NEW HORIZON SCHOLARS SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJECT

TOPIC: LASER SECURITY SYSTEM

Swathika Sriram
Grade XII B
Roll No. 06
 CERTIFICATE

NEW HORIZON SCHOLARS SCHOOL

Kavesar, Ghodbunder Road, Thane (W)-400615 CBSE
Affiliation No: 1130470

Examination No. Date.____________

Registration No. School Roll No.____________

This is to certify that of grade XII,

Division has satisfactorily completed his / her

project on

in Physics (042) during the academic year 2023 – 24

Internal Examiner Principal

External Examiner Seal of School

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special Thanks and gratitude tour Regional

Director Dr. Jyoti Nair and Vice Principal Mrs. Poonam Arora for helping
me by providing the facilities for the completion of this project.

I would also like to thank my Physics Teacher Ms. Sunitha Mallan who
gave us this opportunity to learn and create this project.
 INDEX

Sr. No. Contents Page No.

1. Aim 1
2. Introduction 2
3. Principle 3
4. Working 4
6. Materials required 5
7. Circuit diagram 6
8. Construction 7
9. Procedure 8
10. Observations 9
11. Sources of error 10
12. Precautions 11
13. Applications 12
14. Conclusion 13
AIM: To design a laser security system with laser and light dependent resistor.

General depiction of circuit

 INTRODUCTION

Need of security is the basic necessity of any individual. The feeling that
we are safe and everything around us is all right is imperative for a
peaceful living. But in this unsafe world, when crime, terror and threats
are on their peak, how can one attain that sense of security? Here, laser
security system provides us with a solution and for this reason more and
more people are installing them in order to stay safe and secure. Various
electronic security systems can be used at home and other important
working places for security and safety purposes. Laser Security alarm is
a device used for security purposes. It has a wide application in fields of
security and defence starting from the security of simple house hold
material to a very high valued material of an organization. They once used
to be expensive solutions for security needs. Lasers differ from other light
sources in a few significant ways. There are two features that are
important for security systems. Unlike a light bulb or flashlight, laser light
doesn't spread out, it is a narrow beam. And laser light is essentially a
single colour. Because laser light doesn't spread much, it can be sent it a
long way and still have enough energy in a small area to trigger the
security system detector. Because it's a single wavelength, it can put a
blocking filter on the detector to let laser light through without letting
background light onto the detector. Laser light travels in a straight line.
More typically, if it is needed to protect the perimeter of a room, or at least
the enhances. So laser security systems start with a laser pointing to a
small mirror. The first mirror is angled to direct the beam to a second small
mirror, and so on until the final mirror directs the beam to the detector. If
the beam is interrupted anywhere between the laser and the detector, the
electronics will put the warning signal
THEORY:

PRINCIPLE:

There are three essential components to a laser security system: a laser,

a detector and sensing circuit. The laser is a concentrated light source
that puts out a straight line, 'pencil beam, of light of a single colour. The
detector is sensitive to light and puts out a voltage when the laser light hits
it. The detector is connected to the sensing circuit. When the laser beam
is interrupted and cannot reach the detector, its voltage output changes,
and the circuit sense the change and put out a warning signal
WORKING:

First, the Op – Amp circuit acts as a comparator i.e. it compares the

voltages at the inverting and non – inverting terminals and produces an
output accordingly. The LDR, resistor Voltage divider is connected to the
non – inverting terminal of Op –Amp and a potentiometer is connected to
the inverting terminal. Assume, the laser pointer is placed directly in line
of sight to the LDR and the light from the laser is continuously being
incident on LDR. In this situation, the resistance of LDR falls down to few
Ohms and as a result, the voltage at the non – inverting terminal will be
less than that at the inverting voltage. The output of the Op –Amp is low
and the transistor is OFF. If the laser light is blocked by an intruder from
falling on the LDR (even for a small duration), the resistance of the LDR
goes to few hundreds of Ohms and as a result, the output of the Op –Amp
will be HIGH. This will turn on the Transistor. As the output of the transistor
is connected to the Trigger Pin (Pin 2) of the 555 Timer IC, if the transistor
is ON, the trigger pin gets a short low pulse and as a result, the output of
the 555 becomes HIGH. This will activate the alarm by turning ON the
buzzer. Since, the 555 Timer IC is configured as a Bi – Stable Multivibrator,
a small active low trigger pulse at the trigger pin will set its output to HIGH
and in order to reset it a person need to push the reset button. Until the
reset push button is pushed, the alarm will stay on hence; place the reset
button at a secret location so that only the owner can disable the alarm.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Printed Circuit Board
2. LDR
3. Resistor
4. Laser Pointer
5. LED
6. Battery
7. Wire
8. Buzzer
9. NPN Transistor
10. Capacitor
11. Battery Clip
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. Representing circuit diagram

