Scribd
Upload
26 views

Functional Groups Reviewer 1

The document discusses different functional groups in organic chemistry including hydroxyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide, and amine groups. Examples are provided for each group along with their properties and common uses.

Uploaded by

LAC Habana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views

Functional Groups Reviewer 1

The document discusses different functional groups in organic chemistry including hydroxyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide, and amine groups. Examples are provided for each group along with their properties and common uses.

Uploaded by

LAC Habana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Organic Chemistry

- The study of Carbon containing compounds


- It is used as a source of foods, clothing, fuels, and medicine and are mostly
found in nature.

Functional groups
- A group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the
parent molecule.

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ISOMERISM

HYDROXYL GROUP

Hydroxyl Group - Alcohol Group


- A hydrogen atom covalently bonded with an oxygen atom

Methanol - wood alcohol


- is highly toxic and people may become blind or die

Ethanol - Alcohol associated with alcoholic beverages


- Made by adding yeast to solutions rich in sugar or starch which
converts sugar into ethanol and CO2

Propanol - Colorless fluid formed during fermentation


- Used as a solvent mainly for resins and cellulose esters

2-Propanol - also known as Isopropyl Alchohol


- Used as an antiseptic solution or a disinfectant

ALDEHYDE GROUP

Carbonyl Group - Composed of a carbon atom that is double bonded to oxygen


Aldehyde Group - When a hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon in a carbonyl
group

Formaldehyde - Prepared and Stored in aqueous solution and unpleasant in


odor
- Used as a preservative in laboratories

Ethanaldehyde - Also known as acetaldehyde; A known carcinogen


- Produced by partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme
“alchohol dehydrogenase”
- Leads to hangovers from alcohol consumption
KETONES GROUP

Ketones Group - The carbon in the carbonyl group is bonded to two


hydrocarbons

Propanone - Also known as Acetone; simplest ketone


- Nail polish remover

Ketones - Signals that there is a breakdown of fats which is common


experience by patients with diabetes
Polyuria - frequent urination
Polydypsia - frequent thirst
Polyphagia - frequent hunger

Ketonuria - Release of ketones via kidneys

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Carboxylic Acids - COOH; carboxyl groups


- When the carbon in the carbonyl group is bonded with the
hydroxyl group

Methanoic Acid - Preservative agent


- Antibacterial agent
- When ants bite us, it stings as it also contains this acid

Ethanoic Acid - A main component (4%) in vinegar aside from water

Butanoic Acid - Is present in vomitus which is responsible for its distinctive


smell
- It is produced by bacterias such as Clostridium butyricum and
Butyvibrio fibrisolvens

Hexanoic Acid - Food flavoring agent in butter, milk, strawberry, nuts, and
others

Octadecanoic Acid- Production of detergents, soap, and other cosmetics such as


shampoo and shaving cream

ESTERS FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Esters - Produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in


the presence of an acid catalyst (usually sulfuric acid) in a
process called esterification.
- Gives distinctive and attractive odor and flavor in flowers and
fruits
- Used in artificial flavoring

❖ Amyl Acetate for banana,


❖ Ethyl Butyrate for pineapple,
❖ Octyl acetate for orange and isobutyl propionate for rum.
❖ Isobutyl formate for Raspberries
❖ Propyl ethanoate for pears
❖ Methyl thiobutyrate for strawberries

AMIDES FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Amides Group - Are derivatives of the carboxylic acids in which the hydroxyl
group
is replaced by an amino group
- Mostly used as medications in the health industry

Sulfadrug - Amides of sulfonic acids (RSO3H).


- They are effective antibiotics in treating bladder infection.
- Benzenesulfonamide and Sulfaniamide

Urea - Simplest natural amide.


- It is the product of protein catabolism

Saccharin - Artificial Sweetener

Acetaminophen/ - To relieve pain (analgesic)


Tylenol - Decrease fever (antipyretic)

Diazepam/Valium - Used to relieve anxiety

Lidocaine/ - Used as an anesthesia because it is non-irritating and


Xylocaine hypoallergenic

Bupivacaine/ - It is used as a spinal anesthesia


Marcaine

AMINES FUNCTIONAL GROUP


Amines Group - The element of nitrogen plays an important role in the
physiological activities of compounds

Histamine - Response to allergic reaction or injury to cells.


- The body increases the production of histamine which causes
the blood vessels to dilate and increase the permeability of the
cells.
- Redness and swelling occurs in the area.

Diphenhydramine/ - Helps block the effects of histamine (anti histamine)


Benadryl

Epinephrine/ - Increases the energy of the person because of the sudden


Adrenaline increase of glucose in the body which allows the person to
move faster in emergency case situation
- Fight or Flight phenomenon

Norepinephrine/ - Sleep wake cycle


Noradrenaline - Increases blood sugar levels to provide energy to the body.
- Decreased levels of this neurotransmitter may lead to
depression.

Difference Between Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline


(Norepinephrine)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are very similar neurotransmitters and
hormones. While epinephrine has slightly more of an effect on your heart,
norepinephrine has more of an effect on your blood vessels. Both play a role in
your body's natural fight-or-flight response to stress and have important medical
uses as well.

Dopamine - A neurotransmitter that greatly affects human behavior


- High doses of amphetamines cause schizophrenic-like
symptoms in a disorder called "amphetamine psychosis.
Caffeine - A compound found in coffee and tea
- It is a stimulant of the central nervous system.

Cocaine - In high dosage produces euphoria followed by depression that


may lead to addiction.
- Person may also experience illusions and hallucinations

You might also like