 kΩ

µC to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 2 mA = 3.3 kΩ

Calculation example for VDD

There are 2 current paths which have to be considered:
From GND of SPOC1 to SPOC2 to VS and from GND of µC to SPOC2 to VS.

SPOC1 to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 12 mA = 550 Ω

µC to SPOC2:
Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 5.9 V / 12 mA = 492 Ω

Calculation example for SO (SPOC1) to SI (SPOC2)

Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 2 mA = 3.3 kΩ

Calculation example for SO (SPOC2) to µC

Vseries = 14 - 0.7 - 6 - 0.7 = 6.6 V
Rseries = Vseries / IEDxx = 6.6 V / 2 mA = 3.3 kΩ

For CS and SCLK pin of the SPOC a series resistors of >3.3 kΩ is needed between SPOC1 and SPOC 2 and
between µC and SPOC2.
From SO pin of SPOC1 to Si pin of SPOC2 and from SO pin of SPOC2 to µC a series resistance of >3.3kΩ is
needed.
For the VDD pin a series resistance of >550 Ω is needed between the two SPOC devices. From µC to each SPOC
a series resistor of >492 Ω has to be placed to not exceed maximum ratings for a reverse battery case of -14 V.

Application Note 39 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Appendix

9.2 Calculation of series resistor when sharing sense resistor for current sense
diagnosis
When sharing a common sense resistor between different devices / device families, it has to be ensured that the
maximum rating of the sense pin for all connected devices is not exceeded. As an example there could be a SPOC
FL EN2 - BTS5482SF and a PROFET+ - BTS5020-2EKA sharing a common sense resistor as shown in
Figure 22.

V bat 100nF3

VS
P_IN0 IN0
5V P_IN1 IN1
OUT0
P_DEN DEN
500Ω
P_DSEL DSEL
IS OUT1
100nF3
100nF
VDD VS GND
VCC

GPIO 8kΩ IN1

GPIO 8kΩ IN2
GPIO 8kΩ IN3
>2.7kΩ OUT0
IS
OUT1
1kΩ 8V OUT2
2.7kΩ
AD 8V OUT3
1nF GND
µC
e.g. XC2267 VDD
3.9kΩ CS SPI
3.9kΩ SCLK
SPI LHI
3.9kΩ SO
3.9kΩ SI
VSS
external driver EDO 0 P_IN0
control EDD0 P_DEN

EDO 1 P_IN1

EDD1 P_DSEL

GND

10Ω2

BCM GND Shared_Sense_Resistor.emf

Figure 22 BTS5482SF sharing sense resistor with BTS5020-2EKA

The sense voltage of BTS5020-2EKA could go up to battery voltage. The maximum allowed voltage applied to
sense pin of BTS5482SF would be < 8 V.

When considering a maximum battery voltage of 16 V, > 8 V has to be dropped at the series resistor at sense of
BTS5020-2EKA. Due to this reason a series resistor which is more high ohmic then the sense resistor itself has
to be used to stay below the maximum ratings. For reverse battery condition please refer to Chapter 9.1.1.

Application Note 40 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Additional Information

10 Additional Information
• Datasheet of BTS5482SF can be found at http://www.infineon.com/SPOC
• For further information you may contact http://www.infineon.com/

Application Note 41 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

 SPOC Front Light
BTS5482SF - Application hints

Revision History

11 Revision History

SPOC Front Light

Revision History: Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

Previous Version(s):

Page Subjects (major changes since last revision)

Application Note 42 Rev. 1.0, 2013-08-27

Edition 2013-08-27
Published by
Infineon Technologies AG
81726 Munich, Germany
© 2013 Infineon Technologies AG
All Rights Reserved.

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