CONSTRUCTION:
PROCEDURE:
• The design of the laser security system circuit is very simple.
• Coming to the design of the circuit, first, the LDR and a 10 K Ω
resistor are connected in series with the voltage divider and its
output (common point) is connected to the pin 3 (non– inverting) of
the Op- Amp ICLM358. For the inverting terminal (pin 2), connected
the wiper of a 10 KΩ potentiometer (other two terminal of the POT
are connected to VCC and GND).
• The 8th and 4th pin of Op-Amp IC LM358 are connected to the
voltage divider and ground respectively.
• The output of the Op– Amp (Pin 1) is connected to the base of the
transistor (BC547) through a resistor of 220 ohms.
• The trigger pin of 555 (Pin 2) is connected to the common point of
10 KΩ resistor and collector of transistor common point. The other
end of resistor is given to voltage divider.
• The emitter of the transistor is given to the ground the reset pin (pin
4) of the 555 is connected to VCC through a 10 KΩ resistor and a
push button is connected between Pin 4 of 555 and GND.
• The non-inverting input (5th pin) is connected to ground through
100nano farad capacitor.
• A buzzer is connected to pin 3 of ic555 IC. The other end of buzzer
is given to the ground the voltage divider (8thpin) of ic555 timer is
given to voltage divider and the output pin (1st pin) is given to the
ground.
OBSERVATIONS:

When the laser beam falling over the LDR is interrupted by the object in
the field of laser net, hence the LDR develops an output voltage and the
alarm rings showing the sign of any intruders. The Laser Security System
has been successfully designed and developed. The buzzer is turned on
as the laser beam falling on the LDR is interrupted. The experimental
model was made according to the circuit diagram and the result was as
expected.
SOURCES OF ERROR:

The LDR has to be placed in dark place or inside a case so that the other
source of light except the laser beam doesn’t affect the LDR. This helps
the circuit to work faster and properly.
PRECAUTIONS:
• We have used a laser pointer in this project. Direct exposure of laser
light on eyes can be very dangerous. Even though it is a low power
laser, avoid direct eye exposure of laser.
• Make sure the connections are correct. (Mainly op-amp, transistor,
ic555timer, potentiometer)
• Using potentiometer change the volume of buzzer.
• Check proper biasing of OP-Amp and transistor.
APPLICATIONS:
• Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes,
where even if the locker’s code is hacked, it acts as an additional
layer of security.
• Apart from security systems, this laser-based setup can also be
used to check if pets or babies crossed a certain boundary.
CONCLUSION:
Laser security system provides us the security against any crime, theft in
our day-to-day life and so people are installing them in order to stay safe,
secure and sound. Various electronic security systems can be used at
home and other important working places for security and safety
purposes. It is a great opportunity and source of saving man power
contributing now a stage of electricity. The "Laser Security System" is an
important helping system. Using this system robbery, thefts & crime can
be avoided to large extend. Avoiding thieves results in the safety of our
financial assets and thereby this system provides us protection against
all.

The Laser & LDR system is highly sensitive with a great range of working.
The system senses the light emitted by the Laser falling over the LDR
connected with the circuit. Whenever the beam of light is interrupted by
any means, it triggers the alarm or siren. This highly reactive approach
has low computational requirement; therefore, it is well suited to
surveillance, industrial application and smart environments.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

• https://www.covesmart.com/resources/home-safety/what-is-a-
laser-security-system/
• https://www.electronicshub.org/laser-security-system/
• https://www.studypool.com/documents/6136527/advantages-of-
laser-light-security-alarm
• https://www.gps-securitygroup.com/advantages-disadvantages-
installing-alarm-systems